AN ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF WILD HERB USE IN BULGARIA

BY

KERRY L. PLOETZ

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY

MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

2000

ii

The thesis, “An Ethnobotanical Study of Wild Herb Use in Bulgaria”, is hereby approved

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN

FORESTRY.

School of Forestry and Wood Products

Signatures:

Thesis Advisor:_______________________________ Blair Orr

Dean:_______________________________ Glenn Mroz Date:____________

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PageLIST OF FIGURES ……………….………………………………………………. v

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………… vi

ABSTRACT……………………….………………………………………………. ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION….…………………………………………….. 1

CHAPTER 2 STUDY AREA………….…………………………………………4

Geography and Mineral Resources…………………………………………4Climate……………………………………….……………………………..6Flora and Fauna……………………………….…………………………….6Environmental Issues……………………………………………………….7Demographics……………………………………………………………… 8Agriculture…………………………………………………………………. 9Industry………………………………………….…………………………. 9Language……………………………………………………………………10Education………………………………………….……………………….. 10History……………………………………………………………………... 10Herb Use, Personal and Commercial …………………………………….... 12

CHAPTER 3 METHODS…………………………………………………..……14

Survey Design………………………………………………………………14Survey Distribution…………………………………………………………16Town Descriptions……………………………………………………….…16Survey Data Compilation……………………………………………...……26Potential Problems……………………………………………………….… 27

CHAPTER 4 GENERAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………...…29

Short Answer………………………………………………………….…… 33

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CHAPTER 5 THE FIFTEEN MOST COMMONLY USED HERBS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………….……37

Descriptions of the Fifteen Most Commonly Used Herbs…………….……40

CHAPTER 6 REGIONAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………….……… 47

Regional Differences of Individual Herb Use…………………………...… 49Regional Differences for Methods of Acquiring Herbs………………….…59Regional Differences of Uses of Herbs……………………………….…… 63Regional Conclusions……………………………………………………… 67

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………… 73

LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………..… 75

APPENDIX 1 SAMPLE SURVEY…………………………………………….… 77

APPENDIX 2 DATA FOR EACH OF THE 21 SURVEY SETS…………...……82

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Bulgaria within Europe………………………………………………….…….. 52. Bulgaria…………………………………………………………………………53. Cities Surveyed and Regional Distribution………………………………..….. 194. Areas Where Medicinal Plants are Threatened…………………………………57

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Age Structure of Bulgarians………………………………………………….…82. Town Information……………………………………………………………… 173. Average Herb Use and Population According to Town……………………..… 304. Average Percentages of How Herbs are Acquired for Each Town………….… 315. Average Percentages of How Herbs are Used for Each Town……………..….. 326. The Fifteen Most Commonly Used Herbs and the Percentages of Surveys

That Indicated Use of Them…………………………………………………… 387. Average Percentages of Methods of Acquisition for the Fifteen Most

Commonly Used Herbs………………………………………..…………..……398. Average Percentages of How the Fifteen Most Commonly Used Herbs are

Used………………………………………………………………………….… 409. Average Herb Use According to Region…………………………………….… 4810. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Pirin Mountains Region….…4911. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Rila Mountains Region…..…5012. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Central Part of the Northern

Balkan Mountains Region………………………………………………………5113. Herbs with significant Chi Square Values in the Plains South of the Balkan

Mountains Region………………………………………………………………5214. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Rhodope Mountains Region.. 5315. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Western Part of the Northern

Balkan Mountains Region……………………………………………………... 5516. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the Pirin

Mountains Region………………………………………………………………5917. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the Rila

Mountains Region………………………………………………………………6018. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the

Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region………………………..6019. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the Plains

South of the Balkan Mountains Region…………………………….………..…6120. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the

Rhodope Mountains Region….……………………………………...……..….. 6121. Significant Chi Square Values for the Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the

Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region……………………… 6222. Significant Chi square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Pirin Mountains

Region……………………………………………………….………………….6323. Significant Chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Rila Mountains

Region…………………………………………………………………………..6424. Significant Chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Central Part of

the Northern Balkan Mountains Region……………………..………………… 6425. Significant Chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Plains South of

the Balkan Mountains Region………………………………..…………………65

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26. Significant Chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the RhodopeMountains Region………………………………………………………………66

27. Significant chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Western Part ofthe Northern Balkan Mountains Region………………………………..……… 66

28. Summary of Regional Data…………………………………..…………………68

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I cannot express enough gratitude to my advisor, Blair Orr, for his unendingassistance and support throughout my graduate career in the “The Loret Miller RuppePeace Corps Masters International Program in Forestry at Michigan TechnologicalUniversity”. While serving in Bulgaria, he kept me connected to the home front andprovided invaluable words of wisdom. Since my return Blair has made sure I kept ontrack with what once seemed an insurmountable task, completing my masters.

I would also like to thank the remainder of my committee; Peg Gale for giving methe opportunity to broaden my horizons by assisting her in a wetlands study and foralways giving an encouraging smile and kind words; Jim Pickens for providing somefriendly advice or a humorous story when I needed to hear something uplifting; and toRon Gratz, for his valuable suggestions and for understanding and supporting the PeaceCorps experience. Thank you all for your support, time, and critiques. A warm thankyou to Janet Locatelli, a resourceful librarian, for finding some obscure information that Ihad lost hope of ever finding.

Bulgaria is a beautiful country with warm people and a diverse environment. Myservice in Peace Corps would not have been as enjoyable or as rewarding without myfriends there. I would especially like to thank Silvia, Ivanka, and Stephen Angelova, ourBulgarian family, for their constant support and generosity. I will always cherish ourfriendship and remember the daily acts of kindness you gave. Special thanks to Ani andGergana for their friendship. This study would not have been possible without the PeaceCorps Volunteers that administered the surveys, and the Peace Corps Bulgaria office fortheir assistance. Many thanks!

Lastly, I would like to thank my family. All of you have contributed with yourlove and support. Thank you Mom, for supporting me throughout college and life, andfor teaching me how important it is to enjoy whatever I choose to do. Larry and Denise,thank you for your editing skills and all of your support. Special thanks to Jeff, forloving Peace Corps and Bulgaria as much as I do, looking forward to our next adventuretogether, and for sharing the grueling process of writing a thesis with me.

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ABSTRACT

Bulgaria is a country rich in history, culture and traditions which include the use

of herbs. Herbs are commonly used throughout Bulgaria for medicinal purposes, in the

preparation of food, and as decoration. Bulgaria is a country in political, economic, and

cultural transition. Many privatized herb companies opened after the fall of communism;

a high unemployment rate led to a larger available work force for collecting. Bulgaria is

currently the largest exporter of herbs in Europe.

Herbs play an integral part in the Bulgarian household. I decided to design an

ethnobotanical study to learn which herbs are used, how they are used, and the methods

used to acquire them. I also wanted to learn if the local people believe herbs are

threatened, and if they do, what are those threats? To accomplish these goals, I designed

a multiple choice format survey, listing 128 herbs and short answer questions, that would

be administered by other Peace Corps Volunteers. In this way a wide range of towns

throughout Bulgaria could be surveyed.

Nineteen towns were surveyed. The responses indicate that herbs are primarily

used medicinally and in the preparation of food. The people surveyed indicated that

herbs play an important role in their families and that Bulgarians are knowledgeable on

various uses of herbs, traditional and modern. The responses also indicated that

Bulgarians are concerned about the abundance of herbs because of problems associated

with herb companies, improper gathering techniques, pollution, and deforestation.

Results from the nineteen towns surveyed show that fifteen herbs are commonly

used in Bulgaria. These herbs are primarily popular medicinal species or are commonly

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used in traditional Bulgarian cuisine. These herbs usually have a widespread natural

range or can be easily cultivated and are readily available to most of the population.

Even though some herbs are commonly used throughout Bulgaria, there are

significant regional differences of herb use. Fourteen of the towns were grouped into six

geographic regions. The distinct regions use varying amounts of herbs, different

individual herbs, and have different uses for and methods of acquiring herbs. Local

topography, natural diversity of herbs in proximity to the regions, and traditional

knowledge all affect regional use of herbs.

xi

Motherland beloved, with beauty so supreme!

Your boundless skies unfold their wondrous azure!

Your fleeting images enchant so like a treasure!

Every glance reveals fresh marvels yet unseen:

Here merry valleys, yonder giant mountains,

The land profuse with flowers, the sky with diamonds abounds…

Motherland beloved, with beauty so supreme!

Is there a country more generous in colour, in largesse?

You are a crucible replete with kindness and grace:

Bread, roses, nectar, flowers, fruit and lace,

The radiance of the East, the South’s lush caress,

Your forests are endowed with harmony and calm,

The valleys full of blossoms, the bosom full of charm.

Is there a country more generous in colour, in largesse?

Motherland, are you not worthy of devotion?

What wanderer ever left you not uttering a sigh?

Ivan Vazov

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

During my first year in Bulgaria I spent time observing the people and the culture

that surrounded me. I came to the conclusion that herbs are an integral part in most

Bulgarians’ lives. They use them medicinally, for cooking, decoration, and to generate

income. I decided to design an ethnobotanical study, using a survey, that could be used

to determine which herbs Bulgarians used most, how they are acquired and how they are

used.

According to Martin (1995), ethnobotany is defined as the study of people’s

classification, management and use of plants. Ethnobotanical studies can be applied

almost anywhere because plants are an integral part of many societies. The study of

ethnobotany can include many fields of research - botany, biochemistry, pharmacology,

toxicology, medicine, nutrition, agriculture, ecology, evolution, religion, sociology,

anthropology, linguistics, history and archaeology. Therefore, there are numerous

approaches and applications of ethnobotanical studies (Alexiades, 1996).

The following passage from the Encyclopedia of World Cultures (Bennett,1992)

describes what I observed, and what Bulgarians described to me.

“Treatment for illness traditionally included a variety ofpossibilities: religious actions, such as drinking holy waterand kissing icons; non-Christian magical incantationsbelieved to counter or exorcise evil forces; herbaltreatments using local plants and their products (such asgarlic, wine, and brandy); and consulting a physician.Traditionally, the last option was the last resort, but incontemporary Bulgaria it is more often the first response tosickness, though often in combination with folktreatments.”

2

In the following chapter I will discuss the study area, Bulgaria. I will begin by

discussing the geography and environment of Bulgaria, followed by the demographics

information, agriculture, industry, and education. I will conclude with a brief section on

Bulgaria’s history, including a history of their herb practices.

The methods will be described in Chapter 3. The methods are split into five

sections; survey design, survey distribution, town descriptions, survey data compilation,

and potential problems. I will begin by discussing how I designed and then distributed

the surveys. A brief description of each of the nineteen towns that participated will be

given. A section follows this on the methods used to compile and analyze the data.

Chapter 3 concludes by addressing potential problems with the methodology.

In Chapter 4 I will describe the data collected from the nineteen towns that were

surveyed and then discuss those results. This includes the average number of herbs used

in each to town, along with the population information. Statistically, population size and

herb use are correlated. Herb use data, and methods of acquiring herbs for each town are

also presented in this chapter. Results from the short answer section of the survey are

included in this chapter.

Chapter 5 focuses on the acquisition and uses of the fifteen most commonly used

herbs. The chapter concludes with a description of each of the fifteen most commonly

used herbs and a discussion of why these herbs are frequently used in Bulgaria.

The regional results will be presented in Chapter 6. Fourteen of the towns were

grouped into six distinct geographic regions to determine if towns in specific regions

share patterns of herb use. This will include regional results of how many herbs are used,

methods of acquiring herbs, and what the herbs are used for. In this chapter I will discuss

3

individual herbs that are used significantly more or significantly less in a particular

region compared to the other towns and the reasons for these differences.

I will briefly discuss conclusions in the final chapter. This is followed by

appendices with a sample survey form and the original data from each of the 21 survey

sets.

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CHAPTER 2

STUDY AREA

Though only the size of Ohio, Bulgaria is a country rich in history and culture and

diverse in climate, flora, and fauna. The traditional use of herbs, recent economic and

political transition, and ecological diversity makes Bulgaria an intriguing study area - the

traditional lifestyle merges with modern economy. This chapter provides the background

on Bulgaria necessary to understand the context in which the study of herb use was

undertaken.

GEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

This study was conducted in Bulgaria, a country located in Eastern Europe

between 41°14′ and 44°13′N and 22°21′ and 28°26′E (Bennett, 1992). Bulgaria is

110,993.6 square kilometers and is bordered by Romania (608 km of border), Serbia

(318km), Macedonia (148 km), Greece (494 km), Turkey (240km) and the Black Sea

(354km) (CIA, 1998) (Figures 1 and 2). There is much diversity in the landforms,

dominated by mountains in the central and southern parts of the country and the Danube

plains in the north. The average altitude is 470 meters (Republic of Bulgaria, 1998). The

highest point, at 2925m, is Mount Musala in the Rhodope Mountains. The lowest point,

at 0m, is found in the Black Sea (CIA, 1998). The Balkan Mountains, 530 km long,

divides the country into two parts, the north and the south. Its highest elevation is 2376

m, and the average elevation is 722m (ICN, 1998).

5

Figure 1: Bulgaria within Europe (www.heritagefilms.com)

Figure 2: Bulgaria (www.bulgaria-embassy.org/map.htm)

6

Brown coal, also known as lignite, iron ore, copper, zinc, lead, oil, and natural gas

are the chief mineral resources in Bulgaria (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

CLIMATE

The climate of Bulgaria is classified as moderate continental, but varies when

close to the Black Sea or in the mountains (Republic of Bulgaria, 1998). A

Mediterranean influence is found in the southern regions of Bulgaria (Bulgarian Travel

Guide, 2000). The Balkan Range provides a barrier to the cold northern air currents.

This produces the effect of cold winters and hot summers in the northern areas, especially

the Danubian Plain. The areas south of the Balkan Mountains have average temperatures

that are several degrees higher and with smaller variations, a climate favorable for

agriculture (Nachev and Velchev, 1999). The average annual air temperature of Bulgaria

is 10.5° C. The highest recorded temperature was 45.2° C and the lowest temperature

was –38.3° C (ICN, 1998).

The average annual rainfall is between 450 to 1300 mm. Rainfall is highest in the

mountains and western Bulgaria. Snow is rarely seen along the Black Sea coast, but

snow usually is found in the high mountains for 200 days (ICN, 1998).

FLORA AND FAUNA

Bulgaria allocates a large percentage of its land for reserves. There are three

national parks and 89 reserves or protected areas. The diversity of landforms and climate

lead to a variety of vegetation. These areas help support over 12,350 plant species,

including many endemics (Republic of Bulgaria, 1998). There are 270 plants endemic to

7

Bulgaria and 285 plant species unique to the Balkan Peninsula (ICN, 1998). About one

third of Bulgaria is covered by forests (Nachev and Velchev, 1999). The most common

trees are oak, beech, elm, white pine, black pine, spruce and fir. Grass communities

cover about 15% of Bulgaria (ICN, 1998: Apostolova and Slavova, 1997).

Bulgaria contains about 15,000 animal species. Plain regions host the majority of

the animal species. Foxes, squirrels, hedgehogs, weasels, polecats and bats can be found

throughout the country. Wild cats, wild boars, bears, badgers, rabbits, mountain goats,

wolves, deer, eagles, vultures and woodpeckers can be found in the mountains. The

swamps along the Danube River and the Black Sea coast are rich in birds, such as

pelicans, ibis, herons, cormorants, gulls and ducks. Storks are abundant in most towns,

on old smokestacks of abandoned factories. Balkan trout, pike, sheat-fish and various

carp are the most common freshwater fishes. Crabs, black mussel, grey mullet, mackerel,

seals and three dolphin species are found in the Black Sea (ICN, 1998).

Most Bulgarian wildlife books and publications list all these species of animals as

being common in Bulgaria. There are many protected areas where hunting is prohibited.

In reality, poaching is a serious threat to Bulgaria’s fauna. With a high unemployment

rate, many Bulgarians need to hunt because they cannot afford to buy meat. During my

27 months in Bulgaria, with much time spent hiking, I saw a total of two deer, two

rabbits, and a squirrel. The birds were plentiful.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

The most common natural hazards in Bulgaria are earthquakes and landslides.

Non-natural environmental problems include air pollution due to industrial and auto

8

emissions; rivers polluted with raw sewage, heavy metals, and detergents; deforestation;

forest damage caused by air pollution and acid rain; soil contamination from heavy

metals and industrial waste (CIA, 1998).

DEMOGRAPHICS

The population of Bulgaria is 8,194,772, but there is an annual population decline

of 0.52%. The death rate is higher than the birth rate. With the fall of communism the

unemployment rate increased. Bulgarians have said they do not have the money to have

children. Another reason for the population decline is that most Bulgarians, when given

the chance, will emigrate to other countries. The age structure of Bulgarians is shown in

Table 1.

Table 1: Age structure of BulgariansAge Bracket (yrs) % of population0-14 1615-64 6865+ 16

The average age in Bulgaria will continue to increase because of the low birth rate. The

average life expectancy is about 72 years old (CIA, 1998).

The majority of the people are ethnic Bulgarians (86%), while 9% are Turkish and

4% are Roma (Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000). The minority population is growing.

According to statistics from 1956 ethnic Bulgarians comprised 90% of the total

population, 6% were Turkish, and 4% were all other minorities including Roma,

Russians, Romanians, and Armenians (The Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations,

1960). Most Roma people will tell you that they have larger numbers than reported, but

that the Bulgarians do not include them in the census. The predominant religion is

9

Bulgarian Christian Orthodox. Sixty-seven percent of the population currently resides in

urban areas compared to 33.5% living in urban areas in 1956 (Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S.,

2000: The Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, 1960). The future of many villages

is in question because of the mass migration to urban areas. Many villages have

primarily elderly residents (Bennett, 1992; Creed, 1998).

AGRICULTURE

Agricultural crops are important to the economy of Bulgaria. Bulgaria was

considered an agricultural country until World War II. Agricultural products account for

about 15% of Bulgaria’s GNP, and about 20% of the total work force (The Columbia

Gazetteer of the World, 1998). The mild climate and fertile soils give way to a variety of

vegetables, fruits and tobacco (Nachev and Velchev, 1999). Bulgaria is the fourth largest

exporter of tobacco in the world (U.S. Department of State, 1999). Other important crops

are wheat, corn, barley, sunflowers, sugar beets, and grapes (The Columbia Gazetteer of

the World, 1998). Bulgaria is also well known for its rose oil, wine, brandy, and yogurt.

INDUSTRY

Bulgaria has been considered an industrial country since the end of World War II.

