An insight into the development of the “Environmental ... · PDF fileAn insight into the...

An insight into the development of the“Environmental Incident Management” project

Transport Scotland – Air Quality SolutionsIBI Group in partnership with Transport ScotlandSeptember 2013

Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandIBI GroupSeptember 16, 2013Transport Scotland – Air Quality Solutions 2

Transport Scotland – Overview

Transport Scotland are the national transportagency for Scotland and oversee the following:

• Rail and Road networks

• Major public transport projects

• National Transport Strategy for Scotland

• Sustainable transport, road safety andaccessibility

• Local road policy

• Aviation, bus, freight and taxi policy

• Ferries, ports and harbours

Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandIBI Group

Introduction

Viking Workshop September 2013Transport Scotland – Air Quality Solutions 3

Transport Scotland:• Executive Agency of the Scottish

Government

Delivery Priorities:• Improved connections across

Scotland• Better journey times, better

reliability• Greener transport alternatives,

reduced emissions• Increased safety, more innovation

Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandIntroduction


Introduction

Viking Workshop September 2013Transport Scotland – Air Quality Solutions 4

Network Operations Objectives:• Improve journey time reliability• Reduce disruption caused by

incidents, roadworks andevents

• Minimise the effect ofcongestion by the provision ofalternative route advice

• Promote the ability of travellersto make informeddecisions...by the provision ofcredible and accurate travelinformation

• Improve safety and security fortravellers


Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandIBI GroupViking Workshop September 2013Transport Scotland – Air Quality Solutions 5


Corporate Plan – 2012 to 2015:

• Promote collaboration with the wider public and privatesectors to reduce transport emissions

• Engage with public and private sector stakeholders onboth environmental emissions and environmental impacts

• Demonstrate practical environmental sustainability

• Contribute to the overall improvement of Scotland’senvironment

Business Plan:

• Ensure environmental protection and minimiseenvironmental impact across all Transport Scotlandactivities, with particular focus on flooding, air quality andnoise emissions

Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandIBI GroupTransport Scotland – Air Quality Solutions 6

IBI Group – Overview

• IBI Group is a global engineering & technology organisationoffering services in four areas of practice:

MOBILITY • URBAN LAND • FACILITIES • SMART SYSTEMS

• Started in the UK in 1992 with NADICS, Scotland's National DriverInformation and Control System

• Traffic Scotland Information Service – real-time traffic andtraveller information delivered via web, mobile, social media,internet radio

• Scottish Roads Traffic Database – manual & automatic datacollection, field installation work, survey work

• Transport Scotland ITS Consultancy Support

Viking Workshop September 2013


Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandContents

1. Introduction• Scottish Air Quality Legislation• Health Impacts• Main Pollutants

2. Air Quality Management• Air Quality Challenges• AQMA’s in Scotland

3. Sensor Rotation Programme• Project Overview• Partners• Current Technology Knowledge• Existing Research to Build On• Current State of Knowledge• Rotation Schedule

5. Next Steps

4. Sensors• Overview• E-mote• AQmesh• HI-TRAC PM



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandScottish Air Quality Legislation – Where it comes from

International Agreements

Convention on long-rangetrans-boundary air pollution

Gothenburg Protocol

European (EU) Legislation

Ambient Air Quality Directive

Industrial Emissions Directive

National Emissions Ceilings Directive

UK Legislation Scottish Legislation

• Environmental Protection Act 1990

• Environmental Act 1995

• The Air Quality Strategy forEngland, Scotland, Wales andNorthern Ireland (2007)

• Clean Air Act 1993

• Air Quality Standards (Scotland)Regulations 2010

• Air Quality Standards (Scotland)Regulations 2000/2002

• PPC (Scotland) Regulations 2000



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandHealth Impacts

• UK combustion emissions are estimated to cause around 13,000premature deaths per year. (NHS, 2012)

• An additional 6,000 deaths in the UK are caused by mainland EUcombustion emissions. (Public Health Impacts of CombustionEmissions in the United Kingdom, 2012)

• Transport, the leading domestic contributor is estimated to causearound 7,500 early deaths per year. (Public Health Impacts ofCombustion Emissions in the United Kingdom, 2012)

• Air pollution causes up to 24,000 deaths per year, nine times morethan traffic fatalities (DEFRA, 2007).

• Poor air quality is currently estimated to reduce the life expectancyof every person in the UK by an average of 7 to 8 months, withassociated costs of up to £20 billion each year. (DEFRA, 2007)



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandParticulate Matter



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandParticulate Matter – 1990 to 2009

60% overall reduction in Particulate Matter however,transport has had no discernible change.



