An Examination of Print Media Coverage of Household Food Insecurity Action in Canada
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An Examination of Print Media Coverage of Household Food Insecurity Action in Canada
Patricia A. Collins, PhDSchool of Urban and Regional Planning, Queen’s UniversityCanadian Public Health Association Annual MeetingMay 28, 2014
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Presentation Overview
• Background on HFI and HFI-Action in Canada
• Knowledge gaps, study objective, and methods
• Preliminary results
• Conclusions and implications
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HFI in Canada
• 13% of Canadian households are food insecure – 34% marginal worry about food– 46% moderate making compromises with food– 20% severe forgoing food
• Health impacts– Compromised nutrition– Adults Low SRH, nutrition-related chronic diseases– Children Overweight, low BMD, asthma
Tarasuk et al. 2014Kirkpatrick & Tarasuk 2008
Che & Chen 2001Vozoris & Tarasuk 2003
Dubois et al. 2011Kirkpatrick et al. 2010
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Determinants of HFI
• Low income is primary determinant of HFI– 72% of households dependent on welfare– 38% of households dependent on EI/WC– 62% of households dependent on wages
• Increasing prevalence attributable to rising costs of living
• Proximity (or lack thereof) may not be a strong determinant of HFI
Tarasuk et al. 2014Emery et al. 2012
Kirkpatrick & Tarasuk 2010Apparicio et al. 2007
Pearson et al. 2005
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Action on HFI
• Lack of coordinated provincial and federal policies to reduce HFI– UN rep De Schutter’s call for national food strategy in
2012
• Neoliberalism, welfare state decline, downloading to municipalities
• Action primarily at municipal level– Unable to redistribute income– Food-based solution to income-based problem
Riches 2002Emery 2012
Tarasuk et al. 2012FCM 2006
Tarasuk 2001
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Conceptual Framework for HFI Action in Canada
Municipal-Level Food-Based
Approach
Charitable Model
Household Improvements & Supports Model
Community Food Systems Model
Federal & Provincial
Level Income-Based
Approach
Income-Support Model (e.g.,
social assistance, child care
benefits, housing supports)
HEALTH (e.g.,
diabetes, CVD, stroke, hypertension, mental illness,
asthma, obesity)
HOUSEHOLD FOOD
INSECURITY
Access to (healthy)
food
Self-efficacy
Dignity
Social cohesion
Income Security
Anxiety & Stress
Nutritional Status
Disease Mgt
Approach to HFI HFI InitiativeHFI Determinant or Distal Health
DeterminantHFI Status Proximate Health
Determinant Health Status
Coping Skills
Collins et al. 2014
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Knowledge Gaps and Study Objective
• Food-based initiatives supported by various groups– Fed & prov health policy-makers, public health units– Local service providers, food security advocates
• Gaps– Limited evidence of effectiveness of initiatives in reducing HFI – No evidence on how media might be driving/perpetuating
support
• Study Objective– To critically analyze Canadian print media coverage of HFI
issues
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Methods
• Quantitative media content analysis
• Eighteen newspapers – 2 national, 16 regional/local
• 6 provinces – QC, ON, MB, SK, AB, BC
• Published between 2007-2012
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Codebook
• Bibliographic details – Title, author, newspaper, date, section, type, length
• Initiatives profiled – Name, level, type, model
• Recommendations for action – Yes/no, prescribed action, organizations, government level &
sector
• Tone – Positive, neutral, negative
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Article Sample Flowchart
Excluded articles that discussed international initiatives
Articles mentioned either “food security” or “food insecurity”
N=2456
Excluded articles that were not a news story, editorial, opinion/commentary or a letter to the
editor
Excluded articles that defined food security/insecurity differently (e.g., food security
meaning food safety)
N=952
N=707
N=547
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General Characteristics of Article Sample
• Nearly one-third from three newspapers – Vancouver Sun 14%– Toronto Star 9%– Globe and Mail 8%
• Article Type– News story 72%– Opinion or commentary 13%– Letter to the editor 9%– Editorial 5%
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Article Coverage from 2007-2012
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Year of Publication
Num
ber
of A
rtic
les
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Coverage of Food-Based Initiatives
57
20.1
13.4
4.35.3
Level of Operation of Initiatives Profiled in Newspaper Articles
Neighbourhood Municipal RegionalProvincial National
13.1
27.5
40.9
8.8
9.6
Models of Food-Based Initiatives Profiled in Newspaper Articles
CharitableHousehold improvements and supportsCommunity food systemsMultiple modelsAwareness/consciousness raising
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Types of Initiatives Profiled
Community ga
rdens &
urban
agric
ulture
Food ban
k/soup kit
chen
/mea
l progra
m
Multiple initiati
ves
Policy/b
ylaw ch
ange
Protec
tion of farm
land & lo
cal fo
od move
ment
Food ch
arters
& policy
councils
Educ &
skills
devel,
comm kit
chens
Awareness
& consci
ousness
raisin
g
Public mark
ets
Good food boxe
s0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Num
ber o
f Arti
cles
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Responsibility for Action
• Organizations responsible– Government 70%– Multiple orgs 16%– Private citizens 6%– NGOs 5%– Educational institutions
2%– Private corps 0.5%– Public health units 0.2%
42.5
26.3
18.4
12.7
Level of Government Responsible
Municipal Prov/TerrFederal Multiple levels
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Initiatives Profiled and Tone of Coverage
Initiative Type Positive
Neutral
Negative
Community gardens (N=65) 49 46 5Food banks (N=48) 33 46 21Multiple initiatives (N=47) 49 23 28Policy/bylaw change (N=42) 0 95 5Protection of farmland & local food mov’t (N=39)
21 72 8
Education & skills development (N=38) 71 29 0Food charters & policy councils (N=38) 16 76 8Awareness & consciousness raising (N=35)
6 54 40
Public markets (N=14) 71 29 0Good food boxes (N=8) 63 37 0Total (N=374) 34 53 13
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Government Level and Tone of Coverage
Level of Government
Positive Neutral Negative
Municipal 19 70 11Provincial/Territorial
16 52 32
Federal 3 50 47Multiple Levels 10 43 47
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Findings Summary
• Print media news coverage of food insecurity issues in Canada risen steadily
• Majority of coverage profiles initiatives delivered at neighbourhood- and municipal-levels
• Non-charitable initiatives (i.e., those from household improvements and community food systems models) positively framed
• Municipalities implicated often and positively
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Conclusions & Implications
• These findings suggest that news media may be mediating the widespread support for food-based approaches to address HFI in Canada.