In 1939 industry accounted for only 25% of Bulgaria’s GNP, by 1957 it was 68% (The

Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, 1960). Industries that are important to the

economy include textiles, metallurgical products, chemical products, building materials,

machinery, electronics, food processing, and steel production (The Columbia Gazetteer

of the World, 1998: Nachev and Velchev, 1999: U.S. Department of State, 1999).

10

LANGUAGE

The official language is Bulgarian, a Slavic language using the Cyrillic alphabet.

The literacy rate is 98%. In 863 AD, two Christian monks that were brothers, Cyril and

Methodius created the alphabet by mixing Latin and Greek letters. This new alphabet is

thought to have helped spread Christianity to other areas in Eastern Europe in the 9th

century (Embassy of Bulgaria, U. S., 2000). Today, the Cyrillic alphabet is also used in

the languages of Russia, Serbia, Macedonia, and the former Soviet republics. Bulgarians

take great pride in this and celebrate Cyril and Methodius Day every year with parades

and other festivities.

EDUCATION

Attending school is required for children from 7 to 16 years old and is free at

public schools. Students choose their career path when entering seventh grade. They can

chose to attend a trade school, a mathematics school, or a language school. Most of the

math and language schools prepare the students for college. Students need to pass an

exam to be admitted into the “better” schools. A university education is free to those

students who qualify on a competitive nation-wide exam, but the majority of students pay

tuition. Sofia University located in the capital, Sofia, is the oldest in the country, founded

in 1888 (ICN, 1998).

HISTORY

The Thracians previously inhabited the territory now known as Bulgaria in the 6th

century BC and the Roman Empire conquered them in the 5th century AD. The

11

beginnings of Bulgaria as an independent country began in 681 AD, when it was founded

by the Slavs and the proto-Bulgars (Republic of Bulgaria, 1998). It became the most

powerful country in Eastern Europe in the late 9th and 10th century. Its reign came to an

end in the centuries to follow due to conflicts with Magyars, Serbs, Russians, the

Byzantine Empire, and, especially, the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire ruled

Bulgaria for almost 500 years, from 1396 to 1878 (Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000).

The Ottoman Empire was, and still is, accused of many war atrocities and of trying to

destroy Bulgaria’s culture and religion. To this day, many Bulgarians hold a strong

dislike for Turkey and the Turkish people. They refer to that period as the “Turkish

Yoke”.

The Ottoman Empire retreated from Bulgaria in 1878 after Russia defeated them

in the War of Liberation. Bulgaria formally declared independence in 1908, despite

interference from Russia, the Ottoman Empire and other Balkan States. The government

was unstable, as parties struggled for power. During the next 36 years, there would be

many different leaders. The USSR invaded Bulgaria in 1944 and placed the Fatherland

Front (the Communist Party) in power. Georgi Dimitrov became the first Communist

Prime Minister of Bulgaria, winning 70% of the vote in a questionable election (Embassy

of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000). As a result, all the private enterprises and banks were

nationalized, and all of the farmable land became part of cooperative farms (Republic of

Bulgaria, 1998). Bulgaria was a close ally of the Soviet Union for the next 42 years.

Todor Zhivkov, the second Communist Prime Minister, was overthrown by his

own men in 1989. They renamed themselves the Bulgarian Socialist Party, but were later

overthrown by a transitional coalition government in 1990. Bulgaria is currently a

12

parliamentary republic whose power belongs to the people through elected

representatives. They adopted a constitution in July of 1991 that “…provides for a multi-

party, parliamentary system and free elections on the basis of universal suffrage”

(Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000). During this time, the property and businesses that

had been seized were slowly reinstated to the previous owners. Zhelyu Zhelev was

Bulgaria’s first president freely elected by the people. He served until 1997. Peter

Stoyanov of the United Democratic Forces party is the current president. Bulgaria is still

going through the difficult transition of government, economy, and culture.

Many Bulgarians still consider themselves communists and want to return to that

system of government. The standard of living fell by about 40% after the fall of

communism because the Bulgarian economy had been closely tied to the Soviet market

(U.S. Department of State, 1999). Under communism everyone was employed and there

were not the class distinctions that exist now. As of March of 2000, 18.5% of the

population that were able to work, were unemployed (Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000).

HERB USE, PERSONAL AND COMMERCIAL

Under communism people could collect herbs in small quantities for personal use

or to sell in small quantities at the town vegetable markets, but they could not collect

herbs to sell on a large scale. With the privatization of businesses, herb companies began

to open throughout the country. The high unemployment rate led to an increased

available labor force capable of gathering the herbs. It is a normal practice for herb

companies to drive collectors to an area where a specific herb is known to grow. Herb

companies pay the gatherers by the weight of the herbs they bring in. This encourages

13

the herb gatherers to pick the entire plant, including the roots, and to pick all of the herbs

in a given area. The workers are usually not from the area where they are collecting, so

they do not feel local responsibility towards the area. As a result, sustainable collecting

methods are not practiced. Of all the European countries, Bulgaria is the largest exporter

of medicinal herbs. It ranks among the largest herb exporting countries in the world.

Each year, Bulgaria exports between ten and fifteen tons of herbs (Aladzhem, 2000).

It is possible that the current commercial production of herbs could alter the

natural ecological dynamics of herbs in Bulgaria and shift the ways Bulgarians view and

use herbs. Certain herbs may be viewed as a possible income source, and they will be

collected and sold to herb companies instead of being used locally. This can result in an

area devoid of economically valuable herbs, possibly affecting the people that live in

nearby communities who traditionally use those herbs.

I felt a study of current home use of herbs would be an important area of study.

The meaning of the word herb, as used in this study, refers to flora that is used by people.

Herbs are usually plants and shrubs but can include trees if the leaves or fruit are used.

How are herbs used in the Bulgarian household and do Bulgarians think herbs are

threatened in their local environment? The study was conducted in many towns

throughout Bulgaria to determine if there are significant regional or local differences in

herb use. The next chapter describes the methods used to conduct the study.

14

CHAPTER 3

METHODS

I wanted to create and distribute a survey to a wide range of villages throughout

Bulgaria to learn about the role that herbs play in the Bulgarian household. This broad

goal led to several subsidiary questions. Which herbs are used most often and for what

uses? Are there regional differences in the use of herbs? Is a local Bulgarian’s use of

herbs affected by the privatization of herb companies? Do the local people think the

herbs of Bulgaria are threatened, and if they do, what are those threats?

A survey that covered the different regions, reduced respondent bias, and could be

efficiently administered was needed. I used multiple choice format questionnaires

administered by other Peace Corps Volunteers. This chapter is divided into five sections;

survey design, survey distribution, town descriptions, survey data compilation, and

potential problems.

SURVEY DESIGN

I designed a survey that was applicable to all towns in Bulgaria, by listing herbs

from all the different areas of Bulgaria. The surveys could be distributed to many

different towns in Bulgaria to get a wider-spread response in comparison with developing

a locally targeted survey.

The survey listed 128 herbs found in Bulgaria. I used the book Bilkosubirane,

Rukovodctvo za Brane i Purvichna Prerabotka na Lechebni Rasteneya (Asenov et al.,

1998) to create the herb list. This book lists herbs from every region in Bulgaria. The

15

survey listed the herbs using their common Bulgarian name, their Latin name and the

common English name. The first column is marked if the person surveyed uses the herb.

The following column is to indicate how they are acquired. Are they grown in a garden,

purchased, or gathered from the local environment? The next column asks if the person

surveyed sells the herb. If they do, are they sold at the town bazaar or to an herb

company? The final column is used to indicate what the herb is used for. The

possibilities are medicinal, food, decoration or other.

The last page of the survey consists of short answer questions. These questions

are to determine if certain herbs are becoming increasingly rare or more expensive, and

what percentage of a family’s income is dependent on herbs. The questions focus on

changes in the last decade, since the fall of communism and the privatization of

businesses including herb companies. These questions are:

1. Have some herbs become more expensive in the past 10 years? Which ones?

2. Have some herbs become more difficult to find in the local environment in the

past 10 years? Which ones?

3. Are there any herbs your family used to use, which you can no longer find to

purchase or gather? Which ones?

4. What percentage of your family’s income is from selling herbs?

5. Does your family think the abundance of Bulgaria’s herbs is threatened?

These questions were written in English so they could be used as an English assignment

for other Peace Corps Volunteers. A sample survey form is in Appendix 1.

16

SURVEY DISTRIBUTION

I distributed sets of surveys, along with additional information teachers could use

to create an informative lesson about herbs, their uses and how they are abused in nature,

to Peace Corps Volunteers in other towns. Most of the volunteers were English teachers

and they gave the surveys to one Bulgarian class, at the high school level, as an English

assignment which was to be completed at home with the students’ families. In this way,

the student becomes the interviewer when he or she brings the survey home and discusses

it with the family (Sutton and Orr, 1991). The volunteers that were not English teachers

distributed them to colleagues, friends, eco-clubs, NGO’s, etc. I supplied these

volunteers with copies of the survey in Bulgarian. In this way I could get a wide

sampling of surveys from various regions in Bulgaria. I gave a set to any volunteer that

was willing to distribute them.

The volunteers that participated were from the following towns: Bansko,

Blagoevgrad, Karjdali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Nova Zagora, Pernik, Plovdiv, Razgrad,

Samokov, Saparevo Banya, Sevlievo, Silistra, Smolyan, Svoge, Tryavna, Velingrad,

Vratsa, and Yambol. The population size, location within Bulgaria, and coordinates of

each town are shown in Table 2.

TOWN DESCRIPTIONS

Fourteen of the towns were grouped into six distinct regions based on geographic

location. The remaining towns were in isolated locations and could not be placed in a

group. The regions are: Pirin Mountains, composed of Bansko and Blagoevgrad; Rila

Mountains, consisting of Samokov and Saparevo Banya; Rhodope Mountains, consisting

17

Table 2: Town InformationTOWN POPULATION* LOCATION IN

BULGARIACOORDINATES

Bansko 9,292 SW 41°1'N 23°29'E

Blagoevgrad 72,853 SW 42°02’N 23°05’E

Karjdali 46,767 SC 41°39'N 25°22'E

Kyustendil 54,452 SW 42°16'N 22°41'E

Lovech 48,528 NC 43°09'N 24°43'E

Nova Zagora 26,367 SE 42°30'N26°00'E

Pernik 91,075 SW 42°35'N 23°00'E

Plovdiv 345,205 SW 42°08'N 24°45'E

Razgrad 41,658 NE 43°31'N 26°32'E

Samokov 28,702 SW 42°20'N23°35'E

Saparevo Banya 4,583 SW 42°17'N 23°16'E

Sevlievo 25,558 NC 43°01'N 25°05'E

Silistra 48,287 NE 44°07'N 27°16'E

Smolyan 34,627 SW 41°35'N 24°42'E

Svoge 8,288 NW 42°58'N 23°19'E

Tryavna 12,398 NC 42°53'N 25°30'EVelingrad 25,887 SW 42°02'N 23°59'EVratsa 76,947 NW 43°12'N 23°33'EYambol 91,119 SE 42°28'N 26°30'ESW=SouthWest SC=SouthCentral SE=SouthEast NW=NorthWest NC=NorthCentral NE=NorthEast*Population numbers are based on 1993 dataPopulation and Coordinate data are taken from The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998.

18

of Velingrad, Smolyan and Karjdali; Plains South of the Balkan Mountains, consisting of

Yambol and Nova Zagora; Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains, consisting of

Tryavna and Sevlievo; and the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains,

consisting of Lovech, Vratsa and Svoge. Figure 3 illustrates the locations of cities

surveyed and these six regions.

Pirin Mountains Region

Bansko is a town of 9,292 people, located in the southwest quarter of Bulgaria in

the Pirin Mountains (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). It is an agricultural

town, with tobacco as an important crop (ICN, 1998). The industry of Bansko focuses on

timber products, furniture, producing telephone equipment and woodworking. A wine

factory is located here (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). Bansko is also well

known to tourists, as an alpine skiing destination.

Blagoevgrad is located in the southwest quarter of Bulgaria in the Pirin

Mountains, with a mild Mediterranean climate (Blagoevgrad Municipality, 2000). The

population is 72,853 (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). During 1985-87, the

town center was rebuilt in the traditional soviet style, with concrete block buildings and

concrete monuments. It is the administrative center of the Pirin region and hosts a variety

of factories. Blagoevgrad produces most of Bulgaria’s cigarettes at the Pirin Tobacco

Plant. Other important industries are machine building and electronics. It is the regional

center for the national telecommunications company and the national television company

(Blagoevgrad Municipality, 2000). The regional hospital is also located here.

Blagoevgrad is home to the American University of Bulgaria, and as a result, has become

19

Figure 3: Cities Surveyed and Regional Distribution

20

westernized more quickly than other areas. This town is a hub for cultural events, with

annual theater and music festivals. The Pirin Folk Ensemble of Blagoevgrad is the most

well known folk music and dance troupe in Bulgaria.

Rila Mountains Region

Samokov is located in western Bulgaria on the Iskur River in the Rila Mountains

(Bousfield and Richardson, 1999). The population is 28,702. Samokov is 43km

southeast of Sofia. It is an agriculture center, producing rye, oats, potatoes, fruit,

livestock, and dairy farming. Samokov was home to a bomb and missile-making factory

during the cold war and, consequently, this town’s economy was severely damaged with

the fall of communism. The main industry is the lumber trade, with a state-run lumber

business in town. Other industries include textiles and manufacturing electrotechnical

plastics. There are coal and lime mines nearby. Many tourists pass through Samokov on

their way to neighboring ski resorts (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). It is

well known in Bulgaria for its art school specializing in painting (Webtourist, 1997).

Saparevo Banya is located in the southwest quarter of Bulgaria on the Dzherman

River, in the Rila Mountains. The population is 4,583. It is primarily known as a health

resort and boasts the hottest springs in Bulgaria. Saparevo Banya produces a variety of

fruits and there are many vineyards (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Rhodope Mountains Region

Velingrad is located in southwest Bulgaria on the Chepinska River in the

Rhodope Mountains with an altitude of 750-850m above sea level (Webtourist, 1997).

21

The population of Velingrad is 25,887 (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). It

is comprised of three former Pomak villages, Chepino, Luzhene, and Kamenitza that

came together in 1949. It is well known as a health resort, with a wealth of hot mineral

springs (Bousfield and Richardson, 1999). It is also an alpine skiing area (Webtourist,

1997). The main industries of Velingrad are building machine-processing equipment,

manufacturing toys, and cutting marble (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Smolyan, a town of 34,627 people, is located in south central Bulgaria in the

Rhodope Mountains on the Arda River. It is the highest major town in Bulgaria, at

1000m above sea level (Bousfield and Richardson, 1999). Smolyan is the economic and

administrative center of the Rhodope Mountains (Webtourist, 1997). As an agricultural

center, Smolyan specializes in tobacco, potatoes, livestock, and dairy farming. The main

industries are metal and wood processing, construction materials, building furniture, and

producing wine. A famous woodworking school is located here (The Columbia

Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Karjdali is located in south central Bulgaria on the Arda River, in the Rhodope

Mountains. The population is 46,767. It was one of the last towns in Bulgaria to remain

under the Ottoman rule, to this day it has a high population of Turkish-Bulgarians. The

main industries include tobacco and food processing, lead and zinc smelting, textiles, and

building auto engines. A teachers college is located here (The Columbia Gazetteer of the

World, 1998).

22

Plains South of the Balkan Mountains Region

Yambol is located in the southeast quarter of Bulgaria with a population of 91,119

(The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). During communism, the main industry

was a polyester fiber plant, but Yambol is now reverting back to an agriculture region,

with foreign investments helping establish new vineyards. Grain and livestock are other

important agricultural products. Other industries include chemical production,

machinery, construction materials, and food processing (The Columbia Gazetteer of the

World, 1998).

Nova Zagora is located south of the Balkan Mountains with a population of

26,367. It is an agricultural center, specializing in grain, cotton, livestock and tobacco.

The main industries of Nova Zagora are textiles, canning, and the construction and repair

of agricultural machinery (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region

Tryavna is located in central Bulgaria in the Balkan Mountains, at an altitude of

450m and with a population of 12,398 (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998:

ICN, 1998). It is a town known for its woodworking and icon painting. Tryavna is home

to a famous art school. Agriculture is important to this town, especially fruits, livestock,

and horticulture. There are two former munition factories that have been converted to

lamp and light bulb manufacturing. Other industries include machine fabrication,

furniture, wool and cotton textiles, and marmalade and fruit canning (The Columbia

Gazetteer of the World, 1998). One of Bulgaria’s few tuberculosis centers for children is

located in Tryavna.

23

Sevlievo is located in central Bulgaria, in the Balkan Mountains. It is a market

center for fruit, grain and livestock. This town has been labeled by Bulgarians as the

“Hong Kong of Bulgaria”. In 1993, the population was 25,558 but locals say it has

grown to over 30,000 by 1999. The main industries are manufacturing wire, construction

materials, and plumbing fixtures (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). There

are numerous foreign companies in town such as ABB, a Swedish company that produces

electronics and two U.S. companies, The American Company and Ideal Standard. They

produce ceramic bathroom fixtures such as toilets and showers. The unemployment rate

of Sevlievo is very low.

Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region

Lovech is located in the north central area of Bulgaria in the foothills of the

Balkan Mountains on the Osum River. It has a population of 48,528 (The Columbia

Gazetteer of the World, 1998). Lovech is a grain and livestock center. The main

industrial firm is Balkan, which manufactures textiles and bicycles. They are downsizing

rapidly and the unemployment rate has reportedly risen to 25% (Lovech, 2000). Other

industries include auto assembly, manufacturing iron parts, electric tools, leather goods,

plastic, and furniture (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

The town of Vratsa sits in the foothills of the Balkan Mountains in the northwest

quarter of Bulgaria. It has a population of 76,947. Vratsa is a commercial and crafts

center with the main industries of iron smelting, electric forklift manufacturing, and

cotton and silk textile processing (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

24

Svoge is located at the mouth of the Iskrets River, in the foothills of the Balkan

Mountains in the Northwest quarter of Bulgaria. It is 29km north of Sofia. The

population is 8,288. Svoge is a health resort because of their thermal springs. Many

people from Sofia visit because of the proximity of the town. The main industries of the

town are ceramics and chocolate (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Individual Towns, Not Placed in a Region

Kyustendil is located in western Bulgaria, close to the border of Macedonia with

an altitude of 510-530m. 54,452 people live here (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World,

1998). The climate is continental with a Mediterranean influence. The mild weather and

fertile plains are reasons for its successful agriculture (Webtourist, 1997: Bousfield and

Richardson, 1999). Kyustendil is a market center for fruits and other agricultural

products. The industries include sheet iron, wire, shoes, building furniture, and knitting.