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandEmissions by Source – 1990 to 2009



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandComponents of Diesel Exhaust Fumes

The following list identifies major components that can typically befound in diesel exhaust fumes:

Carbon DioxideCarbon MonoxideNitrogen DioxideNitric OxideParticulate MatterSulphur DioxideAcroleino-AnisaldehydeBenzene2, 3-Benzofuran

CoumarinFormaldehyde4-Hydroxycoumarinm-Hydroxyacetophenone2-Hydroxy-4-MethoxyacetophenoneMenadione6-Methoxytetralone6-Methylcoumarin3-Methyl-2-Cyclopentene-2-ol-oneTrimethylbenzene



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandComponents of Diesel Exhaust Fumes

‘Whilst these and other measures such asEuro emissions standards have helped tosignificantly reduce levels of particulatematter, this is a pollutant which there is nosafe level of exposure and it is important tocontinue to drive down on levels from allsources – especially with respect to veryfine particles of PM2.5.’

Parliament Publication 2010

‘Car exhausts contain a range of toxic substances that can have aserious impact on health’

BBC News - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1867616.stm

‘Diesel fumes ‘increase the risk of heart attacks’:Scientists in Scotland have found that tinyparticles produced when diesel burns areharmful to blood vessels and can increase thechances of blood clots forming in arteries,leading to a heart attack or stroke.’

Daily Mail47% of all new vehicles registeredin 2010 were diesel powered.



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandTypical Air Quality Challenges

1. Increased road traffic2. Park and ride3. Street canyons4. Supermarkets and retail parks5. Introducing receptors into areas of poor air quality6. Development close to AQMAs7. Cumulative development8. Conflicting air quality and climate change policies



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandAQMAs in Scotland

112

26

Domestic (Pathhead)Industrial (Grangemouth)Quarry (Banknock & Croy)Transport

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.

City of EdinburghPerth & KinrossDundee CityFalkirkAberdeenNorth LanarkshireSouth LanarkshireRenfrewshireEast DunbartonshireGlasgowMidlothianFifeWest Lothian

3115351124121

NO2

PM10

NO2 and PM10

SO2

99111



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensor Rotation Programme – Project Overview

• Develop a rugged, fit for purpose sensor-based system for use inenvironmental incident management and ITS

• Sensors will measure pollutants directly related to traffic emissions

Transport generates:• 30% of CO2 and particulate emissions• 95% of which is from cars and lorries

This creates significant problems in terms of public health, noise, and road safety


Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandIBI Group18

Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensor Rotation - Overview

Transport Scotland – Air Quality Solutions Viking Workshop September 2013


Project Partners

IBI Group – Facilitation ofTransport Scotland ITS Test Bed,commissioning, traffic data andequipment support and ITSsupplier liaison.

Transport Scotland -Leadership, coordinationdefinition of user and applicationrequirements.

University of Strathclyde –Sensor metrics definition, reviewand evaluation; and settingproject in wider environmentalmonitoring context.

Scottish EnvironmentalProtection Agency (SEPA) –Validation of test results,technical input and support.

Envirologger – Air Quality andcommunications technologysupplier, experience in sensingand networking systems, andknowhow on sensor system,current state-of-the-art andrelated research.

TDC – Air Quality andcommunications technologysupplier, experience in sensingand networking systems, andknowhow on sensor system.

Local Authorities and Trunk Road Operating Companies –Liaison and support with infrastructure and site locations.



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensor Rotation Programme

• Currently single solution available to allow for suitable metrics toinform an environmental incident management system for use in areal-time situation

• The innovative approach will facilitate:

Development of a unique “fit for purpose” sensor package

Integration of air quality sensors to enhance the monitoringof temporal and spatial variability of air pollution

Addressing the ‘technology gap’ of absence of fieldevaluation of sensors for medium to long-term operation



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensor Rotation Programme – Current State of Knowledge

Transport Scotland – Air Quality Solutions

• Some low cost sensors are available

• Limited publically available information on evaluation of fitness ofpurpose of these sensors for extended field use

• Similar projects at various stages:Swansea City CouncilYorkMedway, Kent



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensor Rotation Programme – Builds Existing Research


• Recent sensor development, including E-MOTE and AQMesh systems(distributive sensing technologies)

• University of Strathclyde research on evaluation of sensors for multipletraffic pollutants

• Research activities in the Carbotraf project on carbon dioxide (CO2)and black carbon (BC) emissions caused by road transport in Glasgowhttp://carbotraf.com/

• Transport Scotland ITS Test Bed technology trialsTrials of the next generation of Vehicle Detection Technology

• Data integration and modellingTransport Scotland TANOISE and AIRE tools



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensors – Overview


Traditional air quality monitoring stations operate within strictly definedspecifications for accuracy and precision but have drawbacks such as:

Environmental monitoring sensors have developed significantly in recentyears with extensive research being focused on:

