An Investigation into Blockage Corrections for Cross-Flow Hydrokinetic Turbine Performance
An Evaluation of Blockage Corrections for a Helical Cross-Flow Turbine
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Transcript of An Evaluation of Blockage Corrections for a Helical Cross-Flow Turbine
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An Evaluation of Blockage Corrections for a Helical Cross-Flow
Turbine
Robert J. Cavagnaro and Dr. Brian PolagyeNorthwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
(NNMREC) University of Washington
Oxford Tidal Energy WorkshopApril 7, 2014
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Motivation NNMREC has developed a “micropower” turbine for providing
power to co-located oceanographic equipment Understand hydrodynamics of the full-scale turbine by testing
at lab scale Determine if corrections rectify variable turbine performance at
different testing facilities
Lab-scale – high variability of performance with velocity and facility
Field-scale – limited variability of performance with velocity
Blockage Ratio
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Micropower Rotor Parameters High-Solidity, Helical Cross-flow
turbine N: Number of blades (4) H/D: Aspect Ratio (1.4) φ: Blade helix angle (60o) σ: Turbine solidity (0.3) Hydrofoil: NACA-0018 Lab (1/4) scale
H = 23.4 cm, D = 17.2 cm, c = 4.0 cm Field Scale
H = 101.3 cm, D = 72.4 cm c = 17.3 cm
DNc
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Performance Characterization Experiments
Adjustable resistive load bank and power monitoring
Direct rotor torque measurement
Angular position measurement Inflow and wake velocity
measurement Upstream & downstream
Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters
Thrust measurement
Tow vessel
Tow line (~100 m) Skiff (w/ load bank)
Rotor
Upstream ADV
Generator & gearbox
Skiff attachment
Torque sensor & encoder
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Field Experiment Implementation
Wake Characterization ExperimentTurbine Integration with Skiff
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Performance Characterization Experiments
Torque control with particle brake
Reaction torque measurement
Angular position measurement
Inflow velocity measurement Upstream ADV
Thrust measurement
Scale support cage
UW Flume
Load cell
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Experimental Facilities
8.05.0
19.015.0
Flow speed (m/s)
Blockage Ratio
35.02.0 FrFroude number
Turbulence Intensity
UW Aero Flume
1.15.0
09.0
Flow Speed (m/s)
Blockage Ratio
4.02.0 FrFroude number
UI U
Turbulence Intensity
Bamfield Flume
Reynolds Number Reynolds Number54 1010 cRe
54 1010 cRe
Cross Section (m2)80.0
Cross Section (m2)35.0
ghUFr
%10 %4
Channel
RigTurbine
AAA )(
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Blockage Corrections
Corrections rely on various experimental parameters
TU 2U
3U
WACA
TAT
h
1U
3
F
TPP UUCC
TF
F
TTF UU
3
F
T
P
PTF CC
UU
TF PP CC TF UU TF
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Blockage Corrections: Glauert (1933)
Becomes unstable for CT ≤ 1
TU 2U
3U
WACA
TAT
h
1U
T
TTF C
CUU14
1
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Blockage Corrections: Pope & Harper (1966)
TU 2U
3U
WACA
TAT
h
1U44
1 C
Tt A
A
“… for some unusual shape that needs to be tested in a tunnel, the authors suggest…”
)1( tTF UU
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Blockage Corrections: Mikkelsen &Sørensen (2002)
TU 2U
3U
WACA
TAT
h
1U
Extension of Glauert’s derivation, constrained channel LMADT
uCuUU T
TF 41
12)23()1( 2
u
T
W
AA
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Blockage Corrections: Bahaj et al. (2007)
TU 2U
3U
WACA
TAT
h
1U
Iterative solution of system of equations, incrementing U3/U2
Assumes U1, ω, T are same in tunnel and open water
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Blockage Corrections: Werle (2010)
TU 2U
3U
WACA
TAT
h
1U
Constrained channel LMADT
2max, )1(27/16
PC
02
0 )()1( PP CC
Also reached by Garrett & Cummins, 2007 and Houlsby et al., 2008
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Case 1: Lab to Field ComparisonSame flow speed (1 m/s), different blockage
Lab0 09.0
LabcFieldc ReRe ,, 4
Field
No thrust measurements for lab test case at 1 m/s
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Case 2: Performance with Varying BlockageSame flow speed (0.7 m/s) at different facilities
Pope & Harper
Bahaj et al.
Werle
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Case 3: Performance at Varying SpeedSame blockage ratio and facility 15.0
Pope & Harper
Bahaj et al.
Werle
Indicates strong dependence on Rec at low velocity
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Reynolds Number Effect
54 1010 UcRec
Approximate Local Velocity
Sheldahl, R. E. and Klimas, P. C., 1981, “Aerodynamic characteristics of seven airfoil sections through 180 degrees angle of attack for use in aerodynamic analysis of vertical axis wind turbines,” SAND80-2114, March 1981, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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Angle of Attack Variation
cossintan 1
Tip Speed Ratio
Angular Position
U
R
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Significance of Dynamic Stall
Range of α at position of maximum torque along each blade
4105xRec
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Conclusions Determining full-scale, unconfined hydrodynamics
through use of a model may be challenging All evaluated corrections reduced scatter of lab scale
performance data Thrust measurements may not be needed to apply a
suitable blockage correction
Caution is needed when applying blockage corrections Especially for cross-flow geometry
No corrections account for full physics of problem
Family of performance curves at low speed likely due to performance at low Reynolds number and dynamic stall
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AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy under Award
Number DE-FG36-08GO18179.
Funding for field-scale turbine fabrication and testing provided by the University of Washington Royalty Research Fund.
Fellowship support was provided by Dr. Roy Martin.
Two senior-level undergraduate Capstone Design teams fabricated the turbine blades and test rig.
Fiona Spencer at UW AA Department and Dr. Eric Clelland at Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre for support and use of their flumes.
Robert Cavagnaro is supported by the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Postdoctoral Research Awards under the EERE Water Power Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) for the DOE. ORISE is managed by Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) under DOE contract number DE-AC05-06OR23100. All opinions expressed in this presentation are the author's and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of DOE, ORAU, or ORISE.
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Bahaj, a. S., Molland, a. F., Chaplin, J. R., & Batten, W. M. J. (2007). Power and thrust measurements of marine current turbines under various hydrodynamic flow conditions in a cavitation tunnel and a towing tank. Renewable Energy, 32(3), 407–426. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2006.01.012
Linear Momentum Theory, Actuator Disk Model
Solved iteratively by incrementing ratio of bypass flow velocity to wake velocity (U3/U2)
Free-stream performance and λ derived from velocity correction
Where U1 is the water speed through the disk
Depends on inflow velocity, blockage ratio, and thrust
4/)/(/2
1
1
TT
T
F
T
CUUUU
UU
)1)/(()1)/((11
23
223
2
1
UU
UUUU
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
2 UU
UU
UU
UUT
1)/(
1
223
2
UUCU
UT
T
Blockage Corrections: Bahaj et al. (2007)
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Induction & Wake
Flow direction