Tourists visit Kyustendil for the Turkish steam baths, heated by thermal springs (The

Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Pernik is located in western Bulgaria on the Struma River, about 25-km southwest

from Sofia with a population of 91,075. At the turn of the century, Pernik became

Bulgaria’s largest coal mining center, an industry that employed most of the local men.

During communism these miners received high wages and early retirement. Presently,

the mining industry is failing and there is high rate of unemployment in Pernik. Other

industries include smelting iron and steel, machine building, cement, a glassworks

factory, and a power plant (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

25

Plovdiv, located in south central Bulgaria, on the Maritsa River, is the second

largest city in Bulgaria with 345,205 people (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World,

1998). Plovdiv became Bulgaria’s largest marketplace center during the 1870’s when the

railway between Europe and Istanbul was completed. In present times it is a business

center, hosting the International Trade Fairs every May and September. It is also a

transportation hub. Plovdiv has historically been the most liberal town in all of Bulgaria.

A state university and a medical college are located here. Plovdiv is a cultural center,

attracting tourists with its art galleries, museums, craft workshops and Roman ruins

(Bousfield and Richardson, 1999: Hellander and Stanley, 1999). Every July, the

European Month of Culture is celebrated (Bulgarian Travel Guide, 2000). The major

industries of Plovdiv include textiles, making carpets, manufacturing electronic

equipment, leather working, food processing, and making steel products (The Columbia

Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Razgad is located in northeastern Bulgaria on the Beli Lom River in the

Ludogorie hills, hills that separate the Balkan Mountains from the Danubian Plain. The

population is 41,658 (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). The town is

characterized by many Turkish buildings and architecture (ICN, 1998). Razgrad is the

cattle trading and agricultural center of this upland region. Grain, legumes, sunflowers,

and lumber are all exported. The industries are tool and auto parts manufacturing, food

processing, producing pharmaceuticals, glass, and porcelain (The Columbia Gazetteer of

the World, 1998).

Silista is located on the border with Romania, in the northeast quarter of Bulgaria

along the Danube River on the Danubian plain. The population is 48,287. The

26

economy of Silistra is tied to the port on the Danube River. Agricultural products include

fruits, vegetables, livestock, and wine. From time immemorial to the present Silistra has

been a supplier of grain to the southeast. The industries include textiles, furniture

manufacturing, food and wood processing, and paper milling (The Columbia Gazetteer of

the World, 1998).

SURVEY DATA COMPILATION

The surveys were distributed in December of 1998 and were returned by March of

1999. This is the winter season of Bulgaria, not a growing season of herbs. This is

important because it would lessen the influence that currently growing herbs could have

on the results. The people surveyed might be more apt to mark the herbs they are

currently gathering or growing.

As the surveys were returned, I compiled each town’s data, making a master sheet

for each set of surveys. In this way, data from the different towns and regions can be

compared. Two towns, Silistra and Sevlievo, had two sets of surveys each. I combined

these sets. With each master sheet, I calculated the average number of herbs used per

town.

I performed the statistical test “Spearman’s coefficient of rank correlation” on the

town’s average herb use and population size (Steele and Torrie, 1960). This was done to

determine, statistically, if the data is consistent with a rank order correlation between

population size and herb use.

For each town, I calculated how herbs were acquired. I calculated the average

percentage of each of the three methods listed on the survey to collect herbs, for each

27

town. I also calculated the average percentage of each of the four uses of herbs that were

listed on the survey, for each town.

I calculated the fifteen most commonly used herbs, from all surveys. I examined

the average percent of how these herbs are acquired and what they are used for, using

data from all the towns.

I calculated the average number of herbs used per region. To determine if certain

regions used specific herbs significantly more or less than the average of the remaining

towns, I performed chi-square tests of independence on each region with each individual

herb on the survey (Freese, 1984). I also performed the chi-square tests of independence

on each region’s data on how the total herbs used per region are acquired and how they

are used, to determine if it differed statistically from the remaining towns.

POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

There are some inherent problems with the previously described method of

designing and distributing the surveys. The primary problem is that I cannot be sure the

information was collected in a consistent manner because 21 different volunteers

administered sets of surveys. Fourteen of the volunteers were English teachers. I do not

know if they gave the lesson on herbs before or after the surveys were completed. I

assume the lesson has no or little impact on the results because the information in the

lesson did not name any specific herbs. It was general information about the different

parts of the herb that are used (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits), and the different

methods of how herbs are consumed (teas, creams, tinctures, food), and how herbs are

abused in nature. The other seven volunteers were in the business or environmental

28

programs and did not give a lesson about herbs, and the short answer part of the survey

was completed in Bulgarian instead of English. I assume this had little or no impact on

the survey because of the rigidness of the survey.

This method employs many interviewers. The students can all be considered

interviewers in this case because they brought the surveys home to question their

families. According to Sutton and Orr (1991) multiple interviewers can be beneficial to a

study because it allows for a variety of interviewing techniques and reduces the

possibility that the results are biased by a principle interviewer’s way of questioning.

Also, an interview from a family member can elicit more complete responses compared

to an interview from a stranger (Sutton and Orr, 1991).

I decided to distribute a multiple choice survey with an established list of herbs.

This is a potential problem because the results could have been different if the people

surveyed were asked to list the herbs they use, freehand, without a set list. I determined

this design was necessary because many people would be administering the survey and a

more concrete survey would lead to more consistent results. According to Martin (1995),

dichotomous and multiple choice questions are a way to investigate matters that have

already been identified in non-formal ways, more intensely. A higher number of

responses from this type of study have to be collected to obtain statistically significant

results, compared to open-ended questions (Martin, 1995). I was not biased by listing

specific herbs or only herbs from my region when making the survey. I listed all of the

herbs from the book Bilkosubirane, Rukovodctvo za Brane i Purvichna Prerabotka na

Lechebni Rasteneya (Asenov et al., 1998), which has a comprehensive list of herbs from

all regions of Bulgaria. This survey design is suited to gather a wide sampling of data

from many towns in Bulgaria. The nationwide results are presented in Chapters 4, 5, and

6.

29

CHAPTER 4

GENERAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Herbs are an integral part of the Bulgarian household. They are primarily used

medicinally and in the preparation of food. The responses of the people surveyed

indicate that Bulgarians are knowledgeable on various uses of herbs, traditional and

modern, and that herbs play an important role in their families. Bulgarians are aware of

the increasing economic value of specific herbs and realize this along with problems

associated with industrialization – pollution and deforestation, could threaten the

abundance of herbs in Bulgaria.

In this chapter I will describe the results of the nineteen towns that were surveyed,

the average number of herbs used by to town, along with the population information.

The results of the statistical test, Spearman’s coefficient of rank correlation, will be used

to statistically indicate that population size and herb use are correlated. The data of the

breakdown of how the towns acquire and use herbs is also presented in this chapter. I

will also discuss the results from the short answer part of the survey.

Twenty-one sets of surveys were returned from nineteen different towns, for a

total of 278 surveys. The original data for each survey set is shown in Appendix 2. The

average number of herbs marked on each survey, from all towns, is 30.30 herbs. The

number of herbs used varies greatly from town to town. Table 3 shows the towns, in

order of the average number of herbs used per town, along with the number of surveys

returned and population size.

The data indicates that a town’s average herb use is directly related to its

30

population size. Seventy percent of the top ten herb-using towns have a population

below 35,000. Only 22.2% of the remaining towns, that use a lesser amount of herbs,

have a population below 35,000. In Bulgaria, a town with less than 35,000 people is

considered a relatively small town.

Using Spearman’s coefficient of rank correlation, the calculated t value is 2.073

and the critical test value of t is 1.734, with eighteen degrees of freedom at the 0.10

confidence level (Steele and Torrie, 1960). Since the calculated t statistic is greater than

the test

value of t, the null hypothesis is rejected and the data are consistent with a rank order

correlation between small town size and the increased use of herbs.

Table 3: Average herb use and population according to townTOWN SURVEYS AVERAGE NUMBER

HERBS USEDPOPULATION

Nova Zagora 11 51.45 26,367Velingrad 13 38.54 25,887Vratsa 18 37.89 76,947Lovech 19 37.79 48,528Svoge 16 34.75 8,288Karjdali 3 34.33 46,767Bansko 2 34.0 9,292Smolyan 24 33.71 34,627Triyavna 24 32.63 12,398Samokov 11 29.0 28,702Sevlievo 22 27.71 25,558Saparevo Banya 2 27.0 4,583Silistra 29 25.92 48,287Kyustendil 4 25.75 54,452Pernik 10 25.7 91,075Blagoevgrad 21 25.19 72,853Yambol 19 23.63 91,119Plovdiv 11 20.09 345,205Razgrad 19 16.37 41,658

all tows 278 30.30*Population numbers are based on 1993 data (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

31

People in all towns acquire their herbs primarily by gathering them from the local

environment - the forests, fields, river valleys, mountain pastures, and mountain fields

surrounding their towns. An average of 72.1% of all herbs indicated on all the surveys,

for all towns, are acquired by gathering. An average of 25.6% of all herbs are grown and

an average of 14.4% of all herbs are bought. Table 4 shows for the breakdown of how

the herbs are acquired by town.

Table 4: Average percentages of how the herbs are acquired for each townTOWN % GROWN % PURCHASED % GATHEREDNova Zagora 14.3 15.2 61.5Velingrad 28.5 14.4 68.7Vratsa 28.9 14.8 78.9Lovech 22.7 6.4 82.3Svoge 15.8 11.3 77.9Karjdali 44.7 18.4 53.4Bansko 32.4 4.4 82.4Smolyan 14.5 9.3 87.4Tryavna 28.6 16.1 76.1Samokov 21.6 11.6 79.6Sevlievo 30.5 8.3 71.5Saparevo Banya 38.9 0 63.0Silistra 25.9 22.0 65.6Kyustendil 27.2 4.9 79.6Pernik 28.0 14.8 72.0Blagoevgrad 23.4 22.1 77.3Yambol 25.4 30.3 61.0Plovdiv 12.2 35.3 67.9Razgrad 22.5 13.8 63.0

Average % 25.6 14.4 72.1

The percentages for the three methods of acquiring herbs do not add up to 100%

for each of the towns, and hence, do not sum to a 100% for the average percentages.

Many surveys indicated that they use a combination of methods to acquire the same herb.

32

Many families will gather as many herbs as they can, or the amount they think will be

sufficient to last the year. If they use up their supply of herbs, they may need to purchase

additional herbs in the market. In some years a family intends on gathering or growing

the necessary herbs, but due to a poor growing season, they resort to purchasing herbs.

The towns use herbs primarily for medicinal purposes. An average of 55.4% of

all the herbs are used medicinally for every town. This is followed by an average of

35.7% of the herbs being used for the preparation of food for all towns. An average of

17.2% of the herbs are used as decoration and 10.6% are used for other purposes (Table

5).

Table 5: Average percentages of how the herbs are used for each townTOWN %MEDICINAL % FOOD % DECORATION %OTHERNova Zagora 35.2 29.5 11.0 10.1Velingrad 59.9 30.1 18.0 18.6Vratsa 69.5 28.4 14.2 12.9Lovech 61.8 34.4 22.1 8.9Svoge 64.6 27.7 14.4 6.8Karjdali 63.1 34.0 35.9 3.9Bansko 66.2 32.4 22.1 1.5Smolyan 61.7 34.9 14.0 12.9Tryavna 58.7 28.9 17.0 18.0Samokov 49.8 29.5 18.5 16.3Sevlievo 58.0 35.8 14.1 17.5Saparevo Banya 48.1 40.7 22.0 0Silistra 59.8 33.1 17.6 8.3Kyustendil 57.3 47.6 9.7 5.8Pernik 45.5 38.9 13.6 26.1Blagoevgrad 53.5 44.8 18.3 10.6Yambol 52.6 35.4 14.0 10.5Plovdiv 52.9 49.8 15.4 0Razgrad 35.0 42.8 14.8 12.9

Average % 55.4 35.7 17.2 10.6

33

The sum of the percentage for the uses of herbs is not 100% because some herbs

may have more than one use. A common example is for the herb stinging nettle. The

leaves are used for medicinal purposes and as a food source.

The data indicates that the average number of herbs used is unique to each town.

These results, supported with Spearman’s coefficient of rank correlation test, imply that

there is a rank order correlation between small town size and increased use of herbs. The

results also show that the individual towns acquire and use herbs differently, compared to

the other towns. In Chapter 6, I will explore the results of the regional information about

how herbs are acquired and used to determine if the individual regions follow similar

patterns of herb use.

SHORT ANSWER

As described in the methods, the students were the interviewers when completing

the survey with their families. Most Bulgarian households consist of an extended family;

it is common for three generations to be living together. Therefore, the responses

represent different views as the older generation lived a traditional life and the students

are living during a time of transition and exposure to a global culture.

Valuable information was gathered from the short answer part of the survey.

Fewer than 30% of the respondents completed all the questions. One of the reasons for

the lack of responses may be the limited English skills of the participants or that the

participants did not want to disclose personal information. Bulgaria is a former

communist country; many people do not willingly share information with strangers.

Some of the herbs are protected and the people surveyed may have had concerns about

34

the legal implications if they admitted collecting these herbs. Other people may not want

to give away their “secrets” of where the medicinally important herbs are located.

This part of the survey was a valuable tool in gaining local perceptions of herbs

because the answers are qualitative. Rather than trying to fit answers into awkward

categories, the answers themselves provide the key information. Over 80% of the people

surveyed responded to at least one question on the last page. 55% of the total surveys

indicated that they believe the abundance of Bulgaria’s herbs are threatened. If one only

counts the surveys that responded to this question, 89% believe Bulgaria’s herbs are

threatened. Similarly, 44% of the total surveys indicated that herbs have become more

difficult to find. This percentage raises to 78% when only the surveys that indicated a

response are included.

Many of the participants took the time to write lengthy responses to the questions

regarding the threats to the abundance of Bulgaria’s herbs and the role herbs have in the

Bulgarian family, past and present. Throughout the surveys there were various responses

as to what the participants believe are the threats - pollution, industrialization,

deforestation, fires, improper gathering techniques, insufficient protection and gathering

laws, grazing animals, pesticides, too many people gathering, and herb companies. The

most common shared beliefs of existing threats are improper gathering techniques, people

collecting for money, and pollution. The following quotes are representative of the

majority of the responses.

“There are a lot of threats but the most important is thatmany people gather herbs and then sell them to herbcompanies.” respondent from Blagoevgrad

“The main threat are people. Some of them don’tknow that they shouldn’t root out [pull out roots] herbsbecause the next year they couldn’t [will not] growagain. Other[s] don’t stop [picking] before the glade

35

or meadow with many herbs remains without a stick inthem.” respondent from Svoge

“I think that the threats come from polluted nature [localenvironment] and destroying of forests.” respondent fromNova Zagora

As for the role herbs play in the Bulgarian family, most participants replied that

herbs are important for medicinal purposes. Using herbs in the preparation of food and in

cosmetics were also mentioned. Many respondents indicated that they preferred herbal

medicine to modern medicine because herbs are safer and cause less harmful side effects.

Other respondents preferred to use modern medicine primarily, and they would use

herbal medicine if the modern medicine did not help. Some respondents wrote that they

use herbs more now, while others wrote that they used herbs more in the past, before

modern medicine was readily available. Although there are differing views of herbal vs.

modern medicine, it appears that Bulgarians have the choice between the two. Some

choose to use the traditional herbal treatments, believing them to be safer, while others

choose modern medicine. Many of the participants indicated that they used a

combination of herbal and modern medicine. As a participant from Silistra wrote, “In the

past my family was cured only with medicinal herbs but presently it [my family] uses

[modern] medicines and treatment with herbs’.

36

Conclusions

The results show that herbs are an important part of the Bulgarian household.

They are used primarily for medicinal purposes. Bulgarians are aware of the threats that

face the abundance of herbs, and are concerned about these environmental problems.

The data clearly indicates that there are differences from town to town. Regional

differences will be discussed in Chapter 6. There are, however, some herbs that are

found throughout Bulgaria and are commonly used. The next chapter discusses the

fifteen most commonly used herbs.

37

CHAPTER 5

THE FIFTEEN MOST COMMONLY USED HERBS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A wide variety of herbs are used in Bulgaria for medicinal purposes, in the

preparation of food, and for decoration. There are regional and local differences in the

use of certain herbs, but some herbs are commonly used throughout Bulgaria. These

herbs are primarily popular medicinal species or are prevalent in traditional Bulgarian

cuisine. The most commonly used herbs are readily available to most of the population,

and usually have a widespread natural range or can be easily cultivated.

In this chapter I will present the survey results of the fifteen most commonly used

herbs. These herbs were determined by using the results from all the collected surveys

and are representative of the nineteen towns that were surveyed. The average

percentages of the methods of how these herbs are acquired and their uses are also

discussed in this chapter. The chapter concludes with a description of each of the fifteen

herbs.

The fifteen most commonly used herbs used are Utrica dioica, Rosa sp. diversa,

Rubus idaeus, Matricaria chamomilla, Anethum graveloens, Thymus sp. diversa,

Frageria vesca, Hypericum perforatum, Rubus sp diversa, Origanum vulgare, Geranium

macorrhizum, Cotinus coggygria, Vaccinium myrtillus, Primula veris and Achillea

millefolium. Table 6 shows the percentage of total people surveyed that indicated use for

each of these herbs.

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Table 6: The fifteen most commonly used herbs and the percentage of surveys thatindicated use of themHERB: LATIN COMMON % OF SURVEYS THAT

INDICATED USEUtrica dioica Stinging Nettle 94.2Rosa sp. diversa Rose Hip 94.2Rubus idaeus Raspberry 93.9Matricaria chamomilla Chamomile 93.5Anethum graveolens Dill 93.2Thymus sp. diversa Wild Thyme 93.2Frageria vesca Wild Strawberry 90.6Hypericum perforatum St. John's Wort 90.6Rubus sp. diversa Dewberry 88.8Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram 78.8Geranium macorrhizum Wild Geranium 78.8Cotinus coggygria Smoke Tree 71.2Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry 69.8Primula veris Cowslip 69.4Achillea millefolium Milfoil 68.7

The responses show that these herbs are mainly gathered, with an average of

61.8% of the total surveys for all towns acquiring them in this method. This is followed

by growing them, with an average of 24.6% of the total surveys for all the towns

indicating this method, and lastly purchasing the herbs, with an average of 15.0% of total

surveys for all towns indicating this. The sum of the percentages for the different

methods of acquiring herbs is not 100% because many of the people surveyed indicated

they used more than one method. Table 7 shows how each of the fifteen herbs are

acquired. The percentage for each method of acquisition for total surveys is given.