High capital costFixed locationLow spatial resolution

Costly maintenanceHigh power consumptionLarge and intrusive

Lower cost Low power optionsRedeploy-ability Renewable power options

The technologies selected for the project fall into this category

opportunity to provide high spatial and temporal resolutionenvironmental data



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensors – E-mote


• The E-MOTE is a pervasive sensor device or “mote”

• Originally developed as part of the “MESSAGE” project byresearchers at Newcastle University

• Designed to enable dense deployments

• Battery and solar powered

• ZigBee-based communication protocol

• The Gateway contains a high gain antenna in the centre ofthe network

• Mains powered or Powered over the Ethernet

• Gateway connects with the server via Ethernet of GSMrouter



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensors – E-mote


TemperatureRelative HumidityNoiseVibration (accelerometer)

Carbon Monoxide (CO)Nitric Oxide (NO)Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)Chlorine (CL)

Along with any three of thefollowing gases:

The following measurementsare recorded:



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensor – AQmesh


• AQMesh pods are small battery operated air qualitymonitoring devices

• Data can be transmitted from the unit via a securecellular, satellite or radio modem and viewed in realtime over the internet.

• Information can be received by PC, smart phone app,email or text message

• Up to 99 sensors can be connected to a singleGateway

• The gateway is a combined data logger, internetmodem, wireless transceiver and data processorsystem in one.

• The gateway uses 12V DC power



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensor – AQmesh


TemperatureRelative HumidityAtmospheric Pressure

Carbon Monoxide (CO)Nitric Oxide (NO)Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)Ozone(O3)

Along with any three of thefollowing gases:

The following measurementsare recorded:



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensor – HI-TRAC PM


PM10

PM2.5

TSP

One of the following recorded:

• HI-TRAC PM is a roadside particle monitor that measures TotalSuspended Particulate (TSP)

• Uses a nephelometer which automatically measures real-timeairborne particulate concentration levels using lasers

• Allows real-time data to be accessed through 3G, GPRS or cabledand fibre TCP/IP connection

• Interfaced with HI-TRAC iGATE



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensor Rotation Programme – Site Selection Criteria


Criteria used for the selection of sites for the rotational programme:

• Is it a new trunk road or bypass scheme?• Is it within an AQMA?• Is it within an Noise Management Area (NMA)?• Is there a Microsimulation Model available?• Is there existing AQM equipment in operation?

These factors were considered and the initial six sites were selected:

• Aberdeen• Dundee• Rosyth• Perth• Inverness• Kincardine



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensor Rotation Programme – Rotation Schedule


Period LocationApril & October Aberdeen & InvernessMay & November Perth & DundeeJune & December Rosyth & Edinburgh

• Two seasons at the same sites allows data to becompared for seasonal variation



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensor Rotation Programme – Current Status


• Project plan in place

• Project finance in place

• Site visits with infrastructure investigations

• Operating Company and Local Authority Liaison

• AQM Equipment Ordered

• Planning for 2 rotations by the end of December 2013



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensor Rotation Programme – Data Collection, Integration and Use


• The data collected will at the initial stage remainun-calibrated

• Each sensor can be plotted on a Google mapdisplaying:

most recent pollution and noise recordingsambient conditions

• Further analysis will be required to referencethe results with calibrated equipment

• Laboratory validation and comparison againstEU reference instruments in governmentmonitoring sites

• Mobile monitoring laboratory provided to theproject by SEPA


Local Authority Site(EU referenced)

Mobile Laboratory


• Raw information integrated into the National Traffic Data System

• Data could be used as an input to traffic management algorithms; usingboth real-time and historic data

• Following calibration data could be incorporated into traffic managementalgorithms:

Alert the public of anticipated elevated polluting levels using VMS,web, mobile servicesAlter traffic signal timingsAlter variable speed limitsLink into Low Emissions ZonesControl traffic flow in and around AQMAs

Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensor Rotation Programme – Data Collection, Integration and Use



Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandSensor Rotation Programme – Future Development


Alter traffic signal timing to reduce congestion in areas where a high levelof air pollution is particularly undesirable, such as:

Near schoolsHighly trafficked pedestrian areas





Use of variable speed limits during high pollution periods

A12, outside Innsbruck Austria connecting Germany and Italy





Programming of VMS signs to:

• Encourage an alternative route choice during high pollution periods• Direct road users to choose alternatives such as Park and Ride facilities

Example of Air Quality advice on a VMS



Best Practices

Viking Workshop September 2013Client Name – Name of Project (Edit in Footer) 39

• Important to have the right project partners

• Environmental monitoring is complex, e.g. levels of humidity canhave a significant impact on data, and it can take a week before thesensor algorithms settle

• Low cost environmental sensors will never provide the sameaccuracy / data quality as referenced methods => can provide aguide / monitor trends

• No instant results – this will be a long journey!


Air Quality Monitoring in ScotlandQuestions?


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