AN INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE … Case Study Final.pdf · THE STUDY IN SIDLAGHATTA ......
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AN INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE RESOURCES IN THE SILK REELING SECTOR IN SIDLAGHATTA, SOUTH INDIA Megha Shenoy, Rashmi Kumari, Lokanath S., Shilpa I. Pattanshetti May 2010 Resource Optimization Initiative
Transcript of AN INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE … Case Study Final.pdf · THE STUDY IN SIDLAGHATTA ......
AN INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY APPROACH TO
OPTIMIZE RESOURCES IN THE SILK REELING
SECTOR IN SIDLAGHATTA, SOUTH INDIA
Megha Shenoy, Rashmi Kumari, Lokanath S.,
Shilpa I. Pattanshetti
May 2010
Resource Optimization Initiative
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Photographs on cover by Rashmi Kumari
Clockwise from top left: Baskets of silk cocoons, Reeled silk, Firewood, Italian Type
Backend Reeling Machine, Waste pupae, Silk waste
Printed and distributed by
Resource Optimization Initiative (ROI),
No. 66, 1st Floor, 1st Cross, Domlur Layout,
Bangalore – 560 037
www.roi-online.org
May 2010
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Contents
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................... VI
PROJECT TEAM ............................................................................................................................... VII
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1
SILK INDUSTRY IN INDIA ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 THE STUDY IN SIDLAGHATTA ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 SIDLAGHATTA FACT FILE ................................................................................................................................................................ 6 GOVERNMENT POLICY AND THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ...................................................................................................... 8
METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 11
RESULTS .............................................................................................................................................. 17
FINDINGS OF THE RESOURCE FLOW ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 17 PROJECT ACTIVITY WITH TECHNOLOGICAL DETAILS ................................................................................................................... 18 COMPONENT 1. ENHANCED HEAT UTILIZATION THROUGH EFFICIENT STOVES ......................................................................... 19 COMPONENT 2: USE OF SOLAR WATER HEATERS TO BOIL COCOONS WHICH WILL FURTHER REDUCE CONSUMPTION OF
FIREWOOD ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 KEY FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 22
DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................... 29
MAJOR ISSUES IN SIDLAGHATTA .................................................................................................................................................. 29 DIRECT OUTCOME OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................................. 31 PERSPECTIVES OF BUSINESS AND PLANNING ................................................................................................................................ 31 AWARENESS PROGRAM ................................................................................................................................................................. 32 CHALLENGES DURING THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................................ 33 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 34
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 35
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM - SIMPLIFIED PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT
FOR SMALL-SCALE PROJECT ACTIVITIES (SSC-CDM-PDD) ............................................. 37
SECTION A: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SMALL-SCALE PROJECT ACTIVITY ....................................................................... 39 SECTION B. APPLICATION OF A BASELINE METHODOLOGY: ..................................................................................................... 49 SECTION C. DURATION OF THE PROJECT ACTIVITY / CREDITING PERIOD: ............................................................................... 61 SECTION D. APPLICATION OF A MONITORING METHODOLOGY AND PLAN ............................................................................. 62 SECTION E.: ESTIMATION OF GHG EMISSIONS BY SOURCES: .................................................................................................... 74 SECTION F.: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ................................................................................................................................... 78 SECTION G. STAKEHOLDERS’ COMMENTS: ................................................................................................................................ 80
APPENDIX I: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... 84
APPENDIX II: LIST OF REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 85
APPENDIX III: CONSUMPTION OF RAW MATERIAL BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF SILK
REELING UNITS ................................................................................................................................ 86
APPENDIX IV: PRODUCTS AND WASTES GENERATED BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF
SILK REELING UNITS ..................................................................................................................... 88
APPENDIX V: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR TERI, SILK BOARD OFFICIALS AND SILK
REELERS .............................................................................................................................................. 89
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Abstract The demand for energy in India is growing. With a population of 1.12 billion, of
which 70% live in rural areas, the demand for firewood, the main source of energy in
rural India is extremely high. In 1991 India consumed at least 180 million tons of
firewood; this value has increased ever since owing to population growth and the
gap between supply and demand of electricity and liquid petroleum gas. Homes and
cottage scale industries in rural areas are the largest consumers of firewood. Cottage
scale industries are those that are operated by members of a family. Large scale use
of low efficiency technologies due to (i) lack of pollution control regulation in cottage
scale industries, and (ii) lack of competition from large scale government regulated
facilities have led to annihilation of forests around many clusters of cottage scale
industries that rely on firewood.
The purpose of our investigation is to increase the performance of these cottage scale
industries by reducing consumption of firewood, and emission of carbon di-oxide.
We use material flow analysis to assess resource optimization methods and suggest
those that are environmentally and socially sustainable yet economically viable. In
this article we present strategies to optimize resources for a large cottage scale
industry predominant in south India – silk processing. Our focus is on the silk
reeling process, that of boiling silk worm cocoons to obtain silk filaments that are
reeled on wheels. Currently this sector in the south Indian state of Karnataka
consumes around 26 kg of firewood and 112 L of water to produce 1 kg of raw
mulberry silk. In 2008 the state produced 7000 tons of silk; this amounts to a
consumption of 182,000 tons of firewood and 700 million L of water.
We propose to reduce firewood consumption and emissions by aiding in the
installation of solar water heating devices coupled to high efficiency but low cost
stoves. Briquettes or pellets made from agricultural waste, such as paddy husk,
coffee husk, and coconut husk can be used instead of firewood, if made locally.
Waste water from the silk reeling units is currently discarded along with sewage. We
assess two options that ensure sustainable water management in this sector: (i)
recycling of water to reduce consumption of fresh water by the silk reeling sector and
(ii) channel waste water (rich in protein and chemical free) to fertilize agricultural
lands around these silk reeling clusters and simultaneously recharge the water bed.
A thorough investigation of current patterns of resource consumption coupled with
assessments of efficient technologies available to cottage scale industries is urgently
needed to overcome environmental hazards as well as offers attractive benefits for
India’s rural population.
Keywords: Heat recovering unit, Solar Water Heaters, Cocoons, Silk-reeling,
Backend and multi-end reeling units
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Central Silk Technological Research Institute (CSTRI) for its co-
operation and support, especially Mr. Subrata Roy, Director In-charge and Mr.
Vijaykumar P. Kathari, Scientist CSTRI. We also extend our thanks to Mr. M.D.N
Simha, Chief Environmental Officer, Karnataka State Pollution Control Board at the
Bangalore Office. We also thank Mr. Mahesh. K. N., Scientist-C, CSTRI Sidlaghatta
office for providing guidance, arranging for interviews, and organizing an awareness
program to inform involved industries about the findings of this investigation. We
also thank all the managers of the companies interviewed for generously sharing
their time and providing detailed information about their operations. This work was
financially supported through a research grant from the Center for Industrial
Ecology, Yale University, USA.
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Project Team
Megha Shenoy, Research Director, ROI
Rashmi Kumari, M.Sc. Candidate, Natural Resources Management, TERI University,
New Delhi, Intern at ROI
Lokanath. S, Research Assistant, ROI
Shilpa I. Pattanashetti, Research Assistant, ROI
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Introduction
Silk industry in India
India is the second largest producer of silk, contributing to about 18 per cent of the
world production (Fashion & Fabrics, 2009). Five varieties of silk are available in
India, namely Mulberry, Tasar, Eri, Muga and Oak Tasar. These are obtained from
different species of silkworms which in turn feed on different food plants. Karnataka
produces 9,000 tons of the 14,000 tons of mulberry silk produced in India (Bangalore
Metblogs, 2006). The process of producing mulberry silk involves the cultivation of
mulberry plants, rearing silk worms on mulberry leaves till they produce cocoons,
boiling silk cocoons and reeling their filaments on wheels, skeining filaments to form
silk threads that are bleached, dyed and finally woven into fabric.
These steps are described below:
1) Cultivation of mulberry leaves: Mulberry leaves that silk worms feed on are
cultivated on deep, well drained, fertile soil of clayey loam to loamy texture.
Ambient conditions of 22 – 30 ° C temperature, 1000-2000 mm rainfall and 65-80
percent humidity are optimum for luxuriant growth of mulberry.
2) Rearing of silk worms: This step involves rearing of worms on mulberry leaves.
Eggs hatch into young silk worms that feed gregariously on mulberry leaves and go
through 4 molts to form mature worms in 17 to 23 days.
2) Formation of cocoons: The mature silk worm forms a covering around itself by
secreting a protein in the form of a thin strand of silk. Each cocoon is made of a single
strand of silk. Mature Mulberry silk worms take 7 to 8 days to form cocoons.
4) Silk reeling: Cocoons raised by farmers are delivered to silk reeling units via the
government regulated cocoon markets in the state of Karnataka. These regulated
markets are places where cocoons are auctioned to silk reelers. The price of the
cocoon varies every day depending on the price of silk for the day and the quality of
cocoons. There are four types of reeling machines commonly used in Karnataka:
charaka, cottage basin, Italian type back-end and multi-end machines. These different
types of machines cost different amounts to set up, with the charka units being the
cheapest and multi end units the most costly to set up and operate. Brief descriptions
of the different machines are given below:
i. Charka reeling machine (Fig. 1a): This is the oldest technology for reeling silk. In
this type of unit cocoons are boiled and reeled from the same water bath (Fig. 1a).
Silk is reeled onto a big reel (diameter approx. = 12 inches).
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ii. Cottage basin reeling machine: This technology consists of separate cooking and
reeling basins; the temperature of water is at boiling point only in the cooking basin
while it is at 40 °C in the reeling basin (Fig. 1b). In this type of unit silk is reeled first
onto small reels (diameter approx. = 6 inches). The silk is then re-reeled onto bigger
wheels (diameter approx. = 12 inches).
iii. Italian type back-end reeling machine: This technology was imported from Italy
in the early 1980s and is still used in a large number of silk reeling units in south
India. A typical Italian cooking basin oven unit, also known as a table, consists of one
cooking basin and two reeling basins (Fig. 1c). Each worker operates one table. Silk is
reeled onto a big reel (diameter approx. = 12 inches) that is located behind her/him.
There is no re-reeling in this process.
IV: Multiend reeling unit: This technology is an improved version of the Cottage
basin reeling unit which has been developed and promoted by the Central Silk
Technology and Research Institute (CSTRI), India. In these units boilers are used to
generate stem that heats water that is used for boiling and reeling silk. Steam is used
to generate heat from pipes that are used to dry silk during re-reeling. Like in cottage
basin units silk is reeled first onto small reels (diameter approx. = 6 inches) and then
re-reeled onto bigger wheels (diameter approx. = 12 inches).
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Fig. 1: Different types of silk reeling units in India: a: Charaka reeling unit, b: Cottage basin
reeling unit, c: Italian type back end reeling unit, d: Multi-end reeling unit.
Operations in the reeling units consist of the following stages:
a) Sorting Cocoons: The cocoons are sorted according to the color, size, shape and
texture as these affect the final quality of the silk. Cocoons may range from white and
yellow to grayish. .
b) Softening of Sericin: The silk filament is a double strand of fibroin, which is held
together by a gummy proteinaceous substance called Sericin. After the cocoons are
sorted, they are put through a series of hot and cold immersions to soften the Sericin
and ease the unwinding of silk filaments as a single continuous thread. For mulberry
silk, the cocoons are simply boiled in hot water to dissolve Sericin.
c) Reeling the filament: Reeling is the process of unwinding silk filaments from the
cocoon and combining them together to make a thread of raw silk. As the filament of
the cocoon is too fine for commercial use, three to ten strands are usually reeled at a
time to produce the desired diameter of raw silk which is known as "reeled silk". The
useable length of a reeled filament is 300 to 600m.
a
d c
b
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Figure 1: Flow Chart of Silk Reeling Industry
Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad095e/AD095E01.htm
Close to 8 lakh families (around 320 million people) are engaged in sericulture
(cultivation of mulberry to reeling silk filaments) in the state of Karnataka (Bangalore
Metblogs, 2006). Other Indian states that have large silk reeling clusters are Tamil
Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
Table1: Concepts and definitions in silk-reeling
TERMS DEFINATIONS
Cooking of
Cocoons
This is the process to soften the proteinaceous Sericin layer
around the cocoon. Sericin that covers the cocoon gets
agglutinated during the process of spinning; it then hardens
during the cocoon drying process. In preparation for reeling, this
layer should be softened by cooking in boiling water (FAO
Corporate Documentary Repository).
Reeling of Silk This is the process of unwinding the silk filaments from a group
of cocoons (4 to 10) in a hot water bath on to a reel (Sericulture
Department).
Re-reeling of
silk
Re-reeling is done to transfer the raw silk into standard sized
hanks. Re-reeling also improves the quality of the silk (Sericulture
Department).
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Background
There are many silk-reeling clusters in the state of Karnataka. CSTRI therefore has its
main set up in Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka. CSTRI has previously worked to
improve efficiency of silk reeling, and quality of reeled silk. They have developed
economic ovens that consume less firewood and multi-end reeling machines that are
more efficient than traditional charka reeling machines and Italian type back-end
reeling machines. The Energy Research Institute (TERI) has also worked in this
sector. They have developed fuel efficient gasifiers that can replace traditional stoves
used for cooking silk worm cocoons. However, no research has been done to quantify
total consumption of materials by a cluster of silk reelers. Such quantification
provides a clear picture of the total resources consumed by this sector and allow for
innovative approaches to optimize the flow of resources. Concepts of industrial
ecology have been used to assess current consumption of raw materials, and
quantities of discarded, and recycled wastes (Erkman & Ramaswamy, 2003). The
primary purpose of this study is to assess potential avenues to make clusters of silk
reeling industries more efficient and self sustaining by using concepts and tools of
industrial ecology.
Our study started by selecting the town of Ramanagaram for this assessment.
Ramanagaram is about 50 Km from Bangalore on Mysore road. There are around
2000 silk reeling and twisting units in this town (City Municipal Council,
Ramanagaram). The silk cocoon market in Ramanagaram is the biggest in Asia;
therefore we planned to investigate their resource consumption patterns. During the
course of the preliminary investigation we found that silk reelers in Ramanagaram
were not very receptive to new technologies and innovations. During our survey we
interacted with the Karnataka Sericulture Department officers in Ramanagaram who
advised us to meet the Director and chief scientists of the Central Sericulture
Technological Research Institute (CSTRI) in Bangalore to discuss our preliminary
results. In our meeting with these officials at CSTRI we came to know that they had
tested implementation of solar water heaters in one particular silk reeling unit in
Sidlaghatta. In addition, TERI (The Energy and Resource Institute) had also tested
the implementation of gasifiers in the same town. One of the researchers from TERI
who was involved in this project was also present at this meeting at CSTRI. The
hurdles faced by these two research teams during their investigations on
implementing solar water heaters as well as biomass gasifier was also discussed.
Both CSTRI and TERI advised us to visit these units in Sidlaghatta to examine their
efforts and assess the possibility of implementing another relevant strategy for
reducing consumption of firewood by the silk reeling sector in Sidlaghatta. CSTRI
was very supportive of our initial results; they agreed to take us to Sidlaghatta to
meet silk reelers there. During this visit we saw that reelers in Sidlaghatta were more
willing to accept new improved technologies and strategies, compared to reelers in
Ramanagaram. In addition, officials at the CSTRI silk quality testing wing in
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Sidlaghatta were extremely supportive of our efforts and promised to help us with
this investigation. In addition, they were aware of problems associated with future
scarcity of firewood and water. The scientists at this local research wing were
interested in testing and disseminating information about new technologies that
could reduce firewood consumption and recycle water for the silk reeling units in
this small town. During the preliminary ad libitum observations in Sidlaghatta it was
found that the silk reelers were also aware of limitations associated with consuming
large amounts of firewood and water and were keen on testing and implementing
better resource efficient technologies. Therefore, we decided to perform our detailed
research investigation in Sidlaghatta.