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Table 7: Average percentages of methods of acquisition for the fifteen mostcommonly used herbsHERB % GROWN % PURCHASED % GATHEREDStinging Nettle 35.6 12.9 78.8Rose Hip 9.4 20.5 84.9Raspberry 70.1 13.3 44.6Chamomile 17.3 27.0 76.6Dill 78.4 20.1 13.3Wild Thyme 7.2 20.9 81.7Wild Strawberry 6.8 6.1 86.7St. John's Wort 2.9 15.8 80.9Dewberry 38.1 10.8 70.9Wild Marjoram 5.4 22.3 58.3Wild Geranium 60.8 3.2 27.0Smoke Tree 2.2 22.3 55.0Bilberry 1.1 14.0 63.3Cowslip 32.7 4.0 43.9Milfoil 1.4 11.2 60.8

Average % 24.6 15.0 61.8

The fifteen most commonly used herbs are used primarily in medicinal ways and

in the preparation of food. About forty-six percent of all the surveys, from all the towns,

indicate that they use these herbs medicinally, 43.9% of the total surveys use the herbs

for food preparation. About ten percent of the surveys indicate using the herbs as

decoration and 9.1% of the people surveyed indicate using them for other purposes.

These percentages do not total 100% because some people indicated that they use them in

more than one way. Table 8 shows how each of the fifteen herbs are used. Percentages

are listed for each use, according to the responses from all surveys.

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Table 8: Average percentages of how each of the fifteen most commonly used herbsare usedHERB %MEDICINAL % FOOD %DECORATION %OTHERStinging Nettle 59.0 86.3 1.4 13.7Rose Hip 72.3 61.9 6.1 15.5Raspberry 14.4 92.1 3.2 9.0Chamomile 83.1 17.3 8.6 12.2Dill 18.0 83.1 2.2 10.8Wild Thyme 77.0 25.9 0.4 13.7Wild Strawberry 15.5 88.1 4.3 5.8St. John's Wort 82.7 12.6 2.2 9.0Dewberry 13.7 84.2 2.5 6.8Wild Marjoram 53.2 33.1 1.1 11.5Wild Geranium 25.5 1.4 62.6 10.1Smoke Tree 66.2 2.5 2.9 4.7Bilberry 20.5 63.3 2.2 4.7Cowslip 26.6 1.8 51.4 4.3Milfoil 63.7 4.7 5.4 4.0

Average % 46.1 43.9 10.4 9.1

Of the fifteen most commonly used herbs, seven are used primarily in medicinal

ways, six are used principally in the preparation of food, and two are used mainly for

decorative purposes.

DESCRIPTIONS OF FIFTEEN MOST COMMONLY USED HERBS

Utrica dioica and Rosa sp. diversa are the most commonly used herbs. About

ninety-four percent of all respondents indicated that they used these herbs. Utrica dioica

is commonly known as stinging nettle. The majority of the responses, 78.8%, indicated

that they gather this herb. 35.6% responded that they grow stinging nettle, and 12.9%

purchased it. Stinging nettle is used primarily for food preparation, as 86.3% of the

people surveyed stated. The leaves of this herb are usually cooked in soups. Another

41

important use of stinging nettle is medicinal. Fifty-nine percent of the people surveyed

indicate they use it in this manner. About one percent use it for decoration and 13.7%

use it in other ways. As an herbal supplement, stinging nettle is used as a remedy for

hayfever and other allergies by drinking a tea made from the leaves. It is also rich in iron

and vitamin C and thought to prevent anemia (Langer, 2000: Mindell, 1992).

Rosa sp. diversa is commonly known as rose hip. 84.9% of the participants

indicated that they gather this herb. A little over twenty percent purchase rose hip and

9.4% grow it. Rose hip is used primarily in medicinal ways, 72.3% of people surveyed

use it this way. About sixty-two percent of the respondents specify another significant use

of rose hip is for food preparation purposes. About six percent use it as a decoration and

15.5% have other uses for this herb. As an herbal supplement, rose hips have been used

to boost the immune system to combat colds, and for kidney and bladder problems. Rose

hips provide a naturally high source of vitamin C (Hoffman, 1996).

Rubus idaeus was the third most widely used herb. 93.9% of the people surveyed

use this herb, commonly known as raspberry. About seventy percent grow raspberry,

44.6% gather it, and 13.3% purchase it. Raspberry is commonly used as a food source, as

92.1% of the respondents indicated. 14.4% use it medicinally, 3.2% use it as a

decoration, and 9.0% have other uses for it. As an herbal supplement, raspberry leaf tea

has been used for sore throats, fever blisters, diarrhea and to tone uterine muscles in

preparation for childbirth (Mindell, 1992).

Matricaria chamomilla, known as chamomile, is the fourth most commonly used

herb with 93.5% of the respondents indicating that they use it. It is mainly gathered, as

76.6% of the responses show. 27% purchase chamomile and 17.3% grow it. The most

significant use of chamomile is medicinal, with 83.1% of the responses. About seventeen

42

percent use it in food preparation, 8.6% use it as decoration, and 12.2% have other uses

for it. As an herbal supplement, chamomile has popularly been used for stress relief and

to calm anxiety. It has been used for muscle pains, stomachaches, insomnia, rheumatism,

and to relieve toothaches (Mindell, 1992).

Anethum graveolens and Thymus sp. diversa are both used by 93.2% of the people

surveyed. Anethum graveolens is commonly known as dill, and is primarily grown as

78.4% of the responses indicate. About twenty percent purchase it and 13.3% gather it.

Dill is primarily used in food preparation, as 83.1% of the respondents indicate. Eighteen

percent use it medicinally, 2.2% use it as decoration, and 10.8% have other purposes for

it. Dill is used as a seasoning in many traditional recipes including snezhanka, a

cucumber yogurt salad and kiselo krastavitsi, pickled cucumbers. As an herbal

supplement, dill has been used as a digestive aid (Mindell, 1992).

About eighty-two percent of the people surveyed gather Thymus sp. diversa,

known as wild thyme. 20.9% purchase it and 7.2% grow it. Seventy-seven percent of the

participants indicated use of wild thyme medicinally. About twenty-six percent use it for

food preparation, 0.4% use it as decoration, and 13.7% have other uses for it. As an

herbal supplement, wild thyme has been used as an expectorant, and as an antifungal

agent useful for treating athlete’s foot (Mindell, 1992).

About ninety-one percent of the people surveyed indicated use of Frageria vesca

and Hypericum perforatum. About eighty-seven percent of the people surveyed gather

Frageria vesca, commonly known as wild strawberry. About seven percent grow it and

6.1% purchase wild strawberries. The main use of wild strawberry is as a food source, as

88.1% of the respondents indicated. A little over fifteen percent use it medicinally, 4.3%

use it as decoration and 5.8% have other uses for it. Bulgarians have cultivated

43

strawberries extensively since the late 1940’s because they have a high export value

(Creed, 1998). Wild strawberries are different from the cultivated ones in that they are

smaller and have a tarter taste. Many Bulgarian households will make preserves from the

wild strawberries.

About eighty-one percent of the people surveyed gather Hypericum perforatum,

commonly known as St. John’s wort. 15.8% purchase it and 2.9% grow it. St. John’s

wort is used almost exclusively in medicinal ways, with 82.7% of the respondents

indicating this. 12.6% use it in food preparation, 2.2% use it as a decoration and 9% have

other uses for it. St. John’s wort is popularly used as an herbal supplement to treat

depression, anxiety, and insomnia. It has also been used to treat gastric ulcers and viral

infections (Mindell, 1992). The oil has been used to heal sunburns (Hoffman, 1996).

The ninth most used herb is Rubus sp. diversa, with 88.8% of the people surveyed

showing this. About seventy-one percent of the people surveyed gather Rubus sp

diversa, commonly known as dewberry. About thirty-eight percent grow it and 10.8%

purchase it. About eighty-four percent of the respondents indicated that dewberry is used

in food preparation. About fourteen percent use medicinally, 2.5% use it for decoration,

and 6.8% have other uses for it.

About seventy-nine percent of the people surveyed use Origanum vulgare and

Geranium macorrhizum. About fifty-eight percent of the participants indicated that

Origanum vulgare, commonly known as wild marjoram, is gathered. About twenty-two

percent purchase it and 5.4% grow it. About fifty-three percent of the people surveyed

marked that they use wild marjoram in medicinal ways, 33.1% use it in the preparation of

food, 1.1% use it for decoration, and 11.5% have other uses for it. As an herbal

44

supplement, wild marjoram has been used in the treatment of colds and the flu, mouth

inflammations, headaches and muscle pains (Hoffman, 1996).

About sixty-one percent of the people surveyed grow Geranium macorrhizum,

commonly known as wild geranium. Twenty-seven percent gather it and 3.2% purchase

it. Wild geranium is primarily used as a decoration, as 62.9% of the respondents

indicated. A little over twenty-five percent use it medicinally, 1.4% use it for food

preparation, and 10.1% have other uses for it. The Bulgarian name for this herb is

zdravets, literally translated to mean health. Most Bulgarians have zdravets in their

homes, as a symbol to promote health. Guests will most likely receive a bunch of

zdravets, tied with a red ribbon (another symbol of health) when they visit a home or a

business. On the first day of school, zdravets and water are thrown on the front steps of

the school, as a sign of health and luck for the new year.

About seventy-one percent of the people surveyed use Cotinus coggygria,

commonly known as smoke tree. 55% of the participants indicated that smoke tree is

gathered, 22.3% purchase it and 2.2% grow it. Smoke tree is used primarily for

medicinal purposes, as 66.2% of the participants indicated. 2.9% use it for decoration,

2.5% use it for food preparation, and 4.7% have other uses for smoke tree.

About seventy percent of the people surveyed indicated that they use Vaccinium

myrtillus, commonly known as bilberry. About sixty-three percent gather it, 14%

purchase it and 1.1% grow it. About sixty-three percent of the participants indicated that

bilberry is used as a food source, 20.5% use it medicinally, 2.2% use it for decoration and

4.7% have other uses for it. As an herbal supplement bilberry has been used to preserve

eyesight and help people with poor night vision and near-sightedness (Mindell, 1992). It

has also been used as a sedative, and for colds, chills, and coughs (Hoffman, 1996).

45

About sixty-nine percent of the people surveyed use Primula veris, commonly

know as cowslip. About forty-four percent of the respondents indicated that cowslip is

gathered, 32.7% grow it and 4% purchase it. Cowslip is used primarily as decoration, as

51.4% of the participants indicate. About twenty-seven percent use it medicinally, 1.8%

use it in food preparation and 4.3% have other uses for it.

The fifteenth most used herb is Achillea millefolium, as 68.7% of the people

surveyed indicated. 60.8% of the people surveyed gather Achillea millefolium,

commonly known as milfoil or yarrow. 11.2% purchase it and 1.4% grow it. Milfoil is

primarily used in medicinal ways, as 63.7% of the participants indicated. 5.4% use it as

decoration, 4.7% use it as in food preparation and 4% have other uses for it. As an herbal

supplement milfoil has been used to decrease fevers, lower blood pressure and as an

antiseptic to aid in the healing of wounds (Hoffman, 1996).

Clinical Trials on Herbs

There have been many clinical trials performed that support the idea that some

herbs have medicinal properties. This study will not focus on these studies with scientific

evidence to support that the herbs mentioned have medicinal value. Bulgarians intend to

use them for medicinal purposes, whether scientifically proven or not. Both The Journal

of Alternative and Complementary Medicine and The Journal of Pharmacology and

Experimental Therapeutics are resources that display clinical trials.

Conclusions

These results show that the fifteen most commonly used herbs, for the towns

surveyed, are stinging nettle, rose hip, raspberry, chamomile, dill, wild thyme, wild

46

strawberry, St. John’s wort, dewberry, wild marjoram, wild geranium, smoke tree,

bilberry, cowslip, and milfoil.

For these herbs the primary method of acquiring them is by gathering them. The

exceptions to this are for raspberry, dill, and wild geranium which are primarily grown.

Raspberry and dill are both used mainly in food preparation, and they are easy to grow.

Wild geranium has a long tradition as a symbol of good health and luck. For these

cultural reasons, Bulgarians will grow it in their homes and gardens.

Seven of the fifteen most commonly used herbs are used primarily for medicinal

purposes; rose hip, chamomile, wild thyme, St. John’s wort, wild marjoram, smoke tree,

and milfoil. Six of the fifteen most commonly used herbs are used principally in the

preparation of food; stinging nettle, raspberry, dill, wild strawberry, dewberry, and

bilberry. The fruits of raspberry, strawberry, dewberry, and bilberry herbs are used as a

food source. The leaves of stinging nettle are commonly used in soups, and dill is a

popular food seasoning in Bulgaria. The other two herbs, wild geranium and cowslip are

used mainly as decoration. As mentioned above, wild geranium is a cultural symbol of

health in Bulgaria and is widely used.

While these fifteen herbs are common throughout Bulgaria, there are important

regional differences. Fourteen of the surveyed towns are grouped into geographic

regions. The regional results are discussed in the following chapter.

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CHAPTER 6

REGIONAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Because there are substantial cultural, economic, and ecological differences

across Bulgaria it is reasonable to hypothesize that there are also differences in herb use

across the country. In this chapter I will present and discuss regional results of herb use,

methods of acquiring herbs and what the herbs are used for. During comparisons of

regional data, a specific region’s data is compared to all the other towns that were

surveyed. This includes all the towns that are not in the specific region being compared,

including individual towns that are not grouped into a region.

I use the chi-square test of independence extensively to statistically indicate a

significant difference of a region’s use of individual herbs, in comparison with the

average of all towns not in that region. The chi-square test of independence is also used

to statistically indicate a significant difference of a region’s specific methods of acquiring

herbs compared to the average of all towns not in that region. This test is also performed

to indicate a significant difference in the way an individual region uses herbs, in

comparison with the average of all towns not in that region.

Fourteen of the towns were grouped into regions. The regions are: Pirin

Mountains, composed of Bansko and Blagoevgrad; Rila Mountains, consisting of

Samokov and Saparevo Banya; Rhodope Mountains, consisting of Velingrad, Smolyan

and Karjdali; Plains South of the Balkan Mountains, consisting of Yambol and Nova

Zagora; Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains, consisting of Tryavna and

Sevlievo; and the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains, consisting of Lovech,

48

Vratsa and Svoge. The remaining towns could not be placed into a regional group

because they were spread out in other areas of Bulgaria, in isolated locations.

As mentioned above, the average number of herb used per survey, taking into

account all surveys, is 30.30 herbs. The average herb use varies for the different regions.

The regions are listed in order of average herb use in Table 9.

Table 9:Average herb use according to regionREGION Average number herbs usedPirin Mountains 25.96Rila Mountains 28.69Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains 30.28Plains South of the Balkan Mountains 33.83Rhodope Mountains 35.33Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains 36.91

These results show that the average herb use differs from region to region. This

suggests that some regions use a higher number of herbs than other regions. There are

many possible reasons for this - the length of the growing season, the natural herb

diversity in proximity to the towns, or a more traditional lifestyle that uses more herbs for

medicinal treatment. Regions could be affected by the commercial herb companies

which have gathered too many herbs, not leaving enough for the local population. When

asked if Bulgaria’s herbs are threatened, a participant from Saparevo Banya, in the Rila

Mountains region responded “Many people gather herbs from the nature [local

environment] and after they sell them. They gather a lot and therefore they are

threatened”.

49

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF INDIVIDUAL HERB USE

Herb use varies according to region. Results of individual herbs that are used

significantly more or significantly less in a specific region, in comparison to all the other

surveyed towns are shown in this section.

Significant differences of individual herb use were determined using the chi-

square test of independence on each region, of each individual herb, compared to the

remaining towns’ data. Tables 10 through 15 show the herbs with significant chi-square

calculated values, regional use percentages, and percentages of use for all other towns.

Significant values are greater than the 0.10 test statistic t of 2.706 (DeGroot, 1975).

The chi-square values of Table 10 indicate that the Pirin Mountain Region

significantly use two herbs more than the remaining towns, and four herbs less than the

average of the other towns.

Table 10: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Pirin Mountains regionREGION: PIRIN MOUNTAINSHERBLATIN COMMON REGIONAL

USE (%)OTHER TOWNS

USE (%)Χ2 VALUE

Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry 87.0 62.6 3.507(+)Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram 95.7 70.9 4.271(+)Sambucus ebulus Dwarf Elder 0 26.6 9.096(-)Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony 0 14.7 4.338(-)Malus sylvestris Wild Apple 30.4 45.7 3.170(-)Arctium lappa Great Burdock 0 15.1 4.462(-)(+)region has significantly higher use(-)region has significantly lower use

50

The chi-square values of Table 11 indicate that the Rila Mountains region

significantly uses four herbs more than the average of the remaining towns. The data also

shows that this region uses one herb less than the other towns.

Table 11: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Rila Mountains regionREGION: RILA MOUNTAINSHERBLATIN COMMON REGIONAL

USE (%)OTHER TOWNS

USE (%)Χ2 VALUE

Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry 100 65.1 5.905(+)Helleborus odorus Bear’s-Foot 76.9 34.2 8.895(+)Corylus avellana Hazel 53.8 24.1 5.176(+)Tilia tomentosa Silver Lime 46.2 23.7 2.915(+)Veronica officinalis Speedwell 7.7 30.9 3.533(-)(+)region has significantly higher use(-)region has significantly lower use

The chi-square values of Table 12 indicate that seven herbs are used more in the

Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region than in the remaining towns. The

values also indicate that nine herbs are used less in this region than in the other towns.

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Table 12: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Central Part of theNorthern Balkan Mountains regionREGION: CENTRAL PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKANMOUNTAINSHERBLATIN COMMON REGIONAL

USE (%)OTHER TOWNS

USE (%)Χ2 VALUE

Tamus communis Lady’s Seal 10.9 3.6 3.236(+)Heracleum sibiricum Cow Parsnip 67.4 39.2 6.396(+)Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony 32.6 9.4 13.985(+)Filipendula vulgaris Dropwort 10.9 1.4 10.250(+)Fraxinus ornus Flowering Ash 6.5 1.4 3.560(+)Euphrasia officnalis Eyebright 15.2 6.1 3.030(+)Viola odorata Sweet Violet 60.9 35.6 5.123(+)Vaccinium vitis-idaea Cowberry 39.1 51.1 7.659(-)Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry 54.3 60.8 6.229(-)Ononis spinosa Restharrow 4.3 11.2 2.982(-)Geum urbanum Wood Avens 2.2 8.3 2.916(-)Bellis perennis Daisy 10.9 19.0 3.334(-)Artemisia absinthium Wormwood 17.4 32.7 7.980(-)Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram 69.6 67.3 2.798(-)Juniperus communis Juniper 6.5 15.5 4.012(-)Juniperus oxycedrus 2.2 10.4 4.252(-)(+)region has significantly higher use(-)region has significantly lower use

The chi-square values of Table 13 indicate that seventeen herbs are used more in

the Plains South of the Balkan Mountains region, than in the remaining towns. 13.3% of

all the herbs listed on the survey are used more in this region. This region is located south

of the Balkan Mountains, with a milder climate and a longer growing season. This could

be a possible reason for the increased use of wild herbs. The results of the chi-square test

of independence indicate that one herb is used less.