• This study's findings reinforce the need for critical evaluation of such initiatives to ensure that Canada's food-based approach to HFI action is driven by evidence, not rhetoric.
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Acknowledgements
• Senate Advisory Research Committee, Queen’s University
• Dr. Megan Gaucher, Trent University
• Drs. Elaine Power & Margaret Little, Queen’s University
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References
• Apparicio, P., M.-S. Cloutier and R. Shearmur (2007). "The case of Montreal's missing food deserts: Evaluation of accessibility to food deserts." International Journal of Health Geography 6(4).
• Che, J. and J. Chen (2001). "Food insecurity in Canadian households " Health Reports 12(4): 11-22.
• Collins, P., E. Power and M. Little (2014). "Municipal Level Responses to Household Food Insecurity in Canada: A Call For Critical, Evaluative Research." Canadian Journal of Public Health 105(2).
• Dubois, L., D. Francis, D. Burnier, F. Tatone-Tokuda, M. Girard, G. Gordon-Strachan, K. R. Fox and R. Wilks (2011). "Household food insecurity and childhood overweight in Jamaica and Quebec: a gender-based analysis." BMC Public Health 31(11): 199.
• Emery, J. C. H. (2012). Why a basic annual income is necessary to reduce food insecurity prevalence. North American Basic Income Network Conference. Toronto, ON.
• Emery, J. C. H., A. C. Bartoo, J. Matheson, A. Ferrer, S. I. Kirkpatrick, V. Tarasuk and L. McIntyre (2012). "Evidence of the Association between Household Food Insecurity and Heating Cost Inflation in Canada, 1998–2001." Canadian Public Policy 38(2): 181-215.
• FCM (2006). Building prosperity from the ground up: Restoring municipal fiscal balance. Ottawa, ON, Federation of Canadian Municipalities.
• Kirkpatrick, S., L. McIntyre and M. L. Potestio (2010). "Child hunger and long-term adverse consequences for health." Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine 164(8): 754-762.
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References (cont.)
• Kirkpatrick, S. and V. Tarasuk (2008). "Food insecurity is associated with nutrient inadequacies among Canadian adults and adolescents." The Journal of Nutrition 138: 604-612.
• Kirkpatrick, S. and V. Tarasuk (2010). "Assessing the relevance of neighbourhood characteristics to the household food security of low-income Toronto families." Public Health Nutrition 13(7): 1139-1148.
• Pearson, T., J. Russell, M. Campbell and M. Barker (2005). "Do 'food deserts' influence fruit and vegetable consumption? - A cross-sectional study " Appetite 45: 195-197.
• Riches, G. (2002). "Food banks and food security: Welfare reform, human rights and social policy. Lessons from Canada? ." Social Policy and Administration 36(6): 648-663.
• Tarasuk, V. (2001). "A critical examination of community-based responses to household food insecurity in Canada." Health Education & Behavior 28(4): 487-499.
• Tarasuk, V., L. McIntyre and E. M. Power (2012). Income-related household food insecurity in Canada: A policy failure to address poverty. Submission on Civil Society Priority Issue #1: Hunger, Poverty and the Right to Food. Toronto, ON, Report to Olivier De Schutter, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food Mission to Canada: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.
• Tarasuk, V., A. Mitchell and N. Dachner (2014). Household food insecurity in Canada, 2012. Toronto, ON, Research to identify policy options to reduce food insecurity (PROOF).
• Vozoris, N. and V. Tarasuk (2003). "Household Food Insufficiency Is Associated with Poorer Health." The Journal of Nutrition 133(1): 120-126.