The study in Sidlaghatta
Sidlaghatta (13° 23′ 24″ N, 77° 51′ 36″ E) is a small town in Chikballapur District in the
south Indian state of Karnataka. Its current population is estimated to be around
50,000 (GOI Census, 2001). As is in most towns in India, Sidlaghatta has poor access
to infrastructure especially, roads, electricity and piped water. Sidlaghatta is one of
the major sericulture centers in Karnataka. During our investigation in this silk
reeling cluster we found that the scale of operations of the units are extremely small,
therefore it is not possible for an individual unit to make a major investments in a
new improved stove or better technology for reeling.
Sidlaghatta fact file
History of Sidlaghatta
Karnataka is the largest silk producing state in India. Reeling centers such as
Sidlaghatta, Ramanagaram are prominent in this state. The silk produced in
Sidlaghatta is considered to be of better quality compared to that reeled in the rest of
Karnataka. This better quality has been attributed to the quality of water available in
this town.
Sidlaghatta and its silk reeling industry
Sidlaghatta is also known as silky town of India. It is identified as a breeding center
for silk worms and for manufacturing silk threads and fibers. The main industry in
this town is silk reeling, silk twisting and weaving of silk fabric. Sidlaghatta town is
one of the biggest business centers in Chikballapur district. The town has got
potential for higher growth rate due to its nearness to the business center in
Chinthamani and Bangalore. Bangalore is about 70 km from this town. It is nearer to
Chikballapur and Chinthamani. It is located 20 km from the state highway No.5 and
16 km from National highway No.7
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Figure2: Map of India and Bangalore, Sidlaghatta and Ramanagaram
Infrastructure
A brief description of the infrastructure of the Sidlaghatta Taluk (Taluk is
subdivision of a district) is presented considering some aspects of available natural
resources, social, commercial and physical infrastructure facilities available. The
main occupation of the people in the taluk is Sericulture. Mulberry is cultivated
abundantly in the taluk. The Government has already initiated number of steps for
development of infrastructure after setting up of international airport at Devanahalli,
which is 30 km away from this town. The state highway SH96 which leads to
Sidlaghatta from the national highway NH7 has been recently tarred.
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However, power supply is erratic and the town is prone to frequent blackouts. A
majority of the industrial units have kerosene generators to provide stand-by power
to operate the reeling machines. The taluk is drought prone and no perennial river
flows through it. Bore wells are the main source of water. The water from these bore
wells is of the right quality (hardness) for silk reeling. Therefore large quantities of
water from these bore wells is used for silk reeling in this cluster. There is an
underground sewerage system. The waste water from the silk reeling units are
carried through this close drainage system along with sewage. The arrangements for
marketing industrial products, particularly silk based products, through sale depots,
exhibitions, or government regulated markets is not established in the taluk.
Inadequate infrastructure facilities such as poor roads within the town, inadequate
piped water supply, insufficient training and marketing support continue to plague
and impede progress of industrial sector in this town. Emerging competition from
countries such as China poise an additional problem to Sericulture industries in this
town and the rest of India.
Government Policy and the Regulatory Framework
Sericulture and silk reeling in Sidlaghatta
Sericulture provides employment to 5800 lakh persons (Bangalore Metblogs, 2006);
therefore the Indian government has given a lot of importance to this sector. On the
request of the Indian government the World Bank has actively promoted the silk
industry over the last decade and a half. From 1980 to 1989, the World Bank loaned
$54 million to support the sericulture industry in Karnataka (Bangalore Metblogs,
2006). This money was given to subsidize costs associated with the sericulture
industry in Karnataka.
The area covered under mulberry cultivation in Sidlaghatta is about 5400 thousand
hectares. The production of raw silk in the Sidlaghatta was about 8000 tons in year
(Bangalore Metblogs, 2006).
The first Italian type back end reeling machine in Sidlaghatta was set up by the
government of Karnataka in the year 1975 (according to one of the reelers). Until then
silk was reeled using only the traditional country charka machine. The Government
of Karnataka first introduced this Italian type back-end reeling technology in this
town by importing some units from Italy. Later local manufacturers started
replicating this technology which was adopted by several silk reelers in this region;
as of 2008-09 data from the Karnataka State Sericulture Department there are 2579
filature machines in Sidlaghatta.
The Central Silk Board (CSB) was created as a statutory body under the
administrative control of the Ministry of Textiles, GoI, under an act of parliament in
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April 1949. One of the main functions of CSB is devising means for improved method
of silk reeling.
In the year 1983 the Central Silk Technological Research Institute (CSTRI) was
established to cater the need of post cocoon technology. One of the main objectives of
CSTRI is to improve silk reeling technology by introducing appropriate reeling
techniques. The research in the institute aims at improving the quantity and quality
of raw silk by improving crude charka, cottage, Italian type back-end and multi-end
reeling machines. In addition, the institute provides practical training in reeling and
hand spinning to silk reelers.
Regulated cocoon market
In 1960 the Karnataka State government established the sericulture department at
Sidlaghatta for the organization of cocoon markets. The objectives of such regulated
cocoon markets are to:
1) Avoid exploitation of farmers and silk reelers by middlemen and encourage fair
transaction.
2) Offer sericulturists and reelers a common platform for inspection and provide a
wide choice of high quality of cocoons.
3) Provide a sense of security for both the silk worm rearers and silk reelers as the
transactions have a stamp of legality.
In order to transact in the cocoon markets the silk worm rearers and silk reelers are
required to obtain licenses from the Department of Sericulture. Silk reelers have to
pay one percent of the value of the produced silk as a market fee. Each cocoon
markets has a committee comprising of two rearers and three reelers nominated by
the government.
Regulation of sale or purchase of silkworm cocoons for reeling:
(1) In any area in which a cocoon market is established under this Act, Section 1 and
2 Inserted by Act 12 of 1997 w.e.f. 6.1.1997.
”No rearer shall sell or agree to sell; and no person shall purchase or agree to purchase,
silkworm cocoons except in such cocoon market and except in accordance with such
conditions and in such manner as may be prescribed. After a cocoon market is established for
any area, no person shall except in such cocoon market, use or permit the use or assist in the
use of, any building, room, tent, enclosure, vehicle, vessel or place in such area for the sale or
purchase of silkworm cocoons or in any manner aid or abet the sale or purchase of silkworm
cocoons.”
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Regulation of reeling: No person shall carry on the business of reeling silkworm
cocoons unless he holds a license granted under this Act.
New Industrial Policy – Reshme Vardana Yojan:
Under this new scheme (yojana) subsidies have been provided to reelers for purchase
of equipment (Rs. 40,000/machine). In addition structured training is provided to
the silk reelers at a fee of Rs. 2500/person. This fee is covered by the scheme.
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Methodology
Figure 3: The methodological Framework
The study was divided into three broad phases:
� Literature review
� Empirical phase
� Interpretive phase
Literature review: The investigation began with a thorough literature review of a
variety of studies including TERI’s work on silk-reeling sector, CSTRI work in
improving fuel efficiency, several reports, research papers, books, newspaper
articles, web links, and Sericulture Department’s annual reports. This thorough
literature review was conducted to:
a) Understand concepts associated with silk-reeling,
b) Assess earlier efforts by other organizations in improving efficiency of this
system,
c) Obtain an overview of the policy framework, institutional structures,
financing mechanisms, past and current initiatives to improve performance
and associated barriers for the silk-reeling sector in India.
• Data
Consolidation
&
Classification
• Analysis
• Project
Boundary
• Field work
• One-one
interviews
• Note-taking
• Documentation
• Research
Papers
• Reports
• News
paper
article
Literature
Review
Empirical Phase
Interpretative
Phase
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Empirical phase: This phase dealt with defining the project boundary and collection
of data from the silk reelers.
Project Boundary
Before starting any project it is important to demarcate the project boundary as it
makes the analysis and data collection more accurate, focused and convenient. For
this project, only the cocoon boiling phase and reeling is included in the project
activity. A flowchart showing the project boundary and activities associated with silk
reeling that are not included in the project boundary is illustrated below:
Figure 4: The boundary of the project activity
Collection of data
All the first hand data was collected through field research which was accomplished
through one-on-one interviews with officials from CSTRI, Karnataka State
Sericulture Department and silk-reelers in the Sidlaghatta taluk. Focus group
discussions among different stakeholders such as CSTRI and TERI Bangalore were
one of the primary means to get information for this investigation. For the study a lot
people and organizations provided help. A list of interviews/experts consulted:
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List of interviews/experts consulted:
Central Silk Technological Research Institute (CSTRI)
� Mr. Subrata Roy, Director In-charge
� Mr. J. Sampath, Joint Director (Publicity)
� Mr. Vijaykumar P. Kathari, Scientist
� Mr. K.N. Mahesh, Raw Silk Testing Centre, Sidlaghatta
Karnataka State Department of Sericulture
� Mr. Perumal, Commissioner
� Mr. Srivamappa, Asst. Director of sericulture and Mr. Suresh, Demonstrator
Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)
� Mr. M.D.N Simha, Chief Environmental Officer
The Energy Research Institute (TERI)
� Dr. V.V.N Kishore, Professor TERI University
� Mr. Sunil Dhingra, Fellow & Area Conveyer
� Mr. H.H. Ninga Shetty, Asst. Field Co-ordinator
� Mr. Y. Najaraju, Field Co-ordinator
Indian Institute of Science (IISc)
� Prof. H. I. Somashekar, Center for Sustainable Technology
� Prof. H. N. Chanakya, Center for Sustainable Technology
Enterprises
� Mr. M.S. Chandra Shekhar, Regional Manager-sales, Radiant Solar Pvt. Ltd.
� Mr. N. Ravi Kumar, Enterpreneur- Vijay Eng. Entp.
� Mr. Suresh N. Savalgi, Head-project, SELCO India Pvt. Ltd.
� Mr. Vivek Chokalingam, Former trainee-Aprovecho Research Centre
� Mr. Gurudath Savkoor, Sales Manager, First Energy Pvt. Ltd.
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Initially the Department of Sericulture, Karnataka, was requested for help, through a
formal letter to the Commissioner of the Department of Sericulture, to request for
help while conducting a survey of silk reelers in Ramanagaram. The Director In-
Charge of CSTRI was also contacted to discuss about the project. CSTRI was very
supportive throughout the study and a lot of information was obtained from them.
Most of the silk reelers were from the Muslim community; therefore their knowledge
of Hindi helped during the interview. During the survey we found that the actual
number of units in operation was far fewer than the number of units that had
obtained licenses. This is due to the high fluctuation in the price of the silk cocoons
and reeled silk, as the profit margin for silk reelers is very slim a lot of the units do
not operate when raw material (silk cocoon) costs are high.
Different sets of questionnaires were made in advance for different stakeholders (silk
reelers, CSTRI officials and relevant energy efficient appliance suppliers). These
questionnaires are included in Appendix V.
According to data given by sericulture department of Karnataka in Sidlaghatta, there
were 3033 licensed reeling units in Sidlaghatta in the year 2008-09. Out of which 2579
are filature units, 15 are multi-end units and 439 are charka units. Sericulture, reeling
and twisting and other related activities help a large number of families earn their
livelihood. The town supplies silk thread to industrial centers such as Mumbai and
Surat.
We decided to cover at least 5% of the units for the field study. The areas which were
covered in Sidlaghatta were: Kote, Gandhinagar, Nallimardanahalli, Salimnisalayout,
Nisarpallya, Azadnagar, TMC layout, Santoshnagar, Rahmatnagar and Kadripallya.
The responses received from each area were almost similar because majority of the
silk reelers used only back end reeling units. On a single day 10 to 15 reelers were
interviewed. On the last day we decided to take interview of silk reelers in the
cocoon market. Silk cocoon market is 2 km away from CSTRI branch office,
Sidlaghatta. Majority of the silk reelers come to auction market to buy the cocoons,
therefore it was easy to take the interview there itself, however when they were
approached at their units they were too busy in their work. Therefore the silk cocoon
market is a much better venue for conducting interviews with silk reelers and is
recommended for future investigations.
Earlier attempts at reducing firewood consumption conducted by different
organizations like TERI and CSTRI were also examined in detail. This detailed
comparison allowed us to assess the pros and cons of all available technologies for
reducing firewood to enable recommendation of options that are financially and
socially viable. We contacted various stakeholders such as: (i) manufacturer of the
gasifier designed by TERI, (ii) CSTRI officials, (iii) researchers at IISc who have
developed an energy efficient stoves that use briquettes instead of firewood, and (iv)
silk reelers who are the backbone of the system. We interviewed 101 silk reelers in
15
total; including 93 Italian type back end reeling units, 3 charka units and 5 multi-end
units. During our investigation we came to know about one more type of reeling unit
called Dupion. Dupion reeling units are similar in operation to charka units.
However in Dupion units the cocoons are those which contain two worms. Therefore
the quality of silk reeled from these double cocoons much coarser and is used only
for weaving silk upholstery fabric.
In recent times the number of back end reeling units has increased while the
primitive charka units have reduced their numbers [at present only 10 charkas and
1300 cottage basin units are operational in Sidlaghatta (February 2010)].
The stoves used for boiling the cocoon are traditional in nature and have an overall
efficiency of 10 to 15% (TERI, 2004). The number of workers involved in silk reeling
units depends on the number of basins used.
All data obtained from these stakeholders was analyzed using Microsoft Excel®.
Interpretive phase: This study applied principles and tools of industrial ecology
especially that of material flow analysis (MFA), to determine best practices for the
silk-reeling industry in the town of Sidlaghatta. In the context of developing
countries an MFA is more appropriately called a Resource Flow Analysis (RFA)
(Erkman and Ramaswamy, 2003).
Consolidation, classification and interpretation of both secondary data and first-hand
data were carried out in this phase. Data were analyzed and a RFA was made for the
entire Sidlaghatta silk-reeling cluster by extrapolating the results obtained from our
survey with 101 reelers. Another RFA was prepared for Sidlaghatta when Sidlaghatta
is not running in full capacity.
16
17
Results
Findings of the resource flow analysis
The results of the resource flow analysis for the entire Sidlaghatta cluster when all
the units are running in full capacity is given below. This is for a total of 3033 units.
Silk-reeling Industry
(Full Capacity)
3033 facilities
Finished Product
( Raw Silk)
8000 Tons/year
Pupae25,000 Tons/year
Silk waste 2500 Tons/year
Charcoal 10,000 Tons/year
Waste Water 427 Million L/year
Ash 5,000 Tons/year
Reused
Unused
Resources
Water 892 Million L /year
Cocoon 70,000 Tons/year
Firewood 211,000 Tons/year
Kerosene 2 Million L/year
Electricity 6000 MWh/year
Figure5: RFA in silk-reeling industry when Sidlaghatta is running in full capacity
After drawing the RFA we realized that the quantities of raw silk produced from the
cluster was not matching the actual figures which the Karnataka State Department of
Sericulture had. We then came to know from CSTRI that in reality only half of the
total units were currently in operation; therefore another RFA was prepared for
Sidlaghatta when only half of the units were in operation. For these calculations total
quantities was extrapolated to 5 charkha, 1300 back-end reeling units and 15 multi-
end units. The results of this calculation matched those from the Department of
Sericulture, Karnataka.