52

Table 13: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Plains South of the BalkanMountains regionREGION: PLAINS SOUTH OF THE BALKAN MOUNTAINSHERBLATIN COMMON REGIONAL

USE (%)OTHER TOWNS

USE (%)Χ2 VALUE

Leucojum aestivum Loddon Lily 40.0 12.6 12.767(+)Sambucus ebulus Dwarf Elder 46.7 21.6 6.920(+)Salix alba White Willow 26.7 13.3 2.722(+)Veronica officinalis Speedwell 56.7 25.2 10.068(+)Paliurus spina-christi Christ’s-Thorn 23.3 6.1 9.213(+)Galium vercum Yellow Galium 40.0 20.9 3.921(+)Galium aparine Goosegrass 26.7 5.8 13.865(+)Tilia tomentosa Silver Lime 43.3 21.2 5.326(+)Atropa bella-donna Banewort 20.0 8.6 2.962(+)Bellis perennis Daisy 43.3 16.2 10.284(+)Artemisia absinthium Wormwood 53.3 29.9 4.606(+)Arctium lappa Great Budock 26.6 12.2 3.503(+)Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram 96.7 68.3 6.437(+)Centaurea cyanus Corn Flower 36.7 18.7 3.763(+)Tribulus terrestris 13.3 1.8 10.942(+)Cynodon dactylon Bermuda-Grass 30.0 11.2 6.653(+)Prunus spinosa Blackthorn 53.3 30.9 4.010(+)Cotinus coggygria Smoke-Tree 46.7 66.2 9.894(-)(+)region has significantly higher use(-)region has significantly lower use

The chi-square values of Table 14 indicate that 30 herbs are used significantly

more in the Rhodope Mountains region than in the other towns. 23.4% of all the herbs

listed on the survey are used more in this region. A possible reason could be the same

explanation as given for the Plains South of the Balkan Mountains region. The Rhodope

Mountains region is located south of the Balkan Mountains, with a milder climate and a

longer growing season. The chi-square test indicates that three herbs are used less than

the average of the remaining towns.

53

Table 14: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Rhodope Mountains region

REGION: RHODOPE MOUNTAINSHERBLATIN COMMON REGIONAL

USE (%)OTHER TOWNS

USE (%) Χ2 VALUE

Verbena officinalis Vervain/Holywort 17.5 4.7 7.432(+)Onopordon acanthium Cotton Thistle 10.0 0.7 13.606(+)Taraxacom offinale Dandelion 72.5 45.0 5.532(+)Adonis vernalis Spring Adonis 12.5 4.7 2.801(+)Quercus sp. diversa Oak 52.5 28.8 5.281(+)Leonurus cardiaca Motherwort 15.0 5.8 3.220(+)Galega officinalis Goat’s Rue 7.5 2.2 2.710(+)Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain 50.0 30.2 3.163(+)Genista tinctoria Dyer’s Greenwood 15.0 5.8 3.220(+)Geum urbanum Wood Avens 22.5 5.4 11.390(+)Ruscus aculeatus Kneeholly 7.5 0.4 12.104(+)Primula veris Cowslip 95.0 55.8 14.398(+)Malus sylvestris Wild Apple 77.5 37.1 16.064(+)Tilia cordata Small-Leaved Lime 52.5 33.1 2.721(+)Sedum acre Wall-Pepper 7.5 1.1 6.313(+)Dryopteris filix-mas Male Fern 30.0 11.2 7.547(+)Sorbus aucuparia Mountain Ash 5.0 1.1 2.711(+)Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot 65.0 41.0 4.006(+)Teucrium polium Poley 22.5 6.8 7.968(+)Teucrium chamaedrys Common Germander 22.5 5.8 10.416(+)Equisetum arvense Horsetail 32.5 17.3 3.041(+)Marrubium vulgare Wild Horehound 12.5 2.2 8.973(+)Carlina acanthifolia 5.0 1.1 2.711(+)Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram 92.5 65.5 2.772(+)Saponaria officinalis Soapwort 15.0 6.1 2.786(+)Gentiana cruciata 30.0 10.8 8.079(+)Polypodium vulgare Polypody 20.0 6.5 6.248(+)Juniperus communis Juniper 37.5 11.2 14.855(+)Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury 67.5 37.8 7.508(+)Petasites hybridus Butterbur 7.5 1.4 4.725(+)Tilia tomentosa Silver Lime 12.5 24.1 4.371(-)Cotinus coggygria Smoke-Tree 57.5 62.9 4.293(-)Viola odorata Sweet Violet 32.5 41.0 3.273(-)(+)region has significantly higher use(-)region has significantly lower use

54

The results of the chi-square test of independence, as shown in Table 15, indicate

that forty-two herbs are used more in the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains

region than in the remaining towns. About thirty-three percent of all the herbs listed on

the survey are used more in this region than the average of all the other towns. A

possible reason why this region uses more herbs could be that they have more

traditionally uses for them. The chi-square values indicate that none of the listed herbs

are used less in this region.

Conclusions

These results show that the use of individual herb varies with the different

regions. Some of the herbs are used significantly more and some are used significantly

less in a specific region, in comparison with the other towns. Some regions have a longer

growing season and therefore a longer timeframe to grow and gather herbs, and more

time to purchase fresh herbs than regions with a shorter growing season. The Pirin

Mountains region, Rila Mountains region, Rhodope Mountains region, and the Plains

South of the Balkan Mountains region are all located south of the Balkan Mountains and

have a milder climate with a longer growing season.

Some regions may have a higher natural diversity of herbs that are in proximity to

the towns. Therefore, regions may use more individual herbs because those herbs are

endemic to that region or may only grow in localized areas, including that region.

Some regions may use specific herbs in traditional ways, as medicinal plants.

Regions that have retained more traditional treatments for illnesses, in relation to herbs,

may use a higher number of individual herbs more than the other towns.

55

Table 15:Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Western Part of theNorthern Balkan Mountains regionREGION: WESTERN PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINSHERB REGIONAL OTHER TOWNSLATIN COMMON USE %) USE (%) Χ2 VALUERumex alpinus Monk’s Rhubarb 15.1 5.8 3.466(+)Vaccinium vitis-idaea Cowberry 69.8 44.2 4.027(+)Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry 84.9 53.6 7.101(+)Tamus communis Lady’s Seal 13.2 2.9 7.829(+)Sambucus nigra Elder 73.6 35.6 15.019(+)Sambucus ebulus Dwarf Elder 35.8 19.8 2.856(+)Inula helenium Elecampane 17.0 5.4 5.786(+)Verbena officinalis Vervain/Holywort 13.2 4.7 3.547(+)Crataegus monogyna Whitethorn 71.7 37.1 11.530(+)Frageria vesca Wild Strawberry 94.3 72.7 4.305(+)Ononis spinosa Restharrow 18.9 8.3 3.065(+)Bryonia alba White Bryony 11.3 3.2 4.504(+)Plantago major Greater Plantain 58.5 27.0 11.508(+)Asparagus officinalis Asparagus 24.5 7.9 8.481(+)Symphytum officinale Comfrey 18.9 5.8 6.994(+)Geranium macrorrhizum 88.7 61.9 3.841(+)Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony 22.6 10.4 3.245(+)Berberis vulgaris Barberry 22.6 7.9 6.613(+)Malus sylvestris Wild Apple 62.3 36.3 5.187(+)Utrica dioica Stinging Nettle 100 75.2 3.999(+)Helleborus odorus Bear’s-Foot 56.6 27.0 9.883(+)Rubus sp. diversa Dewberry 98.1 70.1 8.219(+)Allium ursinum Ramsons 18.9 3.6 13.366(+)Corylus avellana Hazel 45.3 18.0 11.679(+)Tilia platyphyllos Large-Leaved Lime 75.5 42.1 9.614(+)Pulmonaria officinalis Lung-Wort 7.5 1.4 5.109(+)Euphrasia officnalis Eyebright 18.9 5.0 8.696(+)Potentilla erecta Tormentil 13.2 1.8 12.533(+)Agropyron repens Couch-Grass 15.1 3.6 8.034(+)Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot 73.6 36.3 14.130(+)Teucrium polium Poley 18.9 6.5 5.594(+)Teucrium chamaedrys Common Germander 15.1 6.1 2.979(+)Equisetum arvense Horsetail 32.1 15.8 3.926(+)Achillea millefolium Milfoil 81.1 53.2 4.703(+)Achillea clypeolata 56.6 23.7 14.111(+)Stachys officinalis Betony 11.3 3.2 4.504(+)Arctium lappa Great Burdock 26.4 10.1 6.528(+)Malva sylvestris Mallow 22.6 10.8 2.898(+)Cotinus coggygria Smoke-Tree 90.6 54.0 11.954(+)Viola odorata Sweet Violet 62.3 33.8 7.255(+)Prunus spinosa Blackthorn 52.8 26.6 7.343(+)Veratrum lobelianum White Falsehellebore 11.3 3.6 3.739(+)(+)region has significantly higher use (-)region has significantly lower use

56

The private herb companies could be affecting local use of individual herbs. If a

company has over harvested a particular herb in a certain region, that region may use the

herb less than the other towns because it is no longer available to them.

Figure 4 is a map that indicates areas where medicinal plants are threatened. Two

areas with high concentrations of threatened herbs are located in the Rhodope Mountains

region and just north of the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region.

These are also the regions where the highest percentages of individual herb use are found.

The local people could be over harvesting the herbs because, as shown above, they use

many herbs. The towns of Vratsa and Lovech are both located in the Western Part of the

Northern Balkan Mountains region and Karjdali of the Rhodope Mountains region are

medium size towns in Bulgaria, not villages, implying that a higher population might be

gathering the herbs. One of the problems with this idea is that there is an annual

population decline in Bulgaria, indicating that fewer people would be using the herbs

than in the past. The herb companies know where the greatest concentration of herbs can

be found. They could be responsible for the threatened herbs in the regions where there

is more traditional herb use.

The following quotes are in response to one of the short answer questions on the

survey, asking what are the threats to the abundance of Bulgaria’s herbs.

“May be they are threatened because more and more firmsdeal with the export of herbs. But I don’t have any certainfacts.” respondent from Lovech

“The irresponsible behaviour of people who gather & sellherbs. Ineffective laws. Failure on the part of the stateauthorities to provide protection for herbs.” respondentfrom Lovech

57

Figure 4: Areas Where Medicinal Plants Are Threatened (Meine, 1998)

58

“Lack of control on gathering herbs. Most gatherers pluckthem instead of cutting or tearing only the leaves andblossoms.” respondent from Lovech

“The pollution of the nature [local environment], theunlimited and irregular picking of herbs from people whodon’t know how to do it.” respondent from Vratsa

“One of the most [biggest] threats is people who gather theherbs with its [their] roots. If they gather the herbs withoutits roots there is no harm and the herbs will spread andgrow again.” respondent from Velingrad

“Most important threat is humans. They take all [of the]herbs from the nature [local environment] and next yearthere will not be any more herbs.” respondent fromSmolyan

“Many people gather them, and after this they sell them.”respondent from Smolyan

Responses are from participants from the Western Part of the Northern Balkan

Mountains region and the Rhodope Mountains region. These two regions have the

highest herb use, compared to the other regions, and they both have the highest number

of individual herbs that are used significantly more. Generally, people who use and

gather more herbs are more knowledgeable about herbs, and therefore they are aware of

the threats facing the abundance of Bulgaria’s herbs.

These are the regions with higher concentrations of threatened medicinal plants

as indicated on Figure 4. The responses imply that the people who live in this region are

aware of threats to herbs in their region, primarily improper gathering techniques, herb

companies, and pollution.

59

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES FOR METHODS OF ACQUIRING HERBS

The separate regions use different methods for the acquiring of herbs. This

section will show the results of a region using a specific method of acquiring herbs

significantly more or significantly less than the other towns.

Using the chi-square test of independence, differences were shown among the

regions concerning how they acquire herbs compared to the other towns. Tables 16

through 21 reveal significant chi-square values, for each region, regarding how the herbs

are acquired. Significant values are greater than the 0.10 test statistic t of 2.706

(DeGroot, 1975).

The chi-square values in Table 16 indicate that the Pirin Mountains region uses

the method of purchasing herbs more than the other towns. The chi-square test values

also indicate that there are no significant differences for the methods of growing and

gathering herbs, in this region.

Table 16: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for the PirinMountains regionREGION: PIRIN MOUNTAINSMETHOD Χ2 VALUEGrow 0.845Purchase 6.354(+)Gather 1.022(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of Table 17 indicate that the Rila Mountains region uses the

method of gathering herbs more than the other towns. The values also indicate that this

region uses the method of purchasing herbs less than the remaining towns. The chi-

60

square test resulted in no significant difference for the method of growing herbs for the

Rila Mountains region.

Table 17: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for the RilaMountains regionREGION: RILA MOUNTAINSMETHOD Χ2 VALUEGrow 0.0366Purchase 7.428(-)Gather 3.182(+)(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values in Table 18 indicate that the Central Part of the Northern

Balkan Mountains uses the method of growing herbs more than the remaining towns.

The values indicate that this region uses the methods of purchasing and gathering less

than the other towns.

Table 18: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for theCentral Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains regionREGION: CENTRAL PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINSMETHOD Χ2 VALUEGrow 20.120(+)Purchase 4.847(-)Gather 5.222(-)(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of Table 19 indicate that the Plains South of the Balkan

Mountains region utilizes the method of purchasing herbs more than the other towns.

61

The values also indicate that this region uses the methods of growing and gathering less

than the remaining towns.

Table 19: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for thePlains South of the Balkan Mountains regionREGION: PLAINS SOUTH OF THE BALKAN MOUNTAINSMETHOD Χ2 VALUEGrow 4.497(-)Purchase 64.459(+)Gather 15.335(-)(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values for the Rhodope Mountains region (Table 20) indicate that

this region uses the method of gathering more than the other towns. The values also

indicate that this region uses the methods of growing and purchasing less than the

remaining towns.

Table 20: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for theRhodope Mountains regionREGION: RHODOPE MOUNTAINSMETHOD Χ2 VALUEGrow 4.155(-)Purchase 13.257(-)Gather 18.985(+)(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of Table 21 indicate that the Western Part of the Northern

Balkan Mountains region uses the method of gathering to acquire herbs more than the

other towns. The data also indicates that this region uses the method of purchasing herbs,

62

less than the remaining towns. The chi-square value for the method of growing does not

indicate a significant difference between the Western Part of the Northern Balkan

Mountains region and the other towns.

Table 21: Significant chi-square values for the methods of acquiring herbs for theWestern Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains regionREGION: WESTERN PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINSMETHOD Χ2 VALUEGrow 2.207Purchase 38.219(-)Gather 32.474(+)(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The data in this section indicates that the regions use different methods of

acquiring herbs. Regions that have a high diversity of herbs in proximity to the towns

might gather more herbs, while regions that have a low diversity of herbs in proximity to

the towns might grow or purchase more herbs. One can infer that the method of

gathering is used more in regions that use more herbs medicinally, because this is usually

traditional knowledge that has been handed down from generation to generation, and its

beginnings would have been in the herbs that grew in proximity to the towns. On the

other hand, regions that use more herbs medicinally could show higher incidences of

purchasing herbs, if the medicinal herbs used to grow in that region but have since

disappeared.

63

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF USES OF HERBS

The regions use herbs in different ways. In this section I will show the results of

the separate regions and the ways in which the herbs are used in comparison with the

other towns.

Using the chi-square test of independence, differences were also shown among

the regions on how they use herbs compared to the other towns. Tables 22 through 27

reveal significant chi-square values, for each region, regarding how the herbs are used.

Significant values are greater than the 0.10 test statistic t of 2.706 (DeGroot, 1975).

The chi-square values of Table 22 statistically indicate that the Pirin Mountains

region uses herbs for the preparation of food more than the other towns. The values also

indicate that this region uses herbs less than the remaining towns medicinally and for

other uses. The test did not indicate a significant difference for the Pirin Mountain region

using herbs decoratively compared to the other towns.

Table 22: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Pirin MountainsregionREGION: PIRIN MOUNTAINSUSE Χ2 VALUEMedicinal 5.762(-)Food 13.226(+)Decoration 0.860Other 6.338(-)(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values for the Rila Mountains region, as shown in Table 23,

indicate that this region uses herbs decoratively more than the remaining towns. The data

also indicates that this region uses herbs medicinally less than other towns. The chi-

64

square test did not result in values to indicate a difference of using herbs in food

preparation and for other reasons, between the Rila Mountains region and the other

towns.

Table 23: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Rila MountainsregionREGION: RILA MOUNTAINSUSE Χ2 VALUEMedicinal 2.765(-)Food 0.292Decoration 3.474(+)Other 2.049(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of the Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains

region, as shown in Table 24, indicate that this region uses herbs for reasons other than

medicinally, as food sources, and decoratively more than other towns. The values

indicate that this region uses herbs in food preparation less than the remaining towns.

The values for using herbs medicinally and decoratively did not indicate a difference

between this region and the other towns.

Table 24: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Central Part ofthe Northern Balkan Mountains regionREGION: CENTRAL PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINSUSE Χ2 VALUEMedicinal 0.0589Food 9.134(-)Decoration 1.943Other 42.141(+)(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

65

The chi-square values of Table 25 indicate that the Plains South of the Balkan

Mountains region uses herbs for food preparation more than the other towns. The data

also indicates that this region uses herbs medicinally less than the remaining towns. The

values do not show a difference between this region and the other towns in using herbs

decoratively and for other uses.

Table 25: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Plains South ofthe Balkan Mountains regionREGION: PLAINS SOUTH OF THE BALKAN MOUNTAINSUSE Χ2 VALUEMedicinal 5.834(-)Food 10.491(+)Decoration 1.070Other 0.108(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of Table 26 indicate that the Rhodope Mountains region

uses herbs for “other” reasons more than the other towns. The data indicates that this

region uses herbs in food preparation, less than the remaining towns. The values do not

statistically indicate a difference between this region, and the other towns, for using herbs

medicinally and decoratively.