18
Figure 6: RFA for silk-reeling industry, Sidlaghatta when running in current (half)
capacity
The conclusion drawn from the RFA was:
a) To reel 1 Kg of silk, 26 Kg of firewood is required on an average.
b) To reel 1 Kg of silk, water required is 112 L.
c) The waste water generated out of these units is directed to drains.
d) Amount of waste water generated per day in Sidlaghatta is 1.4 Million liters.
e) The production of raw silk in the Sidlaghatta is about 7000 tons in year when
the all licensed units are running at full capacity in Sidlaghatta.
Project activity with technological details
After doing the field survey and interacting with different organizations, various
options for reducing firewood consumption in this sector were assessed. Among all
available technologies, the best option was to reduce the firewood consumption was
to implement a coupled system of energy efficient stoves and solar water heaters. In
addition replacing firewood with agricultural residue briquettes will also help.
In order to facilitate the implementation of these results, various manufacturers of
efficient stoves and solar water heaters were contacted. Manufacturers claim that
solar water heaters can reduce firewood consumption by around 40-50% (Selco India
Pvt. Ltd.) and energy efficient stoves can save firewood consumption by around 40-
19
60% (Aprovecho Research Centre). A few silk reelers have already installed solar
water heaters and say that their wood savings is around 30-40%. For our analysis we
have taken a total reduction in firewood consumption of 45% (25% solar water
heaters + 20% efficient stoves) which is the lowest estimate for firewood savings.
Once the solutions are implemented in the field the actual saving in firewood
consumption can be measured.
Figure 7: Different models of efficient stoves with wood saving and pollution saving
percentages
Source: Aprovecho Research Centre
Component 1. Enhanced heat utilization through efficient stoves
There are several energy efficient stoves available in the market. After a thorough
assessment of these various types of stoves, we find that rocket stoves that have a
design feature that allows a passage of air to flow from the bottom to the combustion
chamber enhances and ensures complete combustion of fuels saving 40-60% of
firewood. Instead of wood agricultural residue briquettes can also be used as fuel for
this stove.
Dr. Larry Winiarski, who is currently the Technical Director of Aprovecho, began
developing the Rocket Stove in 1980 and invented the principles of the Rocket stove
in 1982. Makers of such rocket stoves were winners at the Ashden Awards for
Sustainable Energy in 2005 in the 'Health and Welfare' category for their work in
Honduras. Aprovecho were winners of the Special Africa Award at the Ashden
Awards in 2006 for their work with rocket stoves for institutional cooking in Lesotho,
Malawi, Uganda, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia.
20
The double burner stoves designed by the Aprovecho Research Centre fits perfectly
into the frame for the stove of silk-reeling sector. The heat generated from the burner
can also be transferred to the other chamber (basin) through a passage so that the
water in the silk reeling basin can be maintained at 40 °C. For the same heat
requirement the traditional stoves currently require extra firewood to maintain the
temperature of the basins to 400 C.
Component 2: Use of solar water heaters to boil cocoons which
will further reduce consumption of firewood
Fig 8 solar water heater installed at Sidlaghatta reeling unit
Solar energy is one of the main renewable sources which will help silk reelers to
reduce firewood consumption for boiling silk cocoons. Technical details of solar
water heaters are described below.
A solar water heater is composed of collectors (panels), a storage tank and depending
on the system - electric pumps. There are basically three types of collectors: flatplate,
evacuated-tube, and concentrating. A flatplate collector, the most common type, is an
insulated, weather-proof box containing a dark absorber plate under one or more
transparent or translucent covers. Evacuated-tube collectors are made up of rows of
parallel, transparent glass tubes. Each tube consists of a glass outer tube and an inner
tube, or an absorber that is covered with a selective coating that absorbs solar energy
well but inhibits radiative heat loss. The air is withdrawn ("evacuated") from the
space between the tubes to form a vacuum, which eliminates conductive and
convective heat loss. Concentrating collectors for residential applications are usually
parabolic troughs that use mirrored surfaces to concentrate the sun's energy on an
absorber tube (called a receiver) containing a heat-transfer fluid.
Most commercially available solar water heaters require a well-insulated storage
tank. Many systems use converted electric water heater tanks or plumb the solar
storage tank in series with a conventional water heater. In this arrangement, the solar
21
water heater preheats water before it enters the conventional water heater. In the case
of the silk reeling sector the preheated solar water can be used to boil silk cocoons
and thereby reduce the consumption of firewood by this sector.
Some solar water heaters use pumps to re-circulate warm water from storage tanks
through collectors and exposed piping. This is generally done to protect the pipes
from freezing when outside temperatures drop to freezing or below.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Traditional
Stoves
Rocket stoves Solar water
heaters
Solar water
heaters +
Rocket stoves
Efficiency
Efficiency
Figure 9: Efficiency Graph
Figure 10: Flow chart of traditional stove
22
Fig 11:- Flow chart of solar water heaters coupled to energy efficient stoves
Key findings and recommendations
Short Terms Recommendations
Firewood savings
• We recommend silk reelers to install solar water heaters and improve
efficiency of the stoves: Implementation of solar water heaters coupled to
energy efficient stoves for all 3033 units will save 94950 tones of
firewood/annum. Therefore, 949500 tones of firewood for a period of 10
years could be conserved, if the number of units and the production efficiency
remains constant. Without the project activity, to produce the same amount of
heat, the traditional stoves would have taken up 211000 tones of firewood
and hence more CO2 would have been released in the atmosphere.
• To investigate means to subsidize these solar water heaters through funds
from GoI, such as those from the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
which was launched on 11th Jan 2010 (PIB, 2010; MNRE, 2010) or from a Clean
Development Mechanism funded project.
• CO2 emission from all the 3033 units if operating at full capacity is 317
thousand tones/year (CO2 produced = 1.5 tones of CO2/tons of firewood
with 10% moisture).
� CO2 emission from reduction of firewood consumption would be (45%
reduction) 174 thousand tones
� Investment potential for a CDM project = 317000-174000 = 143,000 x 11.4
Euro/ton of carbon = Euro 1630200 = Rs. 96650231 = Rs. 9.6 Crores/year.
23
� Therefore if the timeframe of the project is taken to be 10 years the investment
would be Rs. 96 Crores.
� This shows that this project is viable for CDM grant as well.
� Without CDM grants the payback period for solar water heater alone was
also calculated taking the cost of solar water heaters= Rs. 65,000; 25%
reduction in firewood consumption; subtracting the monsoon season i.e. 4
months.
�
Type of Unit Avg. Quantity of
Silk/Month (26 working
days in a month)
Payback Period
Italian Type
Back-end
222 Kg 2 years 10 months
Multi-end 525 Kg 1 year 6 months
Charkha 150 Kg 1 year 1 month
Table 2: Average quantity of silk consumed by different units and payback period
for solar water heaters
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
kg of silk/month
Pay back period (years)
pay back period (charaka)
pay back period (back end)
pay back period (multiend)
Figure 12: Graph showing the payback period for solar water heater for different
types of units
24
Water savings
• We recommend the Central Silk Technological Research Institute (CSTRI) to
investigate and recommend a suitable means to recycle and reuse the large
quantities of water that the silk reeling sector currently discard.
• This water is free from chemicals, rich in a protein Sericin and rich in nitrogen
content. This Sericin is reportedly used for cosmetic creams and could add a
tremendous financial value to silk reeling activities. Alternatively this waste
water could be either recycled or used as a supplementary fertilizer for fields
around the silk reeling units.
• If the 3033 units in Sidlaghatta operate at full capacity producing 8000 tons of
silk/year, they will consume 892 Million L of water/year of which they
would discard 427 Million l/year. This water is currently being discarded in
the sewage drains of the town. The difference is lost as evaporation as the
water is continuously heated in open containers.
• At their current capacity the 1320 units in operation produce 3600 tons of
silk/year and consume 370 Million L of water/year of which they discard 170
Million L/year. The difference is lost as evaporation as the water is
continuously heated in open containers.
Long term Recommendation
• As a long term recommendation a separate nodal agency should be set up to
continuously measure and regulate the consumption of firewood and water
and other resources by the Silk Reeling Sector.
• This agency should perform following functions:
i. Create awareness among silk Reelers to control rapid deforestation by
conducting awareness programs and studies on consumption of wood
and subsequent deforestation caused by the silk reeling sector.
ii. Maintain monthly records on consumption of firewood, water and
other resources in silk reeling clusters.
iii. Obtain funding to subsidize renewable energy based efficient
technology for silk manufacture for the reduced consumption of raw
materials and natural resources and implement strategies to reuse and
recycle waste.
25
Table 3: Summary of results
In case silk reelers are unable to invest in solar water heaters, we have found that
some organizations such as Micro Energy Credits (see details below) help
microfinance institutions link their activities to the carbon market.
Micro Energy Credit (MEC)
Micro Energy Credits is a social enterprise that links microfinance institutions to the
carbon markets when they lend for clean energy. MEC sells the carbon credits
earned by replacing dirty fuels like kerosene, wood, coal and dung on the voluntary
carbon markets and passes the carbon revenues along to its partner institutions. The
institutions can then use the revenues to offset their costs of running the clean energy
Previous Attempts
Options Available
1) Gasifier – TERI 2) Solar Water Heaters – CSTRI 3) Economic Oven – CSTRI 4) Heat Recovering Unit- TERI
Problems with different options
1) Gasifier a. Beneficial only when the unit is running in full capacity. b. Need small pieces of wood as fuel. c. Needs continuous supply of electricity for blower. d. Needs periodic maintenance 2) Solar water heaters a. Incapable of producing sufficient heat, therefore could not be used in isolation. 3) Economic oven
a. Additional modifications are needed.
Best option among all
• Solar water heaters + efficient stoves Merits
1) It reduces firewood consumption to more than 45% (25% + 20%). 2) The firewood consumption will reduce so much that the payback period for these
equipments is affordable by reelers themselves. 3) Produce less smoke. 4) Improved health conditions. 5) Sustainable option.
26
program or can pass the savings along to the client in the form of reduced interest
rates, free battery replacements or other benefits.
MEC was launched on 5 May, 2008 at Finca Uganda where it is providing carbon credit revenues for three products:
• solar energy systems, • energy efficient stoves • efficient handheld lanterns
These projects are based on demand for these products by Finca's customers by utilizing different suppliers.
MECs Business model
MEC’s business model is based on its vision that getting on a clean energy path will become an integral step of every microentrepreneur’s journey out of poverty. In a sustainable market, many players come together to create a carbon offset. The client purchases the product; a distributor provides equipment; the microfinancer provides financing’ and there may also be a manufacturer, an NGO and a donor in the mix. In the current regulatory environment all or any of these players may make the case that they should receive the carbon offset. However, in every instance the choice needs to be clear because there can be no “double counting” of carbon offsets. MEC helps micro finance institutions (MFIs) obtain funding to support low carbon technology.
A successful example is Grameen Shakti, the renewable energy sister-company of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. Grameen Shakti markets three energy technologies to its clients. These are solar home systems, improved cook stoves and biogas digesters. Grameen Shakti has sold over 180,000 solar home systems to its clients in Bangladesh. These energy products enable households and microenterprises to reduce their energy expenditure on kerosene, wood and charcoal. Moreover, clean fuels avoid health problems such as smoke and pollutants in the home or fire. Finally, these renewable energy technologies put microfinance clients on a path to achieve energy self-sufficiency. After they pay off their systems, clients own their own source of electricity or biogas with minimal ongoing costs, and they are insulated from common problems such as power outages or increases in fuel or utility prices.
How to approach MEC?
If an MFI is interested in providing loans for clean energy and energy efficient products, they could partner with a company such as MEC. These MFIs can assist in the identification of clean energy products, program design, staff training and ongoing support. If an MFI has already established a capacity to lend for clean energy products, MEC can work with them to calculate the carbon emissions offset by the clean energy products and incorporate the practices needed to capture carbon market revenues from the offsets created as the MFI scales up the energy lending to more clients.
27
Contact information: Micro Energy Credits Address: 1752 NW Market Street, No 105 Seattle, WA 98107 USA Telephone: +1 206 274 6457 Fax: +1 866 880 8093 Email: info@ microenergycredits.com Website: www.microenergycredits.com
28
29
Discussion
Major issues in Sidlaghatta
Water
Water is a major resource that is used by silk industry. The main sources of water are
bore wells in the taluk. The amount of water required to produce 1 kg of raw silk in
charka is 203 liters per day, filature 103 liters per day, in multi-end 70 liters per day.
The water utilized in the silk reeling industries for boiling the cocoons is released
directly to the drainage.
This waste water which is released in the process of silk reeling is not polluted by
chemicals and is rich in a protein called Sericin (pers. comm. Roy CSTRI1). This
protein rich water can probably be used as a fertilizer for agriculture and
aquaculture.
In addition the amount of rainfall received by the taluk is very less [60 to 80 cm
annually (Annual Rainfall Map of India, 2008)] leading to scarcity of water in this
region. Lack of sufficient water and uninterrupted electricity are the major hindrance
to start new industries in the Sidlaghatta. Therefore, the State Government has to
take adequate steps to provide water through bore wells and alternative sources for
promotion and development of the silk reeling industry in this town.
Firewood
The consumption of firewood by the silk reeling industry is over 211.012 thousand
tons per year. This firewood is brought in by the felling of trees from the nearby
states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Therefore, rapid depletion of firewood is
as major problem. In fact within next 10 years the government may ban use of
firewood in small scale industry owing to their large consumption (pers. comm. Roy,
CSTRI). Considering these reasons CSTRI, Central Silk Board, and TERI came
forward to improve the traditional stove. However, each of the previous attempts
faced hurdles that prevented their large scale implementation.
CSTRI tested for the use of solar water heaters in place of traditional stove but they
observed that the temperature of water from these devices could not be maintained
at a constant value during the 10 hours of operation in the silk reeling units. In
addition, water from the solar water heater reached a maximum temperature of 70 °C
while the silk reeling operations required boiling water (100 °C). Therefore, these
solar water heaters alone could not be used for heating water for the silk reeling
sectors.
1 Mr. S. Roy, Director In charge, Central Silk Technological Research Institute, Ministry of
Textiles, Government of India.
30
TERI tried to implement biomass gasifiers in place of traditional stove but these large
instruments were too costly and had to be operated for the entire unit to be
economically viable. Due to shortage of labor in the silk reeling sector in Sidlaghatta,
often only half or quarter of the entire unit would function, making the biomass
gasifier unviable for this sector. In addition extra labor was needed to chop the wood
into small pieces (approx 10 cm x 5 cm x 2 cm). These financial, social and technical
problems prevented the implementation of biomass gasifiers for silk reeling in
Sidlaghatta.
The large amount of firewood used by this sector emits a lot of CO2 and smoke which
cause major environmental and human health hazards.
Silk waste
Silk waste is produced after reeling the cocoons (Fig. 13). This silk waste consists of
cocoons that could not be reeled completely and ones that got entangled with other
cocoons
Figure 13: Silk waste hung to dry outside a silk reeling unit
In the reeling process nearly 2.494 thousand tones of silk waste are generated per
year by the silk reeling industry in Sidlaghatta. This silk waste is sold and utilized as
filling material like bed quilts, pillows and winter clothes. This silk waste is sold at a
much lower price than the reeled silk. A comparison of the amount of silk waste
produced by the three different technologies shows that the amounts produced by
the three technologies does not vary significantly. This could be due to inherent
defects in the silk cocoons that cannot be rectified by the technologies used to reel
silk.