66

Table 26: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the RhodopeMountains regionREGION: RHODOPE MOUNTAINSUSE Χ2 VALUEMedicinal 1.147Food 4.756(-)Decoration 0.0485Other 3.129(+)(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values in Table 27 indicate that the Western Part of the Northern

Balkan Mountains region use herbs medicinally more than the other towns, and use herbs

in the preparation of food and for other reasons less than the remaining towns. The chi-

square test did not result in a significant difference, for using herbs decoratively, for this

region and the other towns.

Table 27: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Western Part ofthe Northern Balkan Mountains regionREGION: WESTERN PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINSUSE Χ2 VALUEMedicinal 40.699(+)Food 21.230(-)Decoration 0.260Other 17.909(-)(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

67

REGIONAL CONCLUSIONS

The separate regions use herbs in a variety of ways, often resulting in regional

differences. The local topography can affect gathering as well as natural herb diversity in

the area surrounding the individual regions. Using herbs for food purposes might be

more significant in regions that have more edible fruit-bearing plants close to the towns.

The same could be true for medicinal plants. Regions that have more medicinal plants in

the immediate area, and have residents with more in-depth knowledge on traditional

cures, will use herbs medicinally more than the other towns. These ideas are further

explored in the remainder of this section.

Table 28 shows all of the regional results, condensed into one table. Each region

is listed followed by the average number of herbs used. The following columns are

results of the chi-square tests. The number of individual herbs used significantly more

and significantly less in a region, compared to the other towns is listed. This is followed

by columns indicating if a region uses a method of acquiring significantly more or less,

indicated by a “+” or a “-”, than the other towns. The same information is given for

regional differences in herb use.

The Pirin Mountains region and the Rila Mountains region use the least amount of

herbs, and do not use many herbs significantly more than the other regions. Both of these

mountain ranges are geographically “new” mountains. Anyone that has been to these

mountains will tell you that they are places of extreme hiking, with many sheer cliffs,

high peaks, and very little vegetation. There are not as many herbs available to the local

population. “There’s difficult[ies] in finding some of the herbs and some of them occur

in very small amounts”, responded a participant from the Pirin Mountains region. To

68

Table 28: Summary of regional data

individual herb use method of acquiring usesREGION

averagenumber

herbs usedmore less grow purchase gather medicinal food decoration other

Pirin Mountains 25.96 2 4 0 + 0 - + 0 -

Rila Mountains 28.69 4 1 0 - + - 0 + 0

Central Part ofNorth Balkan Mtns

30.28 7 9 + - - 0 - 0 +

Plains South ofBalkan Mtns

33.83 17 1 - + - - + 0 0

RhodopeMountains

35.33 30 3 - - + 0 - 0 +

Western Part ofNorth Balkan Mtns

36.91 42 0 0 - + + - 0 -

(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level(-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level(0)no significant value

69

collect the herbs that are available would require traversing difficult, often dangerous

terrain.

The Balkan and Rhodope Mountains are very different. They are geographically

“old” mountains. They are composed of rolling hills, sheep pastures, and thick

vegetation. There is a greater diversity of herbs than in the Pirin and Rila Mountains.

Also, the terrain of the Balkan and Rhodope Mountains is much easier to traverse. The

towns found in the Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region, Plains South of

the Balkan Mountains region, Western Part of the North Balkan Mountains region, and

the Rhodope Mountains region are all found inside of, or bordering the Balkan Mountains

or the Rhodope Mountains. These regions use more herbs, in comparison with the Pirin

Mountains and Rila Mountains regions. A participant from the Rhodope Mountains

region indicates the importance of herbs, “We use herbs for medical [medicinal purposes]

and for food. Without herbs our life will [would] not [be the] same.”

The Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region uses more herbs than

the other regions. This region uses the method of gathering, to acquire herbs, more than

the other towns, and uses the method of purchasing less than the other towns. Since the

people of this region primarily use the method of gathering, one can infer that they are

outside in the natural environment more often. Experienced gatherers know when the

correct time is to collect specific herbs. When they go out to look for those herbs, they

could also find other, lesser used herbs. They will collect these herbs as well as the more

commonly used herbs, because they are available at the time. Areas that use the method

of purchasing primarily, can only purchase the herbs that are available in the market.

They may not have as much of an opportunity to find the lesser used herbs, compared to

70

residents in regions where more herbs are gathered than purchased. The values also

indicate that this region uses herbs medicinally, more than the other towns. Since they

treat more medical problems with herbs, they have a greater need for herbs, and therefore

use more. As a person surveyed from this region responded “We have always used herbs

to prepare tea and to cure some illnesses. It is also very relaxing and enjoyable to go

among nature [into the local environment] and gather them.” The people who live in this

region have a personal connection to the land and possess strong feelings about their

natural surroundings. The fact that this region purchases herbs significantly less than the

other towns indicates that the price of herbs does not affect this regions’ herb use.

There are two regions, the Pirin Mountains region and the Plains South of the

Balkan Mountains region, which use the method of purchasing to acquire herbs more

than the other towns do. These regions use herbs primarily as a food source, and less for

medicinal purposes. In Bulgaria, most of the people I met that used many herbs for

medicinal purposes were also skilled gatherers. They were aware of the local

environment and knew the proper time and places to collect the herbs that they needed.

One can infer that traditional ways of treating illnesses are not used as often in regions

where purchasing herbs is the method primarily used to acquire herbs, as in this case.

Herbs are still an ingredient of many Bulgarian recipes, and would need to be purchased

at the market, along with other food items. The Pirin Mountains region is located in a

rocky mountain range, without a lot of vegetation so many herbs would need to be

purchased because they are not easily found or can not be easily gathered in the local

environment.

71

The Rila Mountains region, the Rhodope Mountains region and the Western Part

of the Northern Balkan Mountains region all primarily use the method of gathering to

acquire herbs. Residents in all of these regions purchase herbs less than the other towns.

People that gather herbs are knowledgeable about their local environment and the proper

times and places to gather the herbs they use. People have less need to purchase herbs.

The Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains is the only region that uses

herbs for medicinal purposes significantly more than the other towns. One can infer that

medicinal knowledge of herbs vanishes before the food knowledge of herbs. Medicinal

knowledge is more complex; deciding which herbs are needed to treat various medical

problems and preparing them in the correct manner. Herbs that are used as a food source

are usually picked and eaten. The most common of these are berries and they usually do

not require special preparation to be consumed. A person can be walking in the local

environment, see the berries and eat them. The collecting of medicinal herbs requires

more preparation and species specific knowledge.

Further Study

This study was intended to give a broad view of herb use in Bulgaria. A

subsequent study could be used to determine if local herb use is affected by availability.

An intensive local study of a couple different communities and the available herbs that

are found in the surrounding area would be useful. This information could be used to

determine if a communities’ herb use is correlated to the herbs that are available in the

local environment.

72

Conclusions

Herbs are used commonly throughout Bulgaria, but there are significant regional

differences. Individual herbs can be used significantly more of less, depending on the

region. Some regions will use herbs primarily for medicinal purposes, while others use

them in the preparation of food. These regional differences are results of topography,

natural diversity in the surrounding area, traditional knowledge, and methods used to

acquire herbs.

73

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

Herbs play an important role in Bulgaria. Traditionally, Bulgarian families have

used them primarily for medicinal purposes and in the preparation of food. Though

society is changing the traditional use of herbs is still practiced. In some cases illnesses

are treated only with herbs. In most cases they are used in combination with modern

medicine.

Although herbs are widely used throughout Bulgaria, there are local and regional

differences. Average herb use is directly related to population size. There is a rank

order correlation between small town size and the increased use of herbs. The majority

of the people surveyed indicated that they use gathering to acquire their herbs, followed

by growing herbs, and lastly by purchasing. Bulgaria is well suited for gathering because

it has a wide ecological diversity of herbs. Of the people surveyed, herbs are used

primarily for medicinal purposes, though there is also substantial use in food preparation.

A wide variety of herbs are used throughout Bulgaria, but some are more

commonly used than others. Of the fifteen most commonly used herbs, seven are used

primarily for medicinal purposes and six are used in the preparation of food. Herbs play

an integral role in the treatment of illnesses and in Bulgarian cuisine. Some herbs are

commonly used across Bulgaria, while others are used on a regional basis.

There are significant differences of regional use of herbs, of the six regions

represented in this study. Herbs are more easily collected from regions that are in a

suitable terrain. The terrain of the Balkan and the Rhodope Mountains is rolling, gentle

74

hills, making traversing easier. These areas have a rich vegetation, providing a higher

diversity of herbs. The regions located in these mountains use more herbs than the

regions that are in unsuitable terrain. Some regions have retained more medicinal

knowledge about herbs. Medicinal knowledge is more complex and usually requires

more preparation, in comparison with the knowledge of herbs used for food purposes.

Medicinal knowledge is more likely to fade than the food knowledge because of the

complexities of collecting and using medicinal herbs. Local traditions, length of the

growing season, and local knowledge of herbs play significant roles in regional use of

herbs.

The traditional uses of herbs could be disrupted by the economic and political

transition of Bulgaria. The privatization of herb companies combined with a large

available workforce, due to the high unemployment rate, and the diverse ecological

conditions of Bulgaria has made herbs a lucrative business. Inefficient laws, improper

gathering techniques, and pollution have made Bulgarians concerned about the future of

the abundance of herbs. Long-term monitoring of herb population and commercial use of

herbs may help guide policy and its implementation.

75

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Alexiades, Miguel N., ed. Selected Guidelines for Ethnobotanical Research: A FieldManual. New York: The New York Botanical Garden, 1996.

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Asenov, I., Ch. Guseb, G. Kitanov, S. Nikolov, and T. Petrov. Bilkosubirane,rukobodstbo za Brane I purbichna prerabotkatka na lechebni rastenie. Sofia: Biler,1998.

Bennett, Linda A., ed. Bulgarians. vol.4, Encyclopedia of World Cultures.Massachusets: G.K. Hall and Co., 1992, 42-45.

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Freese, Frank. Statistics for Land Managers, 106-108. Jedburgh, Scotland: PaeonyPress: Jedburgh, Scotland, 1984.

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ICN, Bulgarian Guide. http://www.icn.bg/bgguide. Created 1998. Visited on 9/20/00.

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Martin, Gary J. Ethnobotany. London: Chapman and Hall, 1995.

Meine, Curt, ed. Biodiversity Support Program. Bulgaria’s Biological Diversity:Conservation Status and Needs Assessment, 839. 2 vols. Sofia: Pensoft, 1998.

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The Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, 1st ed., 1960, s.v. “Bulgaria.”

77

APPENDIX 1

SAMPLE SURVEY

ORIGINAL SURVEY PAGE 1NAME: DATE:

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?# BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER

1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН

ORIGINAL SURVEY PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER

44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT

ORIGINAL SURVEY PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER

93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE

OTHERS

81

1.IF YOUR FAMILY PURCHASES HERBS;

a. HAVE SOME HERBS BECOME MORE EXPENSIVE IN THE PAST 10 YEARS?

b. WHICH ONES? (Write the number of the herb)

2. IF YOUR FAMILY GATHERS HERBS FROM NATURE;

a. HAVE SOME HERBS BECOME MORE DIFFICULT TO FIND IN THE LOCALENVIRONMENT IN THE PAST 10 YEARS?

b. WHICH ONES? (Write the number of the herb)

3. ARE THERE ANY HERBS YOUR FAMILY USED TO USE WHICH YOU CANNO LONGER FIND TO PURCHASE OR GATHER?

a. WHICH ONES? (Write the number of the herb)

4. WHAT PERCENTAGE OF YOUR FAMILY’S INCOME IS FROM SELLINGHERBS? (CIRCLE ONE)a. 0% b.1-20% c. 20-40%d. 40-60% e. 60-80% f. 80-100%

5. DOES YOUR FAMILY THINK THE ABUNDANCE OF BULGARIA’S HERBS ISTHREATENED?

a. WHAT ARE THE THREATS?

6. WHAT ROLE DO HERBS PLAY IN YOUR FAMILY PRESENTLY,AND WHAT ROLE DID THEY PLAY IN THE PAST?

82

APPENDIX 2

DATA FOR EACH OF THE 21 SURVEY SETS

BANSKO PAGE 1PCV: MICHAEL BROWN, SURVEYS:2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?# BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER

1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 1 1 14 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 1 1 15 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 2 1 2 2 26 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 2 1 1 2 18 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 1 1 116 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 1 1 119 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 1 1 1 123 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 2 1 2 1 124 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 2 1 2 1 227 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 1 1 129 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 2 2 1 130 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 1 1 1 135 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 1 1 1 137 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 1 1 1 138 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 2 2 239 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 1 1 142 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН

BANSKO PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER

44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 2 1 2 247 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 2 1 2 1 250 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 1 1 154 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 2 2 1 258 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 2 2 1 259 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 2 2 1 1 261 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 2 1 2 264 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 1 1 1 165 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 1 1 167 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 1 1 171 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 1 1 172 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 2 2 1 1 276 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 2 2 277 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 1 1 179 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 1 1 183 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 1 1 1 188 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 2 2 2

BANSKO PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER

93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 2 2 296 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 2 2 2101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 1 1 1102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 2 2 2 1107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 1 1 1114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 2 1 2 2115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 2 1 2 2116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 2 1 1 2117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 1 1 1 1120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 1 1 1121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 1 1 1124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 1 1 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 2 2 2 1

OTHERS

TOTALS 68 22 3 56 45 22 15 1% 32.4 4.4 82.4 0 0 66.2 32.4 22.1 1.5

BLAGOEVGRAD PAGE 1PCV: BEVERLY BEYER CITY, SURVEYS:21

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR?# BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER

1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 1 1 1 12 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 2 1 1 1 14 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 15 5 13 5 145 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 18 8 16 6 186 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 7 7 5 38 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 7 1 6 2 2 3

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 3 2 2 311 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 3 1 1 1 2 113 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 1 1 114 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 8 1 1 7 2 615 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 1 1 117 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 8 2 7 6 3 123 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 7 1 6 2 3 3 424 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 20 4 5 19 4 2027 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 7 2 4 1 1 630 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 1 1 132 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 8 2 6 3 533 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 1 1 134 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 2 1 1 235 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 8 1 7 837 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 6 1 5 638 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 19 2 18 18 6 239 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 1 1 141 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 15 14 1 6 4 1 14 147 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 1 1 148 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 13 3 10 5 11 250 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 1 1 1 154 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 7 7 3 5 155 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 17 4 3 16 12 16 358 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens 19 16 4 5 4 16 1 259 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 8 1 1 6 7 160 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 20 8 5 16 4 2061 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 19 3 4 18 17 6 1 264 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 4 1 2 1 3 167 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 6 2 6 5 369 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 12 1 1 12 10 5 270 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 5 1 1 5 4 3 171 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 1 1 172 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 1 1 173 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 19 12 6 15 3 19 276 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 20 1 5 20 18 12 277 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 2 1 1 281 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 5 2 1 3 2 282 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 4 1 3 386 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 6 2 1 5 2 3 288 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 1 1 1 1 1 189 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 1 1 190 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 8 4 3 4 8 292 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 11 3 9 10 1

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 2 1 1 294 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 2 1 2 1 196 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 2 2 299 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 13 1 1 13 12 1 2 1101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 6 1 6 6 1102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 20 1 6 19 16 10 3107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 3 1 3 1 3110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 4 1 4 1 3111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 3 1 2 2 1112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 1 1 1113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 2 1 1 2114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 15 11 7 15 1 2115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 10 6 1 8 10116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 9 6 2 5 9117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 2 1 1 1 1119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 8 8 4 5 1120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 2 2 1 1121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 1 1 1122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 1 1 1123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 12 10 1 1 11124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 8 2 1 8 8 3 1 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 1 1 1 1128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 20 3 5 18 16 17 3 5

OTHERS

TOTALS 524 122 117 407 281 236 96 56% 23.1 22.1 76.9 0 0 53.1 44.6 18.1 10.6

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 1 1 15 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 2 2 1 26 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 2 1 1 2 18 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 1 1 1

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 1 1 113 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 1 1 115 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 2 1 1 1 121 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 1 1 123 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 2 1 1 1 2 1 124 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 1 1 1 1 125 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 3 3 2 327 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 3 2 2 1 330 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 1 1 132 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 2 1 233 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 1 1 135 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 3 2 1 337 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 2 1 1 238 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 3 1 1 2 3 139 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 1 1 140 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 1 1 1 142 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 3 2 2 1 347 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 3 2 2 1 250 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 1 1 154 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 2 1 1 155 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 3 1 1 2 3 358 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 3 1 1 1 359 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 2 1 1 1 261 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 3 1 1 2 3 164 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 1 1 165 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 1 1 1 1 1 167 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 2 1 1 2 169 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 2 1 1 1 2 170 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 1 1 175 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 3 2 1 2 3 176 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 3 1 3 3 1 177 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 1 1 179 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 1 1 180 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 1 1 181 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 2 1 1 1 2 182 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 1 1 1 183 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 1 1 186 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 2 1 1 1 2 192 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 2 1 2 2

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 2 1 1 1 1 196 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 2 2 2101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 1 1102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 3 2 1 1 3107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 1 1 1111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 3 1 1 2 3 1115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 2 1 2 1 2116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 1 1 1 1 1117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 1 1 1 1120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 2 1 2 2 1121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 1 1 1122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 2 1 1 1 2124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 1 1 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 3 1 1 2 3 2 1

OTHERS

TOTALS 103 46 19 55 65 35 37 4% 44.7 18.4 53.4 0 0 63.1 34.0 35.9 3.9

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 1 1 14 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 3 3 1 35 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 4 4 1 46 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 1 1 18 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 1 1 1 19 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 2 2 1 1

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 1 1 111 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 1 1 112 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 1 1 113 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 1 1 123 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 3 1 3 2 124 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 4 3 3 127 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 2 1 129 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 2 2 230 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 1 133 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 2 1 1 237 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 2 1 2 238 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 3 3 1 3 239 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 1 1 140 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 3 2 1 1 2 147 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 1 1 148 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 2 2 2 250 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 1 1 1 154 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 3 2 1 3 3 3 158 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 2 2 259 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 2 2 260 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 3 1 3 361 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 3 1 1 3 3 1 164 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 1 1 167 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 2 1 2 1 169 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 2 1 2 1 170 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 3 1 3 1 271 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 1 1 172 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 4 3 2 1 476 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 4 4 3 277 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 2 2 282 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 3 1 2 288 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 1 1 1 189 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 1 1 1 192 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 2 2 2 1

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 2 2 2101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 1 1 1102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 4 4 2 3107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 1 1 1111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 1 1 1 1114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 2 1 1 2115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 1 1 1116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 1 1 1117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 1 1 1120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 2 2 2124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 1 1 1 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 4 1 4 1 4 1