31
Silk reeling
Technology
Charka Italian Type Back
End Machine
Multi-end reeling
Machine
Silk waste/kg of
cocoon average per
day
0.036 0.041 0.050
Table 4: Comparison of amount of silk waste projected using the three reeling
technologies
It is also used for the production of spun silk yarns, which are high grade wastes that
can be used to produce finer counts of yarns. After degumming, the waste is opened
and processed through a series of machines to convert the fibrous material into
useful yarn.
In some cases high quality silk waste can also be used for making fabrics used to
make shirts, ties, scarves and curtains; lower quality coarse silk used for making
upholstery and furnishing fabrics. The price of silk waste varies from time to time,
depending on the price of silk. During the time of this study, the cost of silk waste
was Rs. 220 per kg in Sidlaghatta. Few reelers say that silk waste is sold in terms of
basins and few others say they sell it terms of weight.
Direct outcome of the study
As a first step based on the result, it was obvious that implementation of solar water
heaters coupled to energy efficient stoves could reduce the consumption of firewood.
In addition, waste water could be valorized or recycled to fertilize and irrigate
agricultural fields around the silk reeling units.
In addition to implementing solar water heaters, CSTRI is assessing the possibility of
using briquettes made from agricultural wastes as a fuel for heating water for the silk
reeling sector. However, the availability of raw material (unused agricultural
wastes), electricity to run the briquetting machine and the cost of the product
(briquette) need to be examined carefully, to ensure large scale implementation.
Both options for reducing firewood through implementation of solar water heaters
and valorization/recycling of water will have to be examined financially to make the
options both economically and environmentally viable. Further research to measure
the change in crop yield due to irrigation and fertilization of agricultural fields using
waste water from silk reeling units has to be completed.
Perspectives of business and planning
Sidlaghatta is characterized by heavy pollution, misuse and depletion of critical
resources such as firewood and water. High flows of materials passing rapidly
through the system makes this industrial cluster a good example of a typically
32
unsustainable ecosystem. The RFA study of Sidlaghatta quickly pointed to new,
simple and effective solutions.
In the perspective of industrial ecology, planners could play a crucial role in
preventing potential disasters resulting from deforestation and depletion of ground
water resources. RFA studies of different activity groups, aggregated to provide an
overall picture of material flows in a region, can allow planners to consider
promotion of industries in specific sectors that would optimize the use of critical
resources, and guide the development of a region towards sustainability.
Awareness program
To obtain feedback on our investigation and to recommend ways to reduce firewood
and water consumption by the silk reeling sector in Sidlaghatta an awareness
program on “Industrial Ecology Approaches to Optimize Resources in the Silk
Reeling Sector” was organized by the Resource Optimization Initiative, Bangalore.
This program was organized at the Karnataka State Department of Sericulture office
at Sidlaghatta on the 28th of May 2010. The program was open to all silk reelers in the
town. The program consisted of a presentation titled “Maximize Resource Efficiency
in Silk-Reeling Units in Sidlaghatta” by Lokanath S. (Researcher, ROI). Resource flow
analysis, key findings of our investigation, energy savings from reducing firewood
consumption by using solar water heaters and options to reuse/recycle waste water
from this sector were discussed in detail. Mr. M. S. Chandra Shekhar, Regional
Manager- Sales, Radiant Solar Pvt. Ltd explained details on types of solar water
heaters that can be used for the silk reeling cluster, the costs involved and specific
pay back periods by reducing consumption of firewood. Both presentations were
delivered in the local language – Kannada. The program was well received by the
silk reelers, officers from the Central Silk Technological Research Institute in
Sidlaghatta and officers from the Karnataka State Department of Sericulture.
Figure 14: Photographs from the Awareness Program in Sidlaghatta
33
Challenges during the study
This case study has successfully illustrated that strategy for optimal utilization of
resources in developing countries often involves effective organization of
information and stakeholders rather than expensive and new technologies. This form
of organizational innovation needs to be encouraged and developed so as to deliver
implementable results in contexts where resources are becoming scarce.
During the course of this study the primary challenges and limitations included:
i. lack of sufficient data on CO2 emissions from different types of stoves,
namely traditional stove, rocket stove and economic ovens developed by
CSTRI,
ii. Difficulty in convincing silk reelers in Sidlaghatta to encourage them to shift
to more energy efficient means of production. This difficulty stems from a
lack of faith in applied research and previous experiences where researchers
have experimented and failed in implementing sustainable technologies (for
e.g. gasifiers)
iii. Difficulty in arranging for funds from microfinancers for this group of silk
reelers in Sidlaghatta. Previously microfinancers had lent money to several
silk reelers who failed to pay back money on time or at all. This has lead to a
situation where microfinancers are unwilling to lend money to this group.
iv. Difficulty in devising financially viable options for silk reelers to shift to
sustainable production strategies. This difficulty arises because silk reelers get
extremely small profit margins as they have to buy their raw material (silk
cocoons) at a fair price from the government regulated markets but sell their
product (reeled silk) in unregulated markets to agents who try to pay the
lowest possible price. Despite government efforts to regulate the price of
reeled silk by holding fair price auctions in regulated silk markets, the
government has failed to make it illegal for silk traders to buy silk in other
unregulated markets. Due to this failure silk traders do not attend the
regulated silk auctions and prefer to buy silk at unregulated prices that are
much lower than those in the regulated markets, and thereby squeezing profit
margins for silk reelers.
v. The most suitable venue for an awareness program for silk reelers would
have been the silk cocoon market in Sidlaghatta, where all silk reelers gather
in the morning to buy silk cocoons. However, a previous government officer
had taken money from silk reelers for silk reeling machines but had not yet
delivered the machines. Due to this incident silk reelers were angry with the
government officials. Current government officials were afraid that they may
not be able to control the large group of silk reelers in case they got agitated
and angry during the program. This was the primary reason for holding the
34
awareness program at the small office of the sericulture department in
Sidlaghatta. Due to lack of faith in the government officials and the
department only 100 of the 3033 (3%) silk reeling unit owners attended the
awareness program. This small turnout at the event further reduced chances
of convincing silk reelers to invest in changing their practices to more
sustainable ones.
Conclusions
This investigation has shown that simple and elegant industrial ecology tools such as
material flow analysis can reveal a wealth of information on current resource
consumption patterns. Such data can be used for effectively implementing strategies
to optimize resources for a cluster of cottage scale industries. In addition this data
can be used to assess the feasibility of seeking funds for implementing appropriate
renewable energy technologies via the clean development mechanism. We hope that
silk reelers will be able to implement these recommendations with the help of
subsidies from the Government or from CDM grant funds so as to increase economic
benefits for themselves while simultaneously decreasing negative environmental
impacts of the cottage scale sector in India and other developing countries.
35
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Mande S, Pai B R and Kishore V V N, Chapter 1- Case Studies, Case Study India,
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[Accessed on 22nd Jan 2010]
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37
Clean development mechanism - Simplified project
design document for small-scale project activities (ssc-
cdm-pdd)
Document prepared by: Resource Optimization Initiative, Bangalore, India
Project to be implemented by: Central Silk Technological Research Institute (CSTRI),
Bangalore, India
Project to be implemented in: Silk reeling industries in Sidlaghatta
Clean Technology to be implemented: Solar Water Heaters and Energy Efficient
Rocket Stoves
Number of industries (silk reeling units) where clean technology is to be
implemented: 3033
Crediting Period: 10 years
CO2 Before Implementation (10 years): 211,000 tons of firewood/year x 1.83 tons of
CO2/ton of firewood x 10 years = 3861300 tons of CO2
CO2 After Implementation (10 years): 55% (211,000 tons of firewood/year x 1.83 tons
of CO2/ton of firewood x 10 years) = 2123715 tons of CO2
Reduction in CO2 emission (10 years) = 1737585 tons of CO2
38
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
SIMPLIFIED PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT
FOR SMALL-SCALE PROJECT ACTIVITIES (SSC-CDM-PDD)
CONTENTS
A. General description of project activity
B. Baseline methodology
C. Duration of the project activity / Crediting period
D. Monitoring methodology and plan
E. Calculation of GHG emissions by sources
F. Environmental impacts
G. Stake holder’s comments
Annexes
Annex 1: Information on participants in the project activity
Annex 2: Information regarding public funding
Appendix
Appendix I: List of Abbreviations
Appendix II: List of References
Appendix III: CER calculation sheet
Appendix IV: Life Cycle Economic Analysis of VAR & VCR
Appendix V: Pictorial representation of the Monitoring Plan & Location of the
instruments
39
SECTION A: General description of the small-scale project activity
A1. Title of the small-scale project activity
Title: ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECTS- TECHNOLOGICAL UP GRADATION OF
THE TRADITIONAL STOVES TO SOLAR WATER HEATING DEVICES COUPLED
TO HIGH EFFICIENCY ROCKET STOVES TO MAXIMIZE ENERGY EFFICIENCY
AND MINIMIZE EMISSION FROM SILK REELING INDUSTRY IN
SIDHLAGHATTA
PDD version:
Date:
A2. Description of the small-scale project activity
Background
Sidlaghatta is located 60 km North of Bangalore on National Highway No.7. This
town is near the Devanahalli International Airport and on the outskirts of
Chikballapur city.
Silk is the main commercial product in Sidlaghatta Taluk. Silk is one of the oldest
known textile fibers as it was used as long ago as the 27th century BC. In Sidlaghatta
silk processing is started in the year 1953
The silk manufacturing process is energy intensive and consumes fuel wood and
electrical energy. The main variety of silk available in Sidlaghatta is Mulberry silk;
the production of which is around 8000 tons per year.
The project activity includes energy efficiency improvement, emission reduction and
water recycling (ROI, 2010).
Purpose
With the growing concern of cleaner production, the Central Silk Technology and
Research Institute (CSTRI), a government research organization has focused on
energy conservation strategies in the existing operations. The basic objective of the
project is to reduce specific energy consumption through implementation of solar
water heating devices coupled to energy efficient stoves, which in turn reduces the
firewood consumption in the unit and subsequently reduces the Greenhouse Gas
(GHG) emissions.
CSTRI has performed an internal energy audit study of the traditional stove.
Potential areas of improvements were also identified by which the specific firewood
consumption could be reduced.
40
Project Activity
The project activity involves a set of objectives involving technological up-gradation
of traditional stove in the form of energy efficiency projects at the silk reeling units in
Sidlaghatta. The objective as been classified under 2 major components as mentioned
below.
1. Improve energy efficiency of old traditional stove by replacing/modifying
them to rocket stove design.
2. Supply of solar water heaters to silk reelers to boil cocoons, so that
firewood consumption is reduced even further.
Salient Features of the Project:
• Improve energy efficiency of old traditional stove by replacing/modifying
them to rocket stove design
• Supply of solar water heaters to silk reelers to boil cocoons
• Reduce firewood consumption
• Reduction of aggregate GHG emissions from the silk unit due to overall
energy savings
Project’s contribution to sustainable development:
The contribution of the project activity towards sustainable development has been
addressed under the following pillars of sustainable development:
Social Well Being: The task of the project is to do social responsibilities also. Use of
improved traditional stoves would reduce the amount of smoke generated and
thereby promote better health among silk reelers. The efficient stoves will also reduce
the amount of firewood burnt to meet the heat requirement of the reeling process.
Thereby the silk reelers will be able to save money from reduced consumption of
firewood and in turn upgrade their standard of living.
Environmental Well Being: The project activity reduces the specific firewood
consumption for the production of silk. This reduction in firewood consumption
corresponds to the reduced emissions of equivalent amount of carbon dioxide from
combustion process and reduced GHG emissions in transportation of firewood.
These efforts result in the reduced consumption of firewood (a depleting reserve),
which is a primary resource for energy generation. In addition, reducing
deforestation causes an increase in (i) availability of carbon sinks, (ii) biodiversity
and (iv) ecosystem services. Thus project activity contributes towards socio-
economic benefits both at micro and macro level.
41
Technological Well-being: With the project activity, the silk reeling sector upgrades
its core production process to an energy efficient and cleaner process.
A3. Project participants
Contact Person:
(Details in Annex I)
Name of party involved
(host party)
Private and/or public
entity
(ies) project participants
(as applicable)
Kindly indicate if the
Party involved wishes to
be considered as project
participant (Yes/ No)
A.4. Technical description of the small-scale project activity
A.4.1. Location of the small-scale project activity
A.4.1.1. Host Party(ies):
India
A.4.1.2. Region/State/Province:
Karnataka
A.4.1.3. City/Town/Community etc:
Sidlaghatta
42
A.4.1.4.Detail of physical location, including information allowing the unique
identification of this small-scale project activity(ies):
Project is being implemented at Sidlaghatta, Chikballapur taluk, Karnataka, India
The town has got potential for higher growth rate due to its nearness to business
center such as Chinthamani and Bangalore. It is also near Chikballapur, Chinthamani
and it is located 20 km from State Highway No.5 and 16 km from National Highway
No.7.
A.4.2. Type and category(ies) and technology of the small-scale project activity:
The project falls under the UNFCCC small scale CDM project activity under Type II
with project activity involving energy efficiency measures reducing energy
consumption on the demand side.
Main category-Type II [Energy Efficiency Improvement Projects]
43
Sub Category-D [Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures for industrial
facilities]
As per Appendix B of the UNFCCC-defined simplified modalities and procedures
for small scale CDM project activities, the aggregate energy savings from the project
activity primarily aimed at energy efficiency measures, may not exceed the
equivalent of 15 GWh per year, for the project to qualify as a small-scale CDM
project.
The project consists of industrial energy efficiency improvement measures through
technological up-gradation. The project activity would reduce energy consumption
on the demand side. As the net energy consumption reduction is less than 15 GWh
/annum, project falls under small-scale category.
Evidently, the project qualifies as a small scale one under Type II.D.
44
Project activity with technology detail
Project activity involves modifications in the existing traditional stove coupled with
solar water heater.
The technological description of the energy efficiency project as described by the
Resource Optimization Initiative (ROI) in different silk reeling units, is described
below. The project activity components implemented by CSTRI in a phase-wise
manner will be complete by ____________. Depending upon the technology adopted
and mode of heat recovery all the energy efficiency measures taken up by this project
activity have been categorized under two components which represent the two major
principles adopted by the project proponent in the facility. These are:
Enhanced heat utilization through efficient stoves which reduce consumption of
firewood by 20% to 70% and also reduction in pollution by 40 to 85%
Use of solar water heaters to boil cocoons which will further reduce consumption of
firewood to 25% to 70% and also reduce pollution by 90% when combined with
efficient stoves
The above components consist of different sub-components or sub-activities
undertaken in different units
45
Component 1. Enhanced heat utilization through efficient stoves which reduce
consumption of firewood by 20 to 70% and also reduction in pollution by 40 to 85%
1. This project component involves the following individual energy efficiency
measures in different sections of the silk reeling industry:
2. Insulated compartment around the fire so that it can resist the amount of heat
generated.
3. Short chimney which is insulated above the fire to burn up the smoke and
speed up the draft.
4. Increase the draft being pulled into the fire through the implementation of the
rocket stove design to reduce the emission of smoke.
5. Provide unrestricted airflow by maintaining constant cross sectional area
through the stove.
6. Increase efficiency by maintaining the same size for (i) opening into the fire,
(ii) size of the spaces within the stove through which hot air flows, and (iii)
chimney.
46
EXAMPLE OF ROCKET STOVE
The Rocket stove is design of wood-burning cooking stove. It is easy to construct,
with low-cost materials. These are low-mass stoves designed to burn small pieces of
wood very efficiently. Cooking is done on top of a short insulated chimney. The
stoves are typically constructed out of trash: tin cans, old stovepipes, etc. A skirt
around the pot will help hold heat in and thereby increase efficiency.
Rocket stoves use branches, twigs, small wood scraps, or just about any small
combustible material for fuel. These pieces of wood or other material burn at their
tips and thereby increasing combustion efficiency, creating a very hot fire, and
eliminating smoke. The low-mass stove body and insulated chimney assure that the
heat goes into the cooking pot, and not into the stove. Rocket stoves used in
conjunction with hay-boxes can save enormous amounts of fuel, cooking complete
meals while using very few resources.
It operates roughly twice as efficiently, and substantially more cleanly, than the open
fire cooking methods still used in many areas of the world. Furthermore, the design
of the stove requires small diameter lengths of wood, which can generally be
satisfied with small branches. As such, sufficient fuel for cooking tasks can be
gathered in less time, without the benefit of tools, and ideally without the destruction
of forested areas.
47
Use of solar water heaters to boil cocoons which will further reduce consumption of
firewood to 25% to 70% and also reduce pollution by 90% when combined with
efficient stoves
Solar energy is one of the main renewable sources which will help silk reelers to boil
cocoons. Technical details of solar water heaters are described below.
Solar water heaters are made up of collectors, storage tanks, and, depending on the
system, electric pumps.
There are basically three types of collectors: flat-plate, evacuated-tube, and
concentrating. A flat-plate collector, the most common type, is an insulated, weather-
proofed box containing a dark absorber plate under one or more transparent or
translucent covers.
Evacuated-tube collectors are made up of rows of parallel, transparent glass tubes.
Each tube consists of a glass outer tube and an inner tube, or absorber, covered with
a selective coating that absorbs solar energy well but inhibits radiative heat loss. The
air is withdrawn ("evacuated") from the space between the tubes to form a vacuum,
which eliminates conductive and convective heat loss.
Concentrating collectors for residential applications are usually parabolic troughs
that use mirrored surfaces to concentrate the sun's energy on an absorber tube (called
a receiver) containing a heat-transfer fluid.
Most commercially available solar water heaters require a well-insulated storage
tank. Many systems use converted electric water heater tanks or plumb the solar
storage tank in series with the conventional water heater. In this arrangement, the
solar water heater preheats water before it enters the conventional water heater.
Some solar water heaters use pumps to re-circulate warm water from storage tanks
through collectors and exposed piping. This is generally to protect the pipes from
freezing when outside temperatures drop to freezing or below.
48
A.4.3. Brief explanation of how the anthropogenic emissions of anthropogenic
greenhouse gas (GHGs) by sources are to be reduced by the proposed small-scale
project activity, including why the emission reductions would not occur in the
absence of the proposed small-scale project activity, taking into account national
and/or sectoral policies and circumstances:
The project activity includes a host of energy efficiency measures in the form of
modification in the present traditional stove system through effective heat utilization
with the use of new improved stove design. These improved stove coupled with
solar water heater will help in reducing the demand for fire wood in view of the fact
that in absence of these measures an much larger amount of firewood would be
consumed releasing more smoke and CO2 into the atmosphere.
49
SECTION B. Application of a baseline methodology:
B.1. Title and reference of the approved baseline methodology applied to the small
scale project activity:
Title: ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS – Energy Efficiency for
Industrial Facility– Type II.D
Reference: Appendix B of the simplified modalities and procedures for small-scale
CDM
Project activities - Indicative Simplified Baseline and Monitoring Methodologies
for Selected Small-Scale CDM Project Activity Categories
Details of approved methodology for baseline calculations for small-scale CDM
projects of Type II.D is specified in the document referred below.
B.2 Project category applicable to the small-scale project activity:
Appendix B of the simplified M&P for small-scale CDM project activities,
provides guidelines for preparation of Project Design Document (PDD) including
baseline calculations. As per this document the proposed project falls under
Category II.D – “Energy Efficiency and Fuel Switching measures in industrial
facilities.”Baseline methodology for projects under Type II. D has been detailed in
this document. It states:
“3. The energy baseline consists of the energy use of the existing equipment that is replaced in
the case of retrofit measures and of the facility that would otherwise be built in the case of a
new facility. In both cases, the electricity component of the energy baseline is adjusted for
technical transmission and distribution losses for the electrical grid serving the industrial
facility.
4. Each energy form in the emission baseline is multiplied by an emission coefficient (in kg
CO2equ/kWh). For the electricity displaced, the emission coefficient is calculated in
accordance with provisions in paragraphs 6 or 7 for category I.D projects. For fossil fuels, the
IPCC default values for emission coefficients may be used.”
Thus the energy baseline is the energy use or total amount of firewood consumption
in the present scenario. The project activity in silk-reeling sector, Sidlaghatta whose
energy baseline consists of the energy use in the existing traditional stoves in form of
firewood, that is replaced with better and efficient stoves (also called as Rocket
stoves) coupled with solar water heaters, would reduce firewood consumption on
the demand side. The estimated reduction is within the upper cap of the small scale
CDM project activity under Category II.D (i.e., up to the equivalent of 15
GWh/annum). Estimated annual average energy savings from the project activity
would be of the order of 12.27 GWh/annum. Thus the baseline methodology
prescribed by the UNFCCC in Appendix B to Simplified M&P for small scale CDM
50
projects activities belonging to Type II.D, is justifiably applicable for the project
activity.
B.3. Description of how the anthropogenic emissions of GHG by sources are
reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered
small-scale CDM project activity:
As per the decision 17/CP.7 paragraph 43, a CDM project activity is additional if
anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse-gases by sources are reduced below those
that would have occurred in the absence of the registered CDM project activity. The
project activity includes energy efficiency improvement measures with net CO2
emission reductions through reduced firewood consumption for the process.
Resource Optimization Initiative (ROI, Bangalore) has prepared the Project Design
Document. It will be best if the Central Silk Technological Research Institute (CSTRI),
Bangalore takes-up the implementation of this project as it is a well established body
that has engaged in implementing improved silk reeling technologies in the silk
reeling sector, all over India. This energy efficiency project is an important step
towards curbing GHG emissions by the silk reeling sector. The project activity has
been initiated to reduce the GHG (carbon dioxide) emissions by sources which
would otherwise not have been implemented due to the existence of the barrier(s)
discussed below. The decision on investment has been influenced by the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) related development at the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change. The additionality has been further
established below in accordance with the UNFCCC guidelines.
Additionality test based on barriers to the proposed project activity
[Reference: Attachment A to Appendix B of the simplified M&P for small-scale CDM
project activities]
The project type is not a prevailing practice in the proposed area of implementation.
ROI identified the areas where the energy efficiency improvement in silk-reeling
sector could be adopted and then assessed means to reduce specific firewood
consumption and its associated emissions.
Barriers in the Implementation of the Project
There are basically two components of this barrier analysis. This is because of the two
options available for the reduction in firewood consumption. These options are:
1) Use of solar water heaters to raise the temperature of water to 60-700 C for boiling
cocoons. This would result in requirement of only small amount of wood to raise
the temperature of the water to 1000C. So the use of solar water heaters reduces
wood consumption to 25% to 70% and also results in smoke reduction of about
70%.
51
2) The other option available is, use of rocket stoves, which are more efficient and
less polluting stoves. This stove is better over traditional stove as it allows
complete combustion of the fuel and the heat generated is recovered and utilized
for the other chamber. It has chimney attached to it to allow the flue gases to
escape and there is also a replaceable combustion chamber. Use of these stoves
reduces the firewood consumption from 20% to 60%.
Barriers of option 1: Use of solar water heaters
1) Technological Barrier: The technological barrier faced by the project for
installation of solar water heaters is that these devices are not able to heat the
water to 100 °C, therefore this technology cannot be used in isolation. Solar water
heaters can heat water to around 60 °C to 70 °C, after which the water will have to
be heated to 100 °C through the use of firewood, electricity or other fuels such as
coal. In addition some minimal maintenance activities are needed to ensure
proper usage. These maintenance activities include regularly (once a week)
cleaning the panels to avoid accumulation of dust as this could reduce the
efficiency of the solar water heater.
2) Investment Barrier: Money is one the key decisive factor for this project because
the target group viz. the silk-reelers are not in a good economic condition to afford
the solar water heaters. The cost of solar heaters is the main barrier for
implementation of this project, as the reelers are not capable of paying the costs.
3) Information Barrier: As the people of this sector are very poor, most of them
don’t even have done primary education. This results in negligence towards
acceptance of new technology. Most of the people are not even aware of the fact
that there are new technologies available in the market. Due to this limited
information they are resistant to accept such technologies.
Barriers of option 2: Use of rocket stoves
1) Technological Barrier: The rocket stoves prove to be better over traditional
stoves in terms of efficiency and are also less polluting. The main technological
barriers concerned with these stoves are the availability of trained technicians to
service the stoves. In addition users of the stoves need to be trained to not feed
too much wood into the stoves so as to maintain maximal efficiency. In addition
very large logs of wood will need to be cut into smaller pieces to ensure complete
combustion.
2) Investment Barrier: Although the cost of the stoves is not much, the stoves will
need to be customized for the silk reeling sector. Although these stoves will bring
a huge savings in firewood consumption, silk reelers are not able to afford the
costs of customization. In addition, silk reelers expect a subsidy from the
52
government as the Central Silk Board has been providing subsidies for purchase
of equipment used to reel silk and that developed by the Central Silk
Technological Research Institute. As the Rocket Stove is not designed by the
CSTRI the Government is unlikely to provide subsidies for implementation of
this technology.
3) Information Barrier: As mentioned earlier because the reelers are not very
educated people, they are very apprehensive about accepting new technologies.
They don’t realize the demerits of their traditional stoves therefore it becomes
difficult to convince them about newer and better technologies.
53
Table 1: Sensitivity of Net Present Value (NPV) w.r.t Electricity Cost
S.N
o Electricity
Cost
(Rs/Unit)
Units
consu
med
per month
Average electricity
Bill/month (Before Project)
(Rs.)
Average electricity bill
with 2% reduction
(After Project) (R
s.)
Savings per
month
1 1
528
528
517.
44
10.5
6
2 1.
5 52
8 79
2 77
6.76
15
.24
3 2
528
1056
10
34.8
8 21
.12
4 2.
5 52
8 13
20
1293
.60
26.4
0
5 3
528
1584
15
52.3
2 31
.68
6 3.
5 52
8 18
48
1811
.04
36.9
6
7 4
528
2112
20
69.7
6 42
.24
54
54
Table 2: Sensitivity of Net Present Value (NPV) w.r.t firewood consu
mption in presence of solar water heaters
S.
No.
Cost of
firewood (Rs./
tons)
Consu
mption of wood
(tons/year)
Cost of purchasing
wood/year
(Before Project)
(Rs.)
Cost of purchasing w
ood/year
with 25 %
reduction
(After project) (R
s.)
Savings per year
(Rs.)
1 25
00
2110
00
52,7
5,00
,000
39
,56,
25,0
00
13,1
8,75
,000
2 27
00
2110
00
56,9
7,00
,000
42
,72,
75,0
00
14,2
4,25
,000
3 30
00
2110
00
63,3
0,00
,000
47
,47,
50,0
00
15,8
2,50
,000
4 32
00
2110
00
67,5
2,00
,000
50
,64,
00,0
00
16,8
8,00
,000
5 35
00
2110
00
73,8
5,00
,000
55
,38,
75,0
00
18,4
6,25
,000
6 37
00
2110
00
78,0
7,00
,000
58
,55,
25,0
00
19,5
1,75
,000
7 40
00
2110
00
84,4
0,00
,000
63
,30,
00,0
00
21,1
0,00
,000
Table 3: Sensitivity of Net Present Value (NPV) w.r.t firewood consu
mption in presence of Rock
et Stoves
55
S. No
Cost of
firewood (Rs./
tons)
Consu
mption of wood
(tones/ year)
Cost of purchasing
wood/year
(Before Project) (R
s.)
Cost of purchasing w
ood/year
with 20 %
reduction (After
project) (R
s.)
Savings per year
(Rs.)
1 25
00
2110
00
52,7
5,00
,000
42
,20,
00,0
00
10,5
5,00
,000
2 27
00
2110
00
56,9
7,00
,000
45
,57,
60,0
00
11,3
9,40
,000
3 30
00
2110
00
63,3
0,00
,000
50
,64,
00,0
00
12,6
6,00
,000
4 32
00
2110
00
67,5
2,00
,000
54
,01,
60,0
00
13,5
0,40
,000
5 35
00
2110
00
73,8
5,00
,000
59
,08,
00,0
00
14,7
7,00
,000
6 37
00
2110
00
78,0
7,00
,000
62
,45,
60,0
00
15,6
1,40
,000
7 40
00
2110
00
84,4
0,00
,000
67
,52,
00,0
00
16,8
8,00
,000
56
56
Table 4: Sensitivity of Net Present Value (NPV) w.r.t firewood consu
mption in combined presence of solar water heaters and rock
et stoves
S. No
Cost of
firewood
(Rs./
tons)
Consu
mption of wood
(tons/
year)
Cost of purchasing
wood/year
(Before Project)
(Rs.)
Cost of purchasing w
ood/year
with 45 %
reduction
(After project)
(Rs.)
Savings per year
(Rs.)
1 25
00
2110
00
52,7
5,00
,000
29
,01,
25,0
00
23,7
3,75
,000
2 27
00
2110
00
56,9
7,00
,000
31
,33,
35,0
00
25,6
3,65
,000
3 30
00
2110
00
63,3
0,00
,000
34
,81,
50,0
00
28,4
8,50
,000
4 32
00
2110
00
67,5
2,00
,000
37
,13,
60,0
00
30,3
8,40
,000
5 35
00
2110
00
73,8
5,00
,000
40
,61,
75,0
00
33,2
3,25
,000
6 37
00
2110
00
78,0
7,00
,000
42
,93,
85,0
00
35,1
3,15
,000
7 40
00
2110
00
84,4
0,00
,000
46
,42,
00,0
00
37,9
8,00
,000
57
Some Barriers for Silk-Reeling Sector in General:
The Indian Silk-reeling sector is experiencing soaring raw material prices (especially
firewood), barriers in pricing flexibility, low profit margins and non-availability of
labors. A current-state analysis has been presented below to demonstrate the
economic downturn in the silk-reeling industries. If CSTRI raises investment for this
energy efficiency project through internal accruals, such a situation may act as
financial barriers for the implementation of the project activity.
Two third of the total silk produced in India is being produced in Karnataka itself,
followed by Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. However, because of the shrinkage in
the mulberry cultivation area, there is also the possibility of a shortfall in the supply
of cocoon which may also exacerbate the economic situation of the silk-reeling
industries. With imports of firewood from nearby states, the cost of transportation
increases and hence the cost of silk produced also increases. It has also been seen that
there is extreme fluctuation in cocoon and raw silk production. The prices of
firewood, which is the key raw material for silk-reeling industry, has also
experienced an uptrend from around Rs.2600/- per tons in 2009 to Rs. 3000/- per
tons in 2010 (Rs. 400/year = 13% increase/year).