OTHERS

TOTALS 103 28 5 82 1 59 49 10 6% 27.2 4.9 79.6 0 0.970873786 57.3 47.6 9.7 5.8

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 3 1 2 1 1 22 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 2 2 1 23 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 6 1 5 4 24 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 13 13 1 2 4 13 1 25 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 16 16 1 1 7 13 1 36 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 2 2 1 1 27 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 17 1 16 1 2 14 2 38 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 7 1 6 1 5 1 19 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 4 1 1 3 1 2 4

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 4 1 3 1 3 1 111 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 4 2 2 1 1 4 1 112 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 7 1 7 1 6 1 313 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 5 1 5 1 1 3 4 114 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 6 1 5 1 5 1 215 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 2 1 1 1 216 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 2 1 1 1 217 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА 1 1 118 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 2 2 1 219 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 2 2 1 220 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 2 2 1 121 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 14 1 14 1 1 9 6 223 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 11 1 10 1 7 1 224 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 1 1 125 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 1 1 1 126 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 18 2 18 1 1 7 18 1 127 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 3 3 329 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 15 11 2 4 1 2 2 12 330 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 2 2 1 1 1 131 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 3 3 1 2 132 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 11 1 10 2 5 3 333 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 2 1 1 234 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 5 5 1 5 1 135 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 1 1 1 1 1 136 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 10 3 1 6 1 1 1037 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 10 10 1 1038 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 18 1 1 17 1 3 17 1 2 139 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 1 1 1 140 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 2 2 241 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 4 4 1 2 2 142 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 1 1 1

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 2 2 1 2 146 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 18 14 1 5 3 18 147 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 3 2 2 3 148 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 2 2 1 249 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 16 9 11 1 1 6 1550 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 4 4 1 3 153 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 4 4 3 154 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 10 2 9 1 1 3 9 255 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 2 2 1 256 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 19 10 1 18 15 18 1 158 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 17 16 2 2 1 5 15 1 359 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 11 11 1 4 1 5 560 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 18 7 1 16 1 2 18 1 261 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 1 1 1 162 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 163 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 19 3 3 16 1 2 17 3 3 164 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 8 1 1 8 1 4 665 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 1 1 1 166 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 7 1 6 1 4 667 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 7 1 7 1 6 3 1 269 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 15 3 3 13 3 14 5 2 370 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 6 1 5 1 2 5 3 271 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 1 1 172 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 2 1 2 1 1 2 173 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 1 1 1 1 1 174 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 1 1 175 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 18 15 3 6 1 2 17 1 276 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 16 2 2 16 1 2 14 5 477 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 1 1 1 178 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 4 1 3 2 1 181 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 8 1 8 1 1 7 1 282 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 1 1 1 1 1 183 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 2 2 1 2 184 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 3 3 1 2 185 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 9 2 8 4 2 586 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 2 2 1 1 1 387 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 6 2 1 3 4 1 188 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 2 2 1 290 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 4 2 4 3 1 191 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 8 1 7 3 6 292 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 9 1 8 9 1

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 1 1 194 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 1 1 195 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 5 1 4 4 196 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 1 1 199 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 1 1 1 1

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 16 1 15 1 2 13 3 5101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 12 12 1 9 2 5102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 4 1 3 1 1 1 3103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 1 1 1 1 1104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 4 1 4 1 4105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 14 1 1 12 1 10 7 1107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 2 2 1 2108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 2 2 1 1110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 6 1 5 1 6111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 4 4 1 1 3112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 5 5 1 1 4 1114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 19 2 17 1 1 14 1 2115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 13 8 9 1 13 1116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 10 8 4 3 9117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 4 3 4 1 2 1 1119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 11 3 10 7 6 2120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 4 1 4 1 1 4 1 1121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 2 2 1 1 1 1122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 2 2 1 1 1123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 11 10 2 2 1 11124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 11 11 11 2125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 19 2 3 18 1 4 16 12 1 2

OTHERS

TOTALS 705 162 45 582 28 80 437 245 157 64% 22.6 6.3 81.1 3.9 11.1 60.9 34.1 21.9 8.9

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 13 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 8 1 3 3 1 14 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 9 1 7 1 75 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 9 9 1 96 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 1 1 1 17 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 9 6 5 3 18 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 9 7 4 5 19 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 7 2 3 4 1 1

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 4 1 1 111 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 4 3 2 112 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 9 1 5 2 1 113 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 6 1 3 1 114 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 8 1 4 315 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 1 1 116 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 3 1 217 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 3 1 1 219 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 1 1 121 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 9 1 6 4 423 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 8 1 4 3 224 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 1 1 125 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 11 11 1 1127 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 1 1 128 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 4 3 2 129 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 8 5 4 2 6 330 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 131 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 7 4 132 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 8 1 5 1 1 1 333 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 3 1 1 134 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 8 1 5 2 135 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 1 1 136 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 8 1 1 4 537 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 6 1 1 2 338 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 11 1 2 9 8 2 139 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 2 140 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 3 1 1 141 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 2 1 1 142 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 2 1 1 1

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 145 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 2 146 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 11 7 1 6 3 7 447 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 4 3 1 148 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 10 5 1 7 2 7 150 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 1 151 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 3 153 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 3 2 154 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 7 5 2 3 155 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 11 3 4 10 7 9 458 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 11 9 2 2 1 9 159 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 8 1 1 6 3 660 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 11 4 9 9 161 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 163 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 11 2 11 8 2 264 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 2 2 2 265 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 6 1 2 266 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 6 2 5 3 167 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 168 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 7 3 4 2 3 169 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 11 4 8 7 5 170 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 6 2 3 1 2 171 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 1 1 172 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 6 2 1 373 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 2 174 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 10 6 1 7 1 1076 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 11 3 11 9 4 177 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 1 1 178 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 1 1 1 1 1 179 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 2 2 1 180 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 4 2 1 281 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 7 6 1 1 1 282 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 2 2 1 184 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 2 185 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 9 2 6 4 2 286 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 2 1 187 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 9 2 6 3 3 288 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 3 2 2 1 189 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 8 2 6 792 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 8 1 2 4 6 1

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 1 1 1 194 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 1 1 1 195 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 5 1 2 1 196 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 2 2 199 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 10 4 7 7 3 1101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 7 4 4 4 3 1102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 1 1 1 1104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 7 1 4 4 1105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 11 5 6 4 6 2107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 1 1 1110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 10 1 8 2 1 4 1111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 4 1 2 1112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 4 2 1113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 3 1 1 2114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 8 4 6 6 1 1115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 6 4 2 1 5116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 7 3 4 1 6117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 3 1 2 1 1118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 7 1 1 3 1 1119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 9 7 4 5120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 4 1 1121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 4 1 1122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 1123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 11 7 2 3 9124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 8 2 7 5 3 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА 1126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 1 1 1 1127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 11 2 4 10 10 10 2 1

OTHERS

TOTALS 566 81 86 348 199 167 62 57% 14.3 15.2 61.5 0 0 35.2 29.5 11.0 10.1

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 2 22 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 2 1 1 1 1 14 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 5 1 5 1 3 25 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 6 1 6 5 26 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 1 1 17 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 4 2 1 2 4 2 28 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 2 2 1 29 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 4 1 3 2 1 1

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 2 1 1 1 111 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 2 1 1 1 213 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 1 1 114 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 1 1 1 115 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 8 8 4 4 1 223 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 3 1 1 1 124 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 10 1 10 10 327 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 3 3 3 129 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 4 3 1 3 130 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 2 1 2 1 133 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 3 1 2 337 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 7 3 6 7 238 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 9 1 7 6 1 339 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 2 2 1 1 145 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 1 1 1 146 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 8 7 1 2 1 5 147 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 7 4 3 2 1 5 150 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 4 2 3 3 255 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 9 3 8 2 9 158 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 9 7 2 2 8 159 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 2 2 260 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 8 2 7 7 161 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 10 5 7 10 1 264 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 4 4 1 3 1 3 1 267 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 3 2 1 3 2 1 169 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 4 1 2 2 3 2 170 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 2 1 1 1 2 271 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 3 2 2 1 272 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 10 9 1 4 10 2 176 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 10 1 3 8 6 3 277 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 1 1 1 182 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 1 1 184 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 1 1 186 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 5 1 5 3 1 388 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 2 2 290 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 1 1 1 192 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 6 1 2 5 4 2 2

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 7 2 1 6 6 1101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 2 2 1 1102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 7 2 5 4 3 1 4107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 1 1 1111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 2 2 2112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 3 2 2 1 1 1114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 9 3 6 8 1115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 3 3 1 2116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 3 1 2 3117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 1 1 1119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 3 3 1 2 2120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 1 1 1 1121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 1 1 1122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 5 4 1 4124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 5 1 4 4 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 10 1 9 7 7 2 3

OTHERS

TOTALS 257 72 38 185 117 100 35 67% 28.0 14.8 72.0 0 0 45.5 38.9 13.6 26.1

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 1 1 14 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 4 2 3 2 45 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 9 3 8 2 96 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 5 1 5 4 18 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 3 2 2 315 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 1 1 117 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 2 1 1 221 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 2 2 1 223 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 4 1 3 2 1 124 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 11 1 1 9 2 1027 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 4 3 1 430 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 2 2 1 135 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 1 1 136 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 1 1 1 137 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 2 1 2 238 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 9 3 8 9 539 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 1 1 1 1 141 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 1 1 142 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 1 1 1

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 7 6 1 1 2 647 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 4 1 2 2 350 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 1 1 1 153 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 1 1 155 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 9 3 7 5 958 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 8 4 4 2 1 859 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 1 1 160 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 7 2 3 5 761 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 10 2 6 7 10 364 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 1 1 1 167 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 5 5 1 469 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 5 1 1 4 2 470 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 1 1 171 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 8 1 5 5 2 876 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 10 4 7 9 577 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 1 1 181 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 3 3 2 182 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 1 1 186 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 1 1 188 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 1 1 189 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 1 1 191 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 4 2 3 492 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 2 2 1 2

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 1 1 194 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 1 1 195 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 2 2 1 296 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 1 1 197 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 6 1 5 5 2101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 2 1 1 2 1102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 1 1 1103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 1 1 1104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 11 1 5 6 7 7107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 1 1 1110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 1 1 1111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 1 1 1114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 5 3 3 5 1115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 4 1 3 4116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 2 2 2117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 2 1 2118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 1 1 1119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 2 2 2120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 1 1 1121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 1 1 1122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 3 1 1 1 3124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 4 1 2 4 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 2 1 1 2127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 9 7 6 5 5 1

OTHERS

TOTALS 221 27 78 150 117 110 34% 12.2 35.3 67.9 0 0 52.9 49.8 15.4 0.0

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 10 1 4 6 105 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 9 4 5 96 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 7 2 5 6 18 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 2 2 215 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 3 3 1 223 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 5 5 4 1 124 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 13 1 13 2 1327 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 7 6 1 1 730 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 1 1 133 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 2 2 235 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 3 3 337 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 2 2 238 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 12 1 2 10 9 1 1 339 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 1 140 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS 1 1 1

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 2 242 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY 2 2 1 1

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 12 7 5 1 1247 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 1 1 148 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 7 5 2 750 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 1 1 153 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE 6 1 5 6

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 18 3 1 13 4 1758 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 19 12 1 6 1859 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 3 1 2 2 160 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 13 1 1 10 11 161 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 18 2 16 13 1 1 264 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 5 5 2 269 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 5 1 4 2 1 370 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 2 2 271 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 18 14 1 4 2 17 1 176 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 15 2 5 10 11 477 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 1 181 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 2 1 1 1 182 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 3 2 1 1 288 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 1 1 191 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 3 1 1 1 392 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 5 2 3 3 2 1

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 2 2 296 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 1 1 199 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 6 6 6 1101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 2 2 2102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 1 1103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 8 1 2 4 2 4 2107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 1 1 1110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 2 1 1 1 1111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 1 1 1 1112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 1 1 1114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 13 3 10 11 1 1115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 2 2 2116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 2 1 1 2117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris 1 1 1

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 1 1 1121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 2 1 1 1 1123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 5 4 5124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 3 1 2 1 2125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 17 1 5 13 1 13 6 2

OTHERS

TOTALS 285 67 35 180 2 103 114 46 39% 21.5 11.3 57.9 0.6 0 33.1 36.7 14.8 12.5

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 2 2 14 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 8 4 5 3 65 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 11 4 8 5 96 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 4 1 4 4 1 18 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 2 2 29 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 4 4 1 1 1 2

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 1 1 112 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 2 2 2 213 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 1 1 115 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 1 1 116 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 2 2 1 119 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 5 1 4 3 1 1 123 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 7 3 5 5 1 2 124 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 2 1 1 1 125 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 11 1 11 1127 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 1 1 129 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 5 2 4 1 3 130 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 4 4 1 333 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 2 1 2 234 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 4 1 3 435 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 4 4 437 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 6 1 6 6 138 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 10 1 10 10 139 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 9 8 2 2 7 247 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 1 1 148 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 10 5 7 1 950 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 7 1 6 2 555 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 10 4 9 4 10 158 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 11 10 1 2 2 9 359 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 9 1 1 8 1 8 160 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 10 4 1 9 9 161 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 1 1 163 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 10 4 7 9 364 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 1 1 166 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 5 1 1 5 2 367 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 5 1 1 3 3 1 169 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 6 2 5 3 1 170 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 5 1 4 4 1 1 271 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 1 1 172 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 1 1 173 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 1 1 174 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 10 6 9 1 10 476 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 11 1 2 11 9 1 577 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 1 1 181 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 2 1 2 282 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 2 2 286 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 1 1 187 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 2 2 288 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 2 2 1 189 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 1 1 191 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 3 1 2 392 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 4 4 2 2

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 3 2 1 396 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 9 9 8 1101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 2 2 2102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 1 1 1103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 7 1 1 6 5 2 1107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 1 1 1110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 2 2 2111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 2 2 2112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 1 1 1113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 1 1 1114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 8 3 6 8115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 4 2 3 4116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 5 3 3 5117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 5 1 5 1 3 2120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 1 1 1121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 2 2 1 1122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 7 7 6124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 7 1 6 6 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 10 1 10 8 7 2

OTHERS

TOTALS 319 69 37 254 159 94 59 52% 21.6 11.6 79.6 0 0 49.8 29.5 18.5 16.3

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 2 2 25 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 2 2 26 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 1 1 1 18 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 1 1 111 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 1 1 113 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 1 1 114 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 1 1 1 124 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 2 2 227 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 2 2 230 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 1 1 133 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 1 1 137 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 1 1 138 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 2 2 239 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 2 2 1 147 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 1 1 1 150 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 2 2 2 258 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 2 2 259 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 1 1 160 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 2 2 261 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 2 2 264 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 2 2 267 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 1 1 171 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 2 2 1 276 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 2 2 277 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 1 1 181 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 1 1 182 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 1 1 1

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 2 2 2101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 2 2 2107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 1 1 1113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 1 1 1114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 1 1 1115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 1 1 1116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 2 2 1 1120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 1 1 1124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 1 1 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 2 2 1 2

OTHERS

TOTALS 54 21 34 26 22 12% 38.9 0.0 63.0 0 0 48.1 40.7 22.2 0.0

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 6 2 5 1 4 5 15 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 7 1 6 3 6 26 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 6 1 6 5 1 28 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 7 6 4 2 39 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 4 1 1 4 4 1 1 1

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 1 1 1 111 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 1 1 1 112 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 6 1 1 4 3 1 1 213 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 2 1 2 215 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 1 1 1 1 119 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 2 1 1 220 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 2 1 1 1 1 121 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 8 7 7 3 223 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 8 4 1 7 7 2 1 124 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 1 1 1 125 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 15 2 13 1 3 14 2 327 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 1 1 128 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 1 1 1 129 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 14 12 1 1 1 10 330 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 3 2 1 232 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 6 6 2 1 433 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 2 1 2 1 234 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 4 1 3 2 135 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 1 1 1 136 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 6 3 5 2 5 137 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 5 2 4 2 5 138 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 14 1 1 13 3 12 1 139 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 6 2 1 6 2 5 142 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 2 2 2

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 13 12 1 1 6 1 11 447 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 2 1 1 248 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 12 9 2 3 1 9 250 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 1 1 1 151 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 6 1 5 6 153 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 3 1 3 3 154 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 8 2 7 4 6 155 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 14 8 1 9 10 12 358 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 16 15 4 1 1 3 14 259 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 4 4 1 2 260 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 13 6 9 3 13 261 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 2 1 1 1 163 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 14 6 2 10 1 1 13 3 3 264 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 1 1 1 1 1 1 167 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 3 1 2 2 2 1 168 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 8 2 1 8 2 6 4 369 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 11 3 1 9 1 2 10 5 370 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 3 1 1 2 2 2 271 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 2 1 1 2 1 272 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 2 1 1 173 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 1 175 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 15 13 2 5 5 14 176 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 13 2 3 11 3 8 4 277 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 2 1 178 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 1 179 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 1 1 180 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 2 1 2 1 1 181 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 4 1 3 482 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 1 1 1 184 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 1 1 1 185 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 2 1 1 1 186 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 1 1 1 1 187 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 2 1 2 1 1 188 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 2 1 2 2 189 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 1 1 1 191 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 5 1 4 2 492 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 5 5 5

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 1 1 195 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 2 1 299 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 1 1 1 1

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 8 7 8 1 1101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 2 2 2 1102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 3 3 1 2 2103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 2 1 2 2104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 3 1 3 3105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 1 1 1 1 1106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 9 2 7 1 5 4 1107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 2 1 1 2111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 2 1 1 1112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 1 1 1113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 2 1 1 2 2114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 15 14 1 15 1115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 7 5 4 6 1116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 4 3 2 4117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 3 2 1 1 2119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 5 4 3 3 2120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 1 1 1121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 9 5 1 4 8 1124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 6 1 2 6 1 6 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 1 1127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 15 1 2 13 2 10 12 5

OTHERS

TOTALS 444 145 60 311 7 24 266 155 63 83% 32.7 13.5 70.0 1.576576577 5.405405405 59.9 34.9 14.2 18.7

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 2 22 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 1 1 14 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 2 2 25 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 3 3 1 36 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 3 1 2 38 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 1 1 19 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 2 1 1 2

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 1 1 111 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 1 1 113 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 3 3 2 123 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 2 2 224 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 6 6 2 6 127 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 5 3 2 1 3 230 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 1 1 135 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 4 4 437 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 3 3 338 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 6 6 6 139 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 1 1 1