Field observations conducted by ROI researchers show that the consumption of
firewood is mostly in the form of tamarind firewood and it’s a fact that tamarind
trees take hundred years to grow to its maximum size. Therefore, this sector is
utilizing a very precious form of natural resources. The huge consumption of
firewood has lead to depletion of the forest cover in the state and now has turned to
neighboring states such as Andhra Pradesh. This import has lead to the increase in
the cost of firewood and thus an increase in silk produced. In fact, the silk production
in the state of Karnataka has dropped by 1000 tons in the year 2009 compared to
2007-08 2. The reason reported for this was a drastic shrink in the area under
mulberry cultivation and consequently less production of cocoons. The rising input
and labor costs, besides competition with imported Chinese silk had forced
thousands of farmers to uproot mulberry cultivation and abandon sericulture all
together. The total number of small-scale reeling units in the State had come down
from 11,000 in the year 2007 to 7,500 in the year 2009.
Such a down-turn in the silk-reeling industry has also affected the overall
profitability of silk-reelers and acts as an investment barrier for the project activity.
The project activity has to be implemented in phases to avoid negative impacts from
the market.
2 Laiqh A. Khan. 2009. State’s top position in silk production under threat. The Hindu. Bangalore.
24/07/2009 <http://www.thehindu.com/2009/07/24/stories/2009072454750600.htm>
58
58
B.4. Description of how the definition of the project boundary related to the
baseline B methodology selected is applied to the small-scale project activity:
According to the baseline methodology “The project boundary is the physical,
geographical site of the industrial facility, processes or equipments that are affected by the
project activity”. The project boundary for this project activity consists of:
• The firewood consumed in cooking the cocoons.
• The firewood consumed for maintaining constant temperature in the reeling
basins.
• The physical boundary of the project is Sidlaghatta.
A brief and simple schematic of the project boundary has been shown in the
following diagram. The project boundary and the consolidated diagram consisting of
all the components of the project activity have been detailed in the section D.3.
Mulberry Cocoon Cooking of Reeling Skeining Bundling
Charcoal
Silk
WasteWaste
Water
Dead
WormsAsh
Water
FirewoodCocoon
Transportation of
Solar Water Heaters
Transportation of
Rocket Stoves
Reduction in the
transportation of wood
Cultivation Cocoons
Figure showing the boundary of the project activity and leakage
59
B.5. Details of the baseline and its development:
B.5.1: Detail of the energy and emission baseline has been developed using the
baseline methodology prescribed by the UNFCCC in Appendix B to Simplified M&P
for small scale CDM projects activities belonging to Type II.D. The baseline study is a
two-step study conducted to determine the Baseline emissions over the crediting
period in absence of project activity.
Step – I: Determination of Energy Baseline
Step – II: Determination of carbon intensity of the chosen baseline
Step I
Energy Savings by Project Activity
The project activity will save 94,950 tons of firewood/annum if solar water heaters
and energy efficient stoves are implemented in all of the 3033 silk reeling units in
Sidlaghatta. Therefore, a conventional energy equivalent of 9,49,500 tons of firewood
for a period of 10 years would be conserved by the project activity. Without the
project activity, to produce the same amount of heat, the traditional stoves would
have taken up 211000 tons of firewood and hence more CO2 would have been
released in the atmosphere.
Energy Baseline
In absence of the proposed project activity the easiest option available for the project
proponent is to continue with the existing traditional stoves for boiling cocoons in
the unit. Therefore, the energy baseline for the project activity will be the
continuation of the existing traditional ways of cooking the cocoon with stoves
having efficiency of about 10% to 15% 3.
Step II
As per the provisions of paragraph 59 of Appendix B of Simplified Modalities and
Procedures for Small Scale CDM Project Activities [FCCC/CP/2002/7/Add.3,
English, Page 21], the emission coefficient (measured in Kg of CO2/ Kg of firewood)
for the firewood saved had been calculated in accordance with the laboratory
analysis and stoichiometric analysis.
3 Mande, S., V. V. N. Kishore. 2007. Towards Cleaner Technologies: A process story on
biomass gasifiers for heat applications in small and micro enterprises. TERI and Swiss Agency
for Development and Cooperation. <http://bookstore.teriin.org/docs/books/SDC-
Gasifier%20full.pdf>
60
60
Baseline Emissions
The main GHG emissions in this system boundary arise from burning firewood for
heat generation for silk reeling units. This heat is used for boiling water.
In addition to the emissions arising from firewood burning in silk production,
additional CO2 emissions occur during the transport of firewood from nearby
forests. Because of a lack of data on average transport distance for firewood to the
units (due to variety of firewood sources) fuel transport emissions are not included in
the system boundary of both the current situation and the project. This also provides
a much more conservative estimate of the emission reductions. The baseline
emissions are arrived at based on the above mentioned baseline emission factor
calculated based on the firewood consumption within the project boundary in the
absence of the project activity.
Based on the above, (see section E for calculations) the project activity will reduce
around 17,37,585 tons of CO2 in 10 year of credit period, if the solar water heaters
and rocket stoves are implemented in all 3033 silk reeling units. Since, the project
activity is not a baseline scenario, without project activity there will be emission as
per the carbon intensity of the baseline (1.5 ton CO2/ton of firewood with 10%
moisture). It is seen that if the firewood is of tamarind wood then 1.83 tons of CO2 is
produced from burning one ton of firewood (climateproject.org). Therefore the
project activity on implementation would reduce the energy requirement of the
system within the project boundary and its associated emissions.
B.5.2 Date of completing the final draft of this baseline section – June 2010
B.5.3 Name of person/entity determining the baseline: Resource Optimization
Initiative (ROI, Bangalore) (Project Participant, details listed in Annex-01).
61
SECTION C. Duration of the project activity / Crediting period:
C.1. Duration of the small-scale project activity: 10 Years
C.1.1. Starting date of the small-scale project activity:_____________
C.1.2. Expected operational lifetime of the small-scale project activity: 20 years
C.2. Choice of crediting period and related information:
C.2.1. Renewable crediting period:
C.2.1.1. Starting date of the first crediting period:__________
C.2.1.2. Length of the first crediting period: 10 years
C.2.2. Fixed crediting period:
C.2.2.1. Starting date:
C.2.2.2. Length: 10 years
62
62
SECTION D. Application of a monitoring methodology and plan
D.1. Name and reference of approved monitoring methodology applied to the
small-scale project activity
The project activity for the silk reeling sector in Sidlaghatta falls under Category II.D
as has been established in section A.4.2 Therefore, monitoring of the project
parameters will be performed according to the Appendix B of the simplified M&P for
small-scale CDM project activities, for industrial energy efficiency projects falling
under Category II.D.
D.2. Justification of the choice of the methodology and why it is applicable to the
small-scale project activity
The project activity includes the installation of solar water heaters coupled to
efficient stoves at silk reeling units in Sidlaghatta where installation of energy
efficiency measures would result in reduction in specific energy consumption and
GHG emissions. Here emission reduction quantity depends on the units of firewood
(kg of firewood) that would be saved by the project activity.
Description of Monitoring Plan
As per Appendix B of the simplified M&P for small-scale CDM project activities, for
industrial energy efficiency projects falling under Category II.D, in the case of retrofit
measures, monitoring shall consist of:
(a) Documenting the specifications of the equipment replaced
(b) Metering the energy use of the industrial facility, processes or the equipment
affected by the project
(c) Calculating the energy savings using the metered energy obtained from sub-
paragraph ‘(b)’
The project activity at Sidlaghatta involves installation of some new equipments and
ancillaries in the existing silk reeling units for improving energy efficiency through
the use of solar water heaters and efficient stoves. Therefore, this project activity is
not the development of a new facility but just an addition to the existing system and
thus the project activity will follow the M&V Plan for a retrofit system.
A Monitoring & Verification (M&V) Plan has been developed by Resource
Optimization Initiative (ROI), Bangalore for monitoring and verification of actual
emission reduction. The Monitoring and Verification (M&V) procedures define a
63
project-specific standard against which the project's performance (i.e. GHG
reductions) and conformance with all relevant criteria will be monitored and
verified. It includes developing suitable data collection methods and data
interpretation techniques for monitoring and verification of GHG emissions with
specific focus on technical / efficiency / performance parameters. It also allows
scope for review, scrutiny and benchmarking all this information against reports
pertaining to M & V protocols.
The M&V Protocol provides a range of data measurement, estimation and collection
options/ techniques in each case indicating preferred options consistent with good
practices to allow project managers and operational staff, auditors, and verifiers to
apply the most practical and cost-effective measurement approaches to the project.
The aim is to enable this project to have a clear, credible, and accurate set of
monitoring, evaluation and verification procedures. The purpose of these procedures
would be to direct and support continuous monitoring of project performance/key
project indicators to determine project outcomes, and green house gas (GHG)
emission reductions.
The project activity’s revenue is based on the units (tones of wood) that would be
saved in comparison to the units (tones of wood) that are consumed before the
implementation of the project to produce each kg of silk. The monitoring and
verification system would mainly comprise of these measures as far as wood
consumption and saving of energy are concerned.
The parameters and performance indicators are project specific and have been
described in the section D.3 under different project categories. Monitoring and
verification of raw material characteristics (physical characteristics)/ quality is also
required to be monitored as it could influence change in efficiency of the equipments
and hence the quantum of emission reductions in tones of CO2 equivalent.
The project would employ the monitoring and control equipments that measure,
record, report, monitor and control mentioned key parameters. The instrumentation
systems for monitoring of the project would mostly comprise instruments of reputed
make with desired level of accuracy. All instruments would be calibrated and
marked at regular intervals so that the accuracy of measurement can be ensured all
the time.
Justification of choice of methodology
Project activity would include a set of energy efficiency measures. The project
monitoring would include:
• Taking the daily ambient temperature 3 times a day (morning, afternoon,
evening)
64
64
• Taking the temperature of bore well water before heating using a solar water
heater
• Taking the temperature of the water once it has been heated using a solar
water heater
• Calculating the difference in specific wood consumption for reeling 1 kg of
silk after and before project implementation, which is equivalent to total
energy saved
According to UNFCCC released document for choice of monitoring methodology –
Appendix B of the simplified M&P for small-scale CDM project activities also suggest the
same for projects similar to this project for the silk reeling sector under the
Paragraphs 62 (a) & (b).
The quantity of emission reduction unit claimed by the project will be the total
emission saved from reduced wood consumption. Therefore it is justified to check
the total wood consumption from total hot water consumption by the process and
compare this specific unit of wood consumption with pre-project stage historical data
of wood consumption of the said boundary.
GHG Sources
There is no direct onsite emission from the project boundary (due to the specific
activities included in the project activity). The project activity will only include some
technical modifications in the traditional stove, which will contribute to the enhanced
energy efficiency of the process without generating any additional GHG emission.
The indirect off-site GHG source would be the emission of GHGs involved in the
process of transportation for procurement of equipments. However, considering the
project life, the total wood consumption savings and the emissions to be avoided in
the life span of 20 –25 years emissions from the above-mentioned source are too
small and hence neglected.
65
D.3 D
ata to be m
onitored
D
ata to be m
onitored in the Project A
ctivity: Component1: S
olar Water Heaters
ID
number
Data type
Data variable
Data
unit
Measu
red
/Calculated
/Estim
ated
Recording
Frequency
How w
ill
the data be
archived?
(electronic/
paper)
For how
long is data
archived to
be kept?
Comment
D.3
.1
Tem
per
atu
re
Incr
ease
in
tem
per
atu
re o
f
wat
er u
sin
g
sola
r w
ater
hea
ter
for
1 h
ou
r
deg
ree
Cel
siu
s
m
Dai
ly
By
do
ing
surv
ey a
nd
by
pap
er
arch
ive
10 y
ears
afte
r th
e
cred
itin
g
per
iod
Th
is d
ata
wil
l b
e
mo
nit
ore
d a
t 10
sel
ecte
d
silk
ree
lin
g u
nit
s.
Th
e th
erm
om
eter
s w
ill
be
cali
bra
ted
on
ce i
n a
yea
r
and
ch
eck
ed b
y a
n
accr
edit
ed l
abo
rato
ry.
D.3
.2
En
erg
y
con
sum
pti
on
So
lar
ener
gy
fro
m s
un
jou
les
e D
aily
B
y d
oin
g
surv
ey a
nd
by
pap
er
arch
ive
10 y
ears
afte
r th
e
cred
itin
g
per
iod
Th
is d
ata
wil
l b
e
mo
nit
ore
d a
t 10
sel
ecte
d
silk
ree
lin
g u
nit
s.
Tim
e o
f su
nri
se i
n
Sid
lag
hat
ta a
nd
tim
e
req
uir
ed t
o h
eat
wat
er t
o
max
imu
m p
oss
ible
tem
per
atu
re w
ill
be
reco
rded
eac
h d
ay.
66
ID
number
Data type
Data variable
Data
unit
Measu
red
/Calculated
/Estim
ated
Recording
Frequency
How w
ill
the data be
archived?
(electronic/
paper)
For how
long is data
archived to
be kept?
Comment
D.3
.3
Red
uct
ion
in
fire
wo
od
con
sum
pti
on
Dec
reas
e in
fire
wo
od
con
sum
pti
on
afte
r
imp
lem
enta
tio
n
of
sola
r w
ater
hea
ters
kg
s c
Dai
ly
By
do
ing
surv
ey a
nd
by
pap
er
arch
ive
10 y
ears
afte
r th
e
cred
itin
g
per
iod
Th
is d
ata
wil
l b
e
mo
nit
ore
d a
t 10
sel
ecte
d
silk
ree
lin
g u
nit
s.
Th
is v
alu
e w
ill
be
use
d t
o
esti
mat
e th
e re
du
ctio
n i
n
def
ore
stat
ion
du
e to
th
e
pro
ject
act
ivit
y.
67
Component 2: Energy efficiency stove
ID
number
Data type
Data variable
Data
unit
Measu
red
/Calculated
/Estim
ated
Recording
Frequency
How w
ill
the data be
archived?
(electronic/
paper)
For how
long is data
archived to
be kept?
Comment
D.3
.4
Tem
per
atu
re
Incr
ease
in
tem
per
atu
re o
f
wat
er f
rom
roo
m
tem
per
atu
re t
o
100
°C u
sin
g
effi
cien
t st
ov
es
alo
ne.
deg
ree
cels
ius
m
Dai
ly
By
do
ing
surv
ey a
nd
by
pap
er
arch
ive
10 y
ears
afte
r th
e
cred
itin
g
per
iod
Th
is d
ata
wil
l b
e
mo
nit
ore
d a
t 10
sel
ecte
d
silk
ree
lin
g u
nit
s.
Th
e th
erm
om
eter
s w
ill
be
cali
bra
ted
on
ce i
n a
yea
r
and
ch
eck
ed b
y a
n
accr
edit
ed l
abo
rato
ry.
D.3
.5
En
erg
y
con
sum
pti
on
En
erg
y c
on
ten
t
of
fuel
wo
od
to
incr
ease
th
e
tem
per
atu
re o
f
wat
er b
y 1
°C
fro
m 2
5 °C
jou
les
e D
aily
B
y d
oin
g
surv
ey a
nd
by
pap
er
arch
ive
10 y
ears
afte
r th
e
cred
itin
g
per
iod
Th
is d
ata
wil
l b
e
mo
nit
ore
d a
t 10
sel
ecte
d
silk
ree
lin
g u
nit
s.
Th
e ca
lori
met
ers
wil
l b
e
cali
bra
ted
on
ce i
n a
yea
r
and
ch
eck
ed b
y a
n
accr
edit
ed l
abo
rato
ry.
68
ID
number
Data type
Data variable
Data
unit
Measu
red
/Calculated
/Estim
ated
Recording
Frequency
How w
ill
the data be
archived?
(electronic/
paper)
For how
long is data
archived to
be kept?
Comment
D.3
.6
Fir
ewo
od
con
sum
pti
on
Dec
reas
e in
fire
wo
od
con
sum
pti
on
afte
r
imp
lem
enta
tio
n
of
ener
gy
effi
cien
t st
ov
es
kg
s c
Dai
ly
By
do
ing
surv
ey a
nd
by
pap
er
arch
ive
10 y
ears
afte
r th
e
cred
itin
g
per
iod
Th
is d
ata
wil
l b
e
mo
nit
ore
d a
t 10
sel
ecte
d
silk
ree
lin
g u
nit
s. T
his
val
ue
wil
l es
tim
ate
the
red
uct
ion
in
def
ore
stat
ion
du
e to
th
e p
roje
ct a
ctiv
ity
.
C
arb
on
per
cen
tag
e
in w
oo
d
CO
2 em
issi
on
s
fro
m w
oo
d
resu
lt f
rom
th
e
per
cen
tag
e o
f
carb
on
in
wo
od
pp
m
e D
aily
B
y u
sin
g
sop
his
tica
te
d c
arb
on
mea
suri
ng
dev
ices
10 y
ears
afte
r th
e
cred
itin
g
per
iod
Th
is d
ata
wil
l b
e
mo
nit
ore
d a
t 10
sel
ecte
d
silk
ree
lin
g u
nit
s. T
his
val
ue
wil
l es
tim
ate
the
red
uct
ion
in
CO
2
emis
sio
ns
69
Component 1 + 2: Solar water heaters coupled w
ith efficient stove
ID
Number
Data type
Data variable
Data
unit
Measu
red
/Calculated
/Estim
ated
Recording
Frequency
How w
ill
the data be
archived?
(electronic/
paper)
For how
long is
data
archived
to be
kept?
Comment
D.3
.8
Tem
per
atu
re
Incr
ease
in
tem
per
atu
re o
f
wat
er f
rom
25
°C t
o 1
00 °
C
usi
ng
so
lar
wat
er h
eate
rs
cou
ple
d t
o
effi
cien
t st
ov
es
deg
ree
cels
ius
m
Dai
ly
By
do
ing
surv
ey a
nd
by
pap
er
arch
ive
10 y
ears
afte
r th
e
cred
itin
g
per
iod
Th
is d
ata
wil
l b
e
mo
nit
ore
d a
t 10
sele
cted
sil
k r
eeli
ng
un
its.
Th
e th
erm
om
eter
s w
ill
be
cali
bra
ted
on
ce i
n a
yea
r an
d c
hec
ked
by
an
accr
edit
ed l
abo
rato
ry.
D.3
.9
En
erg
y
con
sum
pti
on
En
erg
y c
on
ten
t
of
fuel
wo
od
to
incr
ease
th
e
tem
per
atu
re o
f
wat
er b
y 1
°C
fro
m h
ot
wat
er
fro
m t
he
sola
r
wat
er h
eate
r
e
Dai
ly
By
do
ing
surv
ey a
nd
by
pap
er
arch
ive
10 y
ears
afte
r th
e
cred
itin
g
per
iod
Th
is d
ata
wil
l b
e
mo
nit
ore
d a
t 10
sele
cted
sil
k r
eeli
ng
un
its.
Th
e ca
lori
met
ers
wil
l b
e
cali
bra
ted
on
ce i
n a
yea
r an
d c
hec
ked
by
an
accr
edit
ed l
abo
rato
ry.
70
ID
Number
Data type
Data variable
Data
unit
Measu
red
/Calculated
/Estim
ated
Recording
Frequency
How w
ill
the data be
archived?
(electronic/
paper)
For how
long is
data
archived
to be
kept?
Comment
D.3
.10
Fir
ewo
od
con
sum
pti
on
Dec
reas
e in
fire
wo
od
con
sum
pti
on
afte
r
imp
lem
enta
tio
n
of
so
lar
wat
er
hea
ters
co
up
led
to e
ner
gy
effi
cien
t st
ov
es
kg
s c
Dai
ly
By
do
ing
surv
ey a
nd
by
pap
er
arch
ive
10 y
ears
afte
r th
e
cred
itin
g
per
iod
Th
is d
ata
wil
l b
e
mo
nit
ore
d a
t 10
sele
cted
sil
k r
eeli
ng
un
its.
Th
is v
alu
e w
ill
esti
mat
e
the
red
uct
ion
in
def
ore
stat
ion
du
e to
th
e
pro
ject
act
ivit
y.
D. 3
. 11
Car
bo
n
per
cen
tag
e in
wo
od
CO
2 em
issi
on
s
fro
m w
oo
d
resu
lt f
rom
th
e
per
cen
tag
e o
f
carb
on
in
wo
od
pp
m
e D
aily
B
y u
sin
g
sop
his
tica
te
d c
arb
on
mea
suri
ng
dev
ices
10 y
ears
afte
r th
e
cred
itin
g
per
iod
Th
is d
ata
wil
l b
e
mo
nit
ore
d a
t 10
sele
cted
sil
k r
eeli
ng
un
its.
Th
is v
alu
e w
ill
esti
mat
e
the
red
uct
ion
in
CO
2
emis
sio
ns
du
e to
th
e
pro
ject
act
ivit
y
71
Flow chart of traditional stove
Flow chart of solar water heaters coupled to energy efficient stoves
72
4. Qualitative explanation of how quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA)
Procedures are undertaken
Data
(Indicate table
and ID number
e.g.
D.4-1; D.4-2.)
Uncertainty level of
data
(High/Medium/Low)
Are QA/QC
procedures
planned for
these data?
Outline explanation why
QA/QC procedures are or are
not being planned.
D 3.8 Medium Yes It is a critical parameter that
would affect the GHG
reductions claims.
There is a considerable chance
of fluctuations of this data due
to variation in daily ambient
temperature.
D 3.9 Medium Yes It is a critical parameter that
would affect the GHG
reductions claims.
There is a considerable chance
of fluctuations of this data due
to variation in moisture
content, age and species of
wood.
D 3.10 Medium Yes It is a critical parameter that
would affect the GHG
reductions claims.
There is a considerable chance
of fluctuations of this data due
to variation in moisture
content, age and species of
wood.
D 3.11 Medium Yes It is a critical parameter that
would affect the GHG
reductions claims.
There is a considerable chance
of fluctuations of this data due
to variation in moisture
content, age and species of
wood.
73
D.5.Please describe briefly the operational and management structure that the
project participant(s) will implement in order to monitor emission reductions and
any leakage effects generated by the project activity
The net reduction in fire wood combustion from the project activity will determine
the emission reductions from the project activity. This will be measured by accessing
combustion of fire wood in 10 randomly selected silk reeling units in the presence of
solar water heater and energy efficient stoves at different locations where the project
activity will be implemented. The monitoring and verification system mainly
comprise of records of temperature and wood consumption. The reduction in fire
wood combustion from the project activity ultimately results in reduced wood
consumption at the boiler end which leads to GHG emission reductions. Therefore,
the percentage of water and carbon in the wood has to be regularly monitored by
laboratory analysis as described in D 3.7 and D 3.11. The technology and control
system for the project activity are designed with adequate instruments to control and
monitor the various operating parameters for safe and efficient operation.
Central Silk Technological Research Institute (CSTRI) should be responsible for
monitoring and archiving of data required for estimating emission reductions The
Scientist in charge at the CSTRI Silk Testing Center in Sidlaghatta could be
responsible for primary data collection (daily data logging, and monthly reports). He
would be supported by his staff. The management structure has been demonstrated
below
D.6. Name of person/entity determining the monitoring methodology
Central Silk Technological Research Institute (Project Participant, details listed in
Annex-01)
74
SECTION E.: Estimation of GHG emissions by sources:
E.1. Formulae used:
E.1.1 Selected formulae as provided in appendix B: Not available.
E.1.2 Description of formulae when not provided in appendix B:
The project activity includes the use of rocket stoves, which are more efficient than
existing traditional stoves coupled with solar water heaters. This combination can
reduce the firewood consumption to more than 45%. The effect of the project activity
would be reflected on reduced firewood consumption for boiling the cocoons. In
addition, the import of firewood would decline leading to stabilization in the cost of
production for raw silk. Therefore the GHG emission scenario in the specific areas of
project activity has be analyzed along with regular firewood consumption scenario
and calculation of the reduction of anthropogenic emissions by reducing firewood
combustion during boiling of cocoons. The calculated net baseline factor is a
conservative estimate of the emission of carbon dioxide before the project activity.
Algorithm and formulae used for estimation of the anthropogenic emissions by
sources of greenhouse gases of the baseline and GHG reduction units from project
activity are provided in the sections below.
E ffic ienc y
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Traditional
S toves
R oc ket s toves S olar water
heaters
S olar water
heaters +
R oc ket s toves
E ffic ienc y
E.1.2.1 Describe the formulae used to estimate anthropogenic emissions by sources
of GHGs due to the project activity within the project boundary:
The project activity involves a set of energy efficiency measures in different units of
the silk-reeling sector. This energy efficiency project activity results in reduced CO2
emissions from the units due to reduced firewood consumption in the stoves.
As described in Section A, the component 1 of the project activity involves enhanced
heat recovery from process. Difference of the heat recovery in pre-project scenario
75
and post-project scenario contribute to energy savings which in turn would lead to
firewood consumption savings.
In the section E.1.2.5 the consolidated algorithm is given for the calculation of GHG
emission reductions from the project activity. This algorithm has been developed
incorporating the Project Scenario as well as the Baseline scenario.
E.1.2.2 Describe the formulae used to estimate leakage due to the project activity,
where required, for the applicable project category in appendix B of the simplified
modalities and procedures for small-scale CDM project activities
The performance of the system may degrade over time and the efficiency may drop
down. There may also be some wear and tear in equipment over a period of time.
The CO2 emission from vehicles for the delivery of the stoves and solar water heaters
is an additional source of emissions. This leakage estimation would be accounted for
through the consolidated formulae in section E.1.2.5.
E.1.2.3 The sum of E.1.2.1 and E.1.2.2 represents the small-scale project activity
emissions:
Refer to the section E.1.2.5 for consolidated algorithm of emission reductions from
the project activity
E.1.2.4 Describe the formulae used to estimate the anthropogenic emissions by
sources of GHGs in the baseline using the baseline methodology for the
applicable project category in appendix B of the simplified modalities and
procedures for small-scale CDM project activities:
Refer to the section E.1.2.5 for consolidated algorithm of emission reductions for
component 1 & component 2 of the project activity. This algorithm has been
developed incorporating both After Project and Before Project (Baseline) scenarios.
E.1.2.5 Difference between E.1.2.4 and E.1.2.3 represents the emission reductions
due to the project activity during a given period: Consolidated algorithm for
calculating emission reductions from Component 1: Reduced firewood
consumption as a result of use of solar water heaters:
In the calculation of emission reduction from the project activity, the major criterion
was reduction in the consumption of firewood. It is seen that the use of solar water
heaters reduces the firewood consumption to at least 25% (pers. comm. Roy CSTRI),
although the solar water heater manufacturers claim that, if maintained properly, it
could even go to 50%. Therefore, to get a conservative estimate of the reduction in
CO2 emission we have taken the lowest estimate .i.e. 25%.
76
Component 2 – Reduced firewood consumption as a result of use of rocket stoves:
In the calculation of emission reduction from the project activity, the second
component was reduction of firewood due to use of rocket stoves. These stoves are
more efficient than traditional stoves and also less polluting. The manufacturers of
these stoves claim that this design can save 20 to 70% of the firewood used by
traditional stoves. In addition these stoves can reduce the air pollution and smoke by
40 to 90%. Currently the silk reelers use traditional stoves that have an overall
efficiency of 10% to 15%.
CO2 emission reduction from the project activity = CO2 reduction from solar
water heaters + CO2 reduction from rocket stove
Before Project Scenario After Project Scenario
Mulberry Cultivation Fed by worms
Cocoons Processing
Heat
Cooking of cocoons Basins
(By traditional stoves) Extra firewood
Reeling
Skeining
Bundling
Mulberry Cultivation Fed by worms
Cocoons
Processing
Heat Recovery
Cooking of cocoons Basins
(By efficient stoves)
Reeling
Skeining
Bundling
Solar water
Heaters (25%
Savings in
firewood)
Efficient Stoves
(20% savings in
firewood)
The computation of the above mentioned project emissions have been performed in
The ‘Project emission’ section of the Appendix-III.
E.2 Table providing values obtained when applying formulae above:
77
Table E.1 – CO2 emission reductions due to project activity
Sl. No. Operating Years CO2 Emission Reduction
from the Project Activity
(Tons of CO2)
1 2011-2012 1,73,759*
2 2012-2013 3,47,517
3 2013-2014 5,21,276
4 2014-2015 6,95,034
5 2015-2016 8,68,793
6 2016-2017 10,42,551
7 2017-2018 12,16,310
8 2018-2019 13,90,068
9 2019-2020 15,63,827
10 2020-2021 17,37,585
Total For 10 Years 17,37,585
* CO2 Emission Reduction from the Project Activity (Tons of CO2) in 2011-2012 =
45% * (1.83*211,000) = 1,73,759
78
SECTION F.: Environmental impacts
F.1. If required by the host Party, documentation on the analysis of the
environmental impacts of the project activity:
The project activity does not fall under the purview of the Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) notification of the Ministry of Environment and Forest,
Government of India. However the project proponent has given due weightage to the
environmental aspects of the project activity. Basic philosophy of this project
activities involving implementation of solar water heaters coupled to energy
efficiency stoves in place of traditional stove involves measures that are driven by the
concept of reducing CO2 emissions from the silk reeling units and their impact on the
environment.
Air pollution: The project activity in the silk reeling unit proposed by Resource
Optimization Initiative (ROI) involves a set of energy efficiency measures for the up-
gradation of existing traditional stove systems. This project involves reduced
firewood consumption through supply of solar water heaters coupled to energy
efficient stoves. The solar water heaters are one of the safest water and zero-pollution
heating devices available in the market. These solar water heaters heat water from
room temperature (20 °C to 30 °C) to about 65 °C to 70 °C using solar energy. As they
use solar energy, they do not emit any emissions. In addition the energy efficient
stoves that are coupled to the solar water heaters are one of the safest stoves in the
market. Each energy efficient stove produces less external heat in the silk reeling
unit, less smoke and less pollution due to a chimney and other design elements that
are described in section A 4.2 (Project activity with technology detail). It also
drastically reduces the risk of health problems (1.6 million death/year in the world
because of respiratory diseases). Such energy efficiency measures ultimately reduce
firewood consumption to meet energy requirement for the process. Reduced
firewood consumption at the boiler end results in reduced CO2 emissions from the
unit. Moreover, the reduced firewood consumption in the process helps in avoiding
the following problems associated with the consumption of firewood:
• Deforestation which is responsible for about 20% of global greenhouse gas
emissions from combustion of fuel wood containing water vapor, carbon
dioxide and other chemicals and aerosol particulates, that can be irritating
and potentially dangerous by-products.
• Due to reduced wood consumption in the unit the associated emissions
related to the transportation of wood from forests to the unit get largely
eliminated.
79
Noise Pollution: The project activity will not contribute to any additional noise
pollution. This is because neither the solar water heaters nor the efficient stoves emit
any sound.
Wastewater: Waste water which is released from the silk reeling process is not
polluted with chemicals but it is rich in protein called Sericin. Currently this waste
water is release directly into the town drainage system. In addition to reducing
firewood one of our project goals is to reuse this waste water either for generating
biogas, or as a supplementary fertilizer in agriculture fields around silk reeling units
so that ground water in the area gets recharged and farmers get higher yields from
their mulberry farms.
Solid waste: There is no proper ash handling system. Reduced wood consumption in
the unit helps in reducing, to some extent, the problems related to bottom ash
disposal from the stoves.
Monitoring: The Central Silk Technological Research Institute should undertake
regular monitoring of emissions generated from different unit operations. These
emissions should be compliant to the regulatory norms so that facilities operate with
necessary clearances from the relevant statutory bodies.
80
SECTION G. Stakeholders’ comments:
G.1. Brief description of how comments by local stakeholders have been invited
and compiled:
Stakeholder consultation aims at:
� transparency
� accountability
� flexibility
� increased stakeholder awareness of policy issues
� broad stakeholder input and involvement
� efficiency and effectiveness
� promotion of stakeholder confidence
� an understanding of stakeholder perspectives
Identification of Stakeholders:
The project has to be implemented in the existing silk reeling units in Sidlaghatta.
The major stakeholders are:
� the community in the area
� the Government Departments like Central Silk Technological Research
Institute, Central Silk Board and the Department of Sericulture, Karnataka
� the owners of the silk reeling units
� the customers of raw silk
� the suppliers of wood, water and raw materials
Stakeholder consultation on the project activity is an on-going process. The Central
Silk Technological Research Institute is a proactive entity on the stakeholder and
social front. The project during its operations will try to adhere, as far as possible to
all relevant requirements of the stakeholders.
G.2. Summary of the comments received:
The process of stakeholder consultation is not over. While ROI was preparing the
project design document and over the course of its research investigation, it received
some comments from CSTRI and Silk reelers:
G.3. Report on how due account was taken of any comments received:
CSTRI: The CSTRI are meant to be keen about the welfare of silk reelers. However,
due general inefficiency in government run institutions and short terms for heads of
the different departments in CSTRI, they are not provided officials with incentives to
help reelers. Moreover, prejudice and apathy towards government run institution in
81
addition to lack of co-operation between CSTRI (a body governed by the central
government (federal)) and the Department of Sericulture (a body governed by the
State government) hinder their ability to help silk reelers. CSTRI is willing to invest
efforts in improving conditions for the reeling sectors but have not yet been able to
find a financially viable solutions to reduce firewood and water consumption. Their
focus so far has been on primarily increasing production efficiency and quality
without taking resource consumption into account. In addition, the main issue for
CSTRI is finding alternative energy resources for the silk reelers to avoid using large
quantities of resources such as wood that are imported from other states in India.
ROI: The Resource Optimization Initiative is a not-for-profit research based
organization that is dedicated to promoting industrial ecology in developing
countries. ROI has done a detailed investigation on resources consumed by various
industrial activities <www/roi-online.org>. After an investigation on the silk reeling
sector ROI has proposed to reduce firewood consumption through the use of solar
water heaters coupled to efficient stoves while also reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
emissions.
During ROIs investigation they found that around 211000 tons of firewood is
consumed by the silk reeling sector in Sidlaghatta per year, if all licensed units are
operational. Most of this firewood is imported from other states in India, and is
decreasing in availability in the concerned area. The reelers are getting very slim
economic benefits due to the high cost of wood and transportation charges.
Therefore, by creating a financially viable option (through CDM funding) for silk
reelers to reduce firewood and switch to other energy sources such as solar and
agricultural wastes (biofuels), the system can be made more sustainable. It is very
important to keep in mind the requirements of the reelers so as to offer them
solutions that are attractive and affordable.
82
Annexure I – CDM PDD
CONTACT INFORMATION ON PARTICIPANTS IN THE PROJECT ACTIVITY
Organization: Central Silk Technological Research Institute
Street/p.o.box: Central Silk Board Complex, B.T.M. Layout, Madivala
Building:
City: Bangalore
State/region: Karnataka
Post fix/zip: 560 068
Country: India
Telephone: +91 80 2628 2122
FAX:
E-mail:
URL:
Represented by:
Title:
Salutation:
Last name:
Middle name:
First name:
Department:
Mobile:
83
Organization: Resource Optimization Initiative
Street/p.o.box: No. 66, 1st Floor, 1st Cross, Domlur Layout,
Building:
City: Bangalore
State/region: Karnataka
Post fix/zip: 560 071
Country: India
Telephone: +91 80 2535 4466
FAX:
E-mail: [email protected]
URL: www.roi-online.org
Represented by:
Title: Research Director
Salutation: Dr.
Last name: Shenoy
Middle name:
First name: Megha
Department:
Mobile: +91 98456 12126
84
Appendix I: List of Abbreviations
CC Climate Change
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CER Certified Emission Reductions
CO2 Carbon di-oxide
CP Credit Period
CSB Central Silk Board, India
CSTRI Central Silk Technological Research Institute, Bangalore
Cum Cubic Meter
DOE Designated Operational Entity
DPR Detailed Project Report
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
GHG Green House Gases
GJ Giga Joules
GoI Government of India
GWh Giga Watt hour
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
HR or hr Hour
HW Hot Water
IPCC Intra-governmental Panel for Climate Change
KP Kyoto Protocol
km kilo meter
kWh Kilo Watt hour
MT Metric Ton
NOC No Objection Certificate
p.a. Per annum
PDD Project Design Document
PFD Process Flow Diagram
PIN Project Idea Note
ROI Resource Optimization Initiative
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TPD Tones per day
85
Appendix II: List of References Reno Particulars of the references
1 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change
2 Website of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC), http://unfccc.int
3 UNFCCC Decision 17/CP.7 : Modalities and procedures for a clean
development mechanism as defined in article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol
4 UNFCCC document, Clean Development Mechanism-Project Design
Document (CDMPDD) version 01(in effect as of: August 29, 2002)
5 UNFCCC document : Annex B to attachment 3 Indicative simplified
baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small scale CDM
project activity categories ver. 01, January 21, 2003.
6 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Document on
emission factors. IPCC-1996-Rev.
86
Ap
pe
nd
ix I
II:
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f ra
w m
ate
ria
l b
y d
iffe
ren
t ty
pe
s o
f s
ilk
re
eli
ng
un
its
AV
G
R
aw
ma
te
ria
l
Ty
pe
of
un
it
To
tal
nu
mb
er
of
un
its
Sa
mp
le s
ize
W
ate
r (L
/da
y)
Co
coo
n (
kg
/da
y)
Fir
ew
oo
d (
kg
/da
y)
Ke
rose
ne
(L/d
ay
)
Ele
ctri
city
(Un
its/
y)
Fil
atu
re
25
79
9
3
93
6
81
1
94
2
6
Ch
ark
a
43
9
3
12
20
5
3
45
0
3
10
Mu
ltie
nd
1
5
5
16
00
1
16
3
70
5
1
7
TO
TA
L
R
aw
ma
te
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l
Ty
pe
of
un
it
To
tal
nu
mb
er
of
un
its
Sa
mp
le s
ize
W
ate
r
(L/y
ea
r)
Co
coo
n (
kg
/ye
ar
) F
ire
wo
od
(k
g/y
ea
r )
Ke
rose
ne
(L/y
ea
r)
Ele
ctri
city
(un
its/
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79
9
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6
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56
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it
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tal
nu
mb
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ize
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ate
r
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(k
g/y
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r)
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25
79
9
3
72
38
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52
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1
50
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95
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ark
a
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9
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56
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59
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10
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78
1
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ltie
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5
5
72
00
00
0
52
20
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1
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50
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2
09
70
7
67
70
87
TO
TA
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er
ye
ar
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aw
ma
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ria
l
Ty
pe
o
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it
To
tal
nu
mb
er
of
un
its
Sa
mp
le s
ize
W
ate
r
(KL/
yea
r)
Co
coo
n (
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r)
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ew
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9
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IN
11
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7
OU
T
48
39
37
Dif
fere
nce
6
29
12
0
88
Ap
pe
nd
ix I
V:
Pr
od
uc
ts a
nd
wa
ste
s g
en
er
ate
d b
y d
iffe
re
nt
typ
es
of
sil
k r
ee
lin
g u
nit
s
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du
ct
Wa
ste
Ty
pe of
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it
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tal
nu
mb
er
of u
nits
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mple
size
Raw
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ad
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r
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ture
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7
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L
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pe of
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486
975
350
94
427
14
1
89
Appendix V: Questionnaire for Teri, Silk board officials
and silk reelers
Questions for Teri
1) How many silk reeling units did you cover in your study?
2) How many gasifiers were installed in the silk reeling sector?
3) What were the challenges you faced during your study?
4) Are there other methods used that are similar to the gasifiers?
5) What are the differences between gasifiers and these other methods?
6) Have you seen any improvement in the health of the workers since the
gasifier has been used?
7) What is efficiency of the stove and the gasifier?
8) Currently do silk reelers use multiple fuels for heating water, if so which one
is the most preferred and why?
9) What are the operational and maintenance costs of the gasifiers and the
instruments in currently being used?
10) Are silk reelers given any subsidies for traditional stoves, gasifiers or any
other heating devices?
11) What is the amount of CO2 emission/ kg of produce (silk) from a traditional
stove, a gasifier and any other heating device in use?
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Questions for silk board officials
1) Silk reeling units are located_____ km away from the Sidlaghatta town?
2) Is the environment in and around Sidlaghatta polluted yes/no. What is its affects on public health and water?
3) Who bought the reelers their traditional stoves?
4) How old are the silk reelers’ stoves?
5) Where did they buy the stoves?
6) What are the designs of the stoves?
7) Who planned the design of the stove?
8) What raw materials were used in the manufacture of the stove?
9) Does the stove have any design defects?
10) Has the stove caused an industrial accident?
11) What is the amount of CO2 emitted from the stoves?
12) Have the silk reelers had any legal or regulatory problems because of the
method of silk reeling that they are using? Example:- because of the smoke or waste water from your process.
13) Do you know whether any of the other methods you mentioned have had any
legal or regulatory problems?
14) Are pollution control regulations enforced in the silk reeling sector?
15) What is the cost of maintence of the silk reelers’ unit?
16) Do you know if any of the other methods you mentioned had any legal or regulatory problems?
17) Are pollution control regulations enforced in the silk reeling sector?
18) Have any silk reelers in your locality paid a fine to the pollution control
authorities?
19) Do the silk reelers have easy access to water and wood?
20) Where do they get water and wood from? Distance covered?
21) What are the costs associated with gasifiers and costs associated with similar efficient alternatives?
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22) What is the cost of maintence of gasifiers and the alternatives?
23) Are there other methods used that are similar to the gasifiers?
24) On average, how many silk reeling units does a single owner own?
25) What is the average distance between 2 silk units?
26) Have you seen any improvement in the health of the workers since the
gasifier has been used?
27) How many types of ovens are you aware of?
28) What is the efficiency of the stove and the gasifier?
29) What are the risks associated with handling the traditional stoves?
30) How many cocoons can be boiled in 100 liters of water?
31) Are there multiple sources of fuel being used, if so which one is the most
preferred and why?
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Questions for silk reelers
Name:
Age:
Sex:
Village: District:
Contact information:
1) How many silk reeling units do you own?
2) How many Km is this unit located from Sidlaghatta town?
3) Are children (persons below 18 years of age) involved in the silk reeling in this
unit?
4) Is the environment in and around Sidlaghatta polluted yes/no?
5) If yes what are the pollution problems that you are facing?
6) What is the capacity of unit? How many kg of silk do you reel per day?
7) Quantity of the product produced? Price of the product?
8) What is the highest level of education you have completed?
No Schooling Elementary School High School
College degree What kind? Other training?
9) How many people live in your household?
a. What are their ages and genders?
Income & Employment
10) Any other job:
a. Type(s) of work:
b. Months per year you work in that job?
c. How much money you make from that job in a year?
11) Does anyone else in your family have any job?
If so, who in your family works, describe the type(s) of work, how many months a
year they work in that job, and how much money they make from that job in a year?
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12) How much money does your household make in an average year
13) Information on waste by your silk reeling units (types in materials used)
14) What do you do with your wastes that you do not sell?
15) Do you buy any agricultural wastes?
a. How much do you use of each?
b. How much do you pay for each kind?
16) If someone wanted to buy your silk wastes, what is the minimum price you
would be willing to sell them for?
17) What type of traditional stove do you use? Did you buy the stove or make it?
18) How old is your stove?
19) Where did you buy the stove? And how much did it cost?
20) Have you got any subsidy for the traditional stoves?
21) What is the cost of maintenance of your unit?
22) Have you made any modifications after buying the stove?
23) Who designed the stove?
24) What are the raw materials used in manufacture of the stove?
Raw material Details of the
fuel
Quantity/day or batch
of silk reeled per stove
Cost (Rs.) Location
Fuel
Silk
Water
Electricity
25) Does the stove have any design defect?
26) What are the risks associated with handling of the traditional stoves?
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27) Has the stove caused any accident in your unit?
Type of Accident Date Number of People
Affected
Severity of the
Accident
28) What is the amount of CO2 emission from stove?
29) Other than the method that you use to reel silk, what other methods do you
know of?
30) Where are these other methods implemented?
31) How much do these other methods cost?
32) Has the government given you any regulations for pollution reduction?
33) Has any silk reeler in your locality paid a fine to the pollution control
authorities?
34) Do you have easy access to water and wood and other raw material?
Type Location Distance to unit Cost (Rs.)
Water
Wood
Raw material
35) What are the raw materials for silk reeling? Fill the table in report?
Type Location Distance to unit Cost (Rs.)
36) How many cocoons can be boiled in say 100 liters of water?
37) Are there multiple fuels being used, if so which one is most preferred and
why?
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38) Is fuel switching possible? (such as switching from tamarind husk to coconut
shell)?
39) Why have you not bought biomass gasifiers?
40) Are there other methods used that are similar to the gasifiers?
41) Why have you not invested in those methods?
42) What are the differences between gasifiers and other methods?
43) Do you know anybody in Sidlaghatta who uses gasifier?
44) Have you seen any improvement in the health of the workers since the
gasifier is being used?
45) How many types of oven are you aware of?
46) How much fuel does your stove takes compared to gasifier for boiling the
same amount of cocoon?
47) Do you use a motor?
48) What is the capacity of the motor which is used in the process? (volts)
49) What other machines use electricity in your unit?
50) From where do you get electricity?
51) How much is your average bill per month and units consumed?
52) Do you have a diesel generator or any other source of electricity?
53) Have you ever thought of installing diesel generator?
54) Do you think it would be useful?
55) Do you get electricity throughout the day?
56) What is the quantity of fuel required to process a certain amount of cocoon?
57) Have you found any savings with respect to money after the use of gasifiers?
58) How much time do you spend in training the workers?
59) What are the barriers you will face while switching from traditional stove to
gasifier or any other technique?
60) If somebody provides you with a free gasifier or at a cheap rate will you
prefer to shift? If not, why?
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