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 2 1 1 1 145 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 1 1 146 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 6 6 1 5 247 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 3 3 350 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 2 2 253 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 2 2 1 2 155 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 6 2 5 3 6 158 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 5 5 1 1 559 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 2 2 1 1 260 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 5 3 4 1 5 161 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 6 3 4 5 1 1 164 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 1 1 167 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 3 3 2 1 169 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 4 3 3 3 1 170 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 2 2 1 1 171 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 1 1 172 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 1 1 173 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 6 6 2 6 1 176 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 6 6 5 3 177 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 1 1 187 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 4 1 3 1 2 292 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 5 5 5

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 5 5 5101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 5 5 5102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 1 1 1105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 5 5 2 4 1107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 2 2 1 1114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 6 6 6 1115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 3 3 1 3116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 2 1 2 1 2117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 1 1 1119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 2 1 1 1120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 1 1 1121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 4 4 4124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 2 2 2 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 6 6 3 3 2

OTHERS

TOTALS 166 47 5 121 2 93 61 23 27% 28.3 3.0 72.9 1.204819277 0 56.0 36.7 13.9 16.3

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 1 1 12 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 4 1 1 3 2 34 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 12 4 9 2 10 15 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 10 2 8 2 7 16 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 5 1 4 4 18 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 13 1 2 11 8 4 29 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 3 1 2 3 110 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 5 3 2 411 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 1 1 1 112 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 6 1 1 3 5 113 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 4 2 2 3 214 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 8 5 1 4 1 6 115 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 12 6 6 9 2 123 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 14 3 1 12 9 2 4 224 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 4 3 2 1 125 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 16 16 1 16 127 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 1 1 129 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 8 5 2 3 830 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 2 2 231 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 1 1 132 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 7 2 5 3 1 2 233 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 6 2 4 4 235 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 4 2 3 437 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 5 1 2 3 538 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 18 5 14 16 2 139 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 2 2 240 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS 1 1 1

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 5 2 3 4 1 145 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 3 10 3 346 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 16 10 2 8 8 10 147 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 4 1 3 3 148 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 12 6 2 7 3 1050 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 1 1 153 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE 11 5 7 2 7 1

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 19 7 5 12 15 15 258 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 18 17 4 2 3 17 159 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 4 1 1 2 1 360 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 19 10 1 14 2 1961 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 1 1 162 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 19 9 6 16 18 4 164 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 2 1 1 1 166 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 4 1 2 2 3 167 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 9 4 1 6 9 269 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 14 4 13 12 470 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 8 4 1 6 7 271 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 2 1 2 273 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 18 17 2 5 1 1876 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 18 3 6 14 15 6 177 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 1 1 178 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 3 1 1 1 281 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 7 2 5 6 382 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 8 4 1 4 1 786 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 2 2 1 187 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 12 3 8 7 1 688 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 6 1 2 3 692 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 7 3 5 7

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 1 1 194 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 1 1 195 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 4 1 3 3 196 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 1 1 199 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 13 5 8 13 1101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 3 1 2 3102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 3 2 1 2103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 1 1 1105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 16 2 7 10 12 8107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 1 1 1110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 7 1 6 6 1 4111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 5 1 5 2 4112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 2 1 1 1 1 1113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 1 1 1 1114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 16 1 6 9 15 2115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 9 6 1 6 9116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 9 5 1 4 8117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris 1 1 1

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 5 3 3 1 1 3119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 7 2 1 6 7 2120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 3 3 3121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 2 2 2122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 13 9 1 5 1 13124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 9 2 1 9 9 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 1 1 1127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 18 2 4 13 14 11 2 1

OTHERS

TOTALS 579 183 105 379 322 188 108 31% 31.6 18.1 65.5 0 0 55.6 32.47 18.7 5.4

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 1 1 14 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 3 1 2 35 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 3 3 36 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 3 1 2 2 1 28 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 1 1 1 19 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 1 1

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 2 2 213 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 3 2 2 2 1 115 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 1 1 119 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 2 1 1 1 120 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 2 2 2 123 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 7 1 5 3 1 2 124 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 4 1 3 1 427 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 1 1 1 130 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 1 1 131 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 1 132 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 3 3 2 233 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 1 1 135 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 3 2 337 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 3 2 338 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 7 2 5 7 1 139 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 2 2 1 1 140 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 1 145 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 2 2 1 2 146 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 5 3 1 4 3 147 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 2 1 1 1 1 150 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 1 1 1 153 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 3 3 355 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 9 3 3 6 6 9 158 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 9 7 2 1 3 8 159 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 2 1 160 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 6 2 2 5 2 661 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 1 1 1 163 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 8 2 1 4 7 3 1 164 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 1 1 167 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 2 2 2 1 169 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 4 1 3 4 1 170 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 2 2 1 1 171 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 1 1 172 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 1 1 174 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 8 8 2 1 876 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 8 1 3 6 7 1 277 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 4 2 2 3 182 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 2 1 1 286 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 1 1 187 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 6 2 4 4 2 188 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 1 1 189 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 3 2 1 1 3 192 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 1 1 1

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 2 1 1 1 196 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 2 1 1 1 199 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 5 1 4 5101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 2 2 2102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 1 1 1105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 5 1 5 5 1 1107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ 1 1 1109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 1 1 1110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 1 1 1113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 8 1 3 6 8 1115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 2 1 1 2 2116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 3 1 1 3 1 2117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 1 1 1119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 4 4 3 1 1120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 1 1 1121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 2 2 2122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 1 1 1123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 4 2 3 1 1 3124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 2 2 1 2 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 1 1 1 1128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 8 1 3 7 6 6 1

OTHERS

TOTALS 206 41 53 134 131 69 33 23% 19.9 25.7 65.0 0 0 63.6 33.5 16.0 11.2

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 1 1 22 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 4 4 3 24 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 14 2 13 4 145 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 18 5 17 7 17 2 16 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 12 1 11 1 11 4 18 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 5 5 2 4 19 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 7 1 1 6 2 2 4

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 5 1 1 4 4 111 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 2 2 212 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 8 1 8 5 213 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 6 5 4 214 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 6 1 4 3 315 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 1 1 116 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 3 3 2 117 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 3 3 319 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 3 3 2 1 121 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 3 3 2 1 122 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 18 18 2 15 5 123 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 18 2 1 18 1 1 12 12 1 424 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 3 3 3 125 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 23 3 1 23 1 3 22 3 127 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 4 4 3 1 129 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 12 7 4 4 1 1 1 10 230 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 1 1 131 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 2 2 232 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 13 1 3 12 1 6 2 833 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 3 1 2 334 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 5 4 4 1 135 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 3 3 3 136 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 12 1 11 1 11 137 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 6 6 5 138 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 24 3 23 1 4 20 3 139 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 3 1 2 1 240 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 5 1 4 3 241 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 5 1 1 3 4 2 1 242 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 3 1 2 1 243 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 3 1 2 2 1

SMOLYAN PAGE 2

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 1 1 145 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 2 1 1 1 146 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 21 14 11 9 14 447 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 5 5 4 148 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 23 1 22 3 19 2 9 350 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 2 2 251 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 2 1 253 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 2 1 254 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 21 7 17 1 1 5 17 455 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 1 1 156 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 1 1 1 157 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 22 5 3 21 1 14 22 258 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 22 18 8 3 1 2 21 2 259 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 8 8 5 360 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 23 11 4 20 1 6 21 2 361 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 1 1 162 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 2 2 263 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 21 1 5 18 2 19 5 164 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 3 3 2 166 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 9 1 9 4 4 267 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 8 1 2 8 1 1 7 5 169 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 9 3 7 1 8 3 170 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 2 2 1 1 271 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 2 2 272 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 5 5 4 173 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 2 1 274 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 1 1 175 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 23 13 1 18 1 5 23 3 276 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 21 2 21 2 19 5 177 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 1 1 180 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 7 7 1 3 481 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 7 2 6 5 1 1 282 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 1 1 183 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 2 2 184 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 5 4 1 386 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 3 3 387 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 11 11 10 1 288 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 1 1 189 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 1 1 190 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 2 2 2 191 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 8 2 1 7 1 7 292 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 13 1 12 2 12

SMOLYAN PAGE 3

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 7 7 6 1 194 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 6 2 5 1 6 195 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 7 1 7 796 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 3 3 3

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 22 3 22 1 2 22 3 2 2101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 8 8 7 3 2 1102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 2 1 2 1 1103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 4 4 4 1104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 6 6 3 3 1105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 2 2 2 1106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 22 1 2 22 1 16 7 4107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 4 4 3 3110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 6 1 5 3 2 1111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 6 1 5 5 2112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 2 1 1 1 1113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 3 3 3114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 12 1 12 1 11 1 1 2115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 7 3 1 4 2 6116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 11 3 1 9 1 11117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 3 3 3119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 5 5 3 2 1 1120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 8 8 1 1 7 2121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 1 1 1122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 2 2 1 1123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 13 9 2 5 1 12124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 17 2 17 1 2 16 2 2125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА 1 1 1126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 2 2 1 1127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 22 1 22 1 3 17 15 4

OTHERS

TOTALS 809 117 75 707 14 35 499 282 113 104% 14.5 9.3 87.4 1.73053152 4.326328801 61.7 34.9 14.0 12.9

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 1 1 12 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 1 1 1 14 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 13 13 3 135 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 14 14 2 146 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 2 2 2 2 27 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 9 9 6 3 18 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 8 8 6 2 19 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 4 4 3 1

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 1 1 111 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 1 1 112 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 6 1 1 4 5 1 113 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 3 1 2 2 1 114 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 4 2 2 2 215 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 2 2 219 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 1 1 1 121 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 1 1 122 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 11 1 9 9 3 223 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 9 9 4 1 4 224 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 1 1 126 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 16 1 15 1 3 16 127 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 1 1 128 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 3 1 2 329 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 3 2 1 1 1 130 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 1 1 131 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 8 1 7 4 2 333 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 2 1 1 2 134 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 3 1 2 335 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 7 1 5 6 137 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 9 1 8 938 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 16 1 16 1 16 139 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 5 1 4 1 542 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 4 4 4

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 1 1 145 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 2 1 1 246 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 14 11 4 4 1147 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 2 2 248 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 14 6 8 8 1 1050 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 1 1 151 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 1 1 152 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 4 4 453 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 2 1 1 1 1 154 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 11 3 1 9 3 7 355 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 16 4 16 10 14 158 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 16 16 1 1 5 15 159 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 8 8 2 3 360 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 15 6 12 2 1561 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 15 7 11 1 14 1 164 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 1 1 166 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 8 1 1 8 3 4 1 167 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 5 5 3 269 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 12 1 1 10 10 2 270 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 4 1 4 3 171 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 1 1 172 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 15 9 2 10 2 1576 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 15 3 12 1 14 2 177 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 2 2 281 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 5 5 5 182 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 8 8 884 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 1 1 1 186 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 8 4 4 8 188 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 2 2 289 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 1 1 190 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 2 1 1 291 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 6 6 2 492 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 13 5 8 12 1

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 5 1 4 594 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 5 1 4 595 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 6 1 5 696 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 2 1 1 2

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 12 1 11 11 2101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 9 1 8 9 2102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 2 2 2 1104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 5 1 1 3 4 1105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 14 3 11 13 1 1107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 4 1 3 4 1111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 2 1 1 1 1112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 4 1 3 3113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 2 2 2114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 15 3 13 15 1115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 11 3 9 3 8116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 8 3 5 2 6117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 2 2 2119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 7 7 3 4 2120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 2 2 2121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 1 1 1122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 1 1 1123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 9 9 9124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 10 1 9 10125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 16 3 16 1 15 8

OTHERS

TOTALS 553 87 62 432 2 5 358 153 80 38% 15.6 11.2 77.7 0.4 0.9 64.4 27.5 14.4 6.8

TRYAVNA PAGE 1PCV: PAUL SNOW, SURVEYS:24

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 1 1 1 1 12 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 2 1 1 2 13 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 5 1 4 2 1 14 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 10 1 2 9 1 1 1 8 1 35 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 15 2 3 13 1 1 2 13 1 36 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 5 1 4 57 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 14 1 12 2 12 48 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 6 1 5 4 19 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 8 1 7 4 1 1 1

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 6 3 2 4 4 1 211 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 3 1 2 312 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 8 2 7 4 413 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 8 1 8 4 1 1 314 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 12 2 1 11 2 8 3 215 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 3 3 3 116 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 3 1 2 217 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED 1 1 1

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 5 1 4 4 1 119 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 1 1 121 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 14 1 2 13 2 1 11 5 323 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 16 7 2 13 1 11 8 2 224 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 2 2 1 125 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 1 1 126 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 23 2 1 22 2 2 21 1 327 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 2 2 228 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 1 1 129 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 12 9 3 2 1 2 10 130 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 2 2 1 131 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 1 1 132 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 8 7 3 3 433 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 2 2 234 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 10 1 10 1 1035 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 2 1 2 236 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 8 4 1 6 837 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 8 4 1 4 838 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 21 1 3 21 3 21 2 339 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 3 1 1 1 2 140 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 1 1 141 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 1 1 142 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 3 1 3 3

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 3 1 2 2 1 1 245 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 4 2 3 2 4 146 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 20 17 1 6 1 6 1 15 247 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 5 2 1 4 548 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 21 16 2 9 1 7 1 1750 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 1 1 151 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 7 3 5 6 2 153 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 5 2 4 3 1 154 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 9 4 3 8 1 2 9 1 455 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 1 1 156 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 23 14 2 20 1 2 14 22 1 558 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 22 21 6 2 2 6 17 659 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 9 3 1 8 1 6 2 2 160 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 21 7 4 18 2 1 5 20 461 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 1 1 163 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 22 5 7 19 1 3 17 3 8 564 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 5 1 5 2 4 165 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 2 2 1 166 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 6 1 2 6 2 367 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 2 2 168 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 7 1 1 7 1 5 2 269 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 10 1 2 9 2 6 470 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 3 1 3 3 1 171 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 1 1 172 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 3 1 3 273 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 1 1 174 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 1 1 175 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 23 16 5 12 4 1 4 23 476 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 23 3 4 21 3 21 7 777 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 2 2 1 180 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 6 1 5 1 4 2 381 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 11 3 10 1 8 382 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 6 6 684 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 3 1 2 1 1 186 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 4 3 1 1 2 387 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 6 2 2 4 2 6 1 188 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 3 2 2 2 3 189 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 3 1 2 2 191 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 6 1 5 1 3 392 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 9 1 1 8 2 9 2

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 3 3 3 194 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 4 4 4 195 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 6 1 2 5 6 296 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 1 1 1

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 15 3 14 1 2 14 1 3101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 8 1 2 6 1 8 1102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 2 1 1 1 1 1103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 1 1 1104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 5 2 4 4 2 1 2105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 17 3 3 14 2 1 11 5 3107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ 1 1 1109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 6 2 1 4 1 1 5 2110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 7 1 1 5 7 1 2111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 3 1 2 2 1112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 2 2 2113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 1 1 1114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 13 4 12 1 13 2115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 18 9 2 15 3 5 17 2116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 14 10 1 8 1 1 4 11 2117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 3 3 1 1119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 7 1 7 3 2 1 2120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 2 2 2121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 1 1 1122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 1 1 1123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 15 14 3 2 1 2 14124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 15 1 3 13 1 13 1 2 3125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА 1 1 1126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 2 1 1 1 1127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 1 1 1128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 22 4 6 21 1 3 15 15 2 6

OTHERS

TOTALS 766 223 124 590 32 42 456 225 131 139% 28.5 15.8 75.4 4.1 5.4 58.2 28.7 16.7 17.8

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 3 1 1 2 2 12 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 2 2 2 14 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 10 2 10 1 4 95 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 11 2 11 1 6 10 16 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 7 7 5 3 28 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 2 2 1 19 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 4 1 4 1 1 2 2

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 5 1 4 1 4 1 111 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 2 1 1 212 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 4 1 3 2 1 113 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 4 1 3 2 1 114 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 7 3 5 2 415 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 1 1 116 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 1 1 117 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 2 2 2 119 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 1 1 120 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 2 1 1 2 121 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 1 1 122 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 6 1 6 6 2 223 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 9 5 5 1 5 5 324 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 1 1 125 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 1 1 126 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 13 2 12 1 1 12 1 127 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 2 1 1 2 128 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 3 1 2 3 229 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 7 4 2 1 2 530 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 1 131 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 6 6 1 633 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 3 1 2 3 134 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 6 2 5 4 2 135 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 5 3 3 1 5 237 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 5 3 3 1 538 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 12 1 1 11 1 11 3 339 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 2 1 2 140 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 4 1 1 3 2 1 141 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 2 1 1 1 142 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 2 1 1 2

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 1 1 145 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 1 1 146 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 8 8 2 2 847 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 3 2 1 2 148 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 12 3 1 11 6 850 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 2 1 1 1 153 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 3 2 3 154 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 8 3 1 7 1 1 3 8 155 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 12 9 3 10 10 10 358 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 12 11 2 1 1 1 10 359 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 8 1 7 1 6 160 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 13 7 1 12 1 1 2 12 1 261 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 13 5 3 11 1 1 13 4 1 164 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 1 1 1 165 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 1 166 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 3 3 1 267 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 1 1 168 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 11 5 7 1 1 9 4 1 369 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 8 5 4 1 1 8 2 270 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 2 2 2 171 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 1 1 1 172 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 2 2 2 173 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 1 1 174 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 1 1 175 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 13 10 2 9 1 1 13 376 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 13 2 11 1 1 11 5 277 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 4 1 1 2 2 3 181 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 7 2 6 5 382 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 1 1 184 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 2 1 285 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 4 3 1 486 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 1 1 187 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 5 2 2 2 5 1 188 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 1 1 189 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 1 1 190 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 7 2 1 4 7 192 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 11 1 3 9 1 1 10 1 1

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 2 1 294 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 3 1 1 395 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 4 4 1 1 4 196 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 2 1 1 2

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 8 1 7 1 1 8101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 8 8 1 7 1102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 2 1 1 1 2103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 2 1 1 1 1105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 12 4 9 1 1 9 6 2107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 2 1 1 1 2 1110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 2 2 1 1111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 6 1 6 3 3 2112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 6 2 1 2 3 1 4 1113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 6 1 1 4 5 1114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 8 4 5 1 7 1 1115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 4 3 1 2 4 1116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 8 7 1 1 7 1117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 1 1 1118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 3 2 2 1 2 2119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 5 1 1 3 5 1 2120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 5 4 1 4 1 2121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 5 4 1 1 3 1122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 2 1 1 1 2123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 10 9 1 1 10 1124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 9 2 6 8 3 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА 2 1 1 2126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 1 1 1127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 1 1 1128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 13 1 2 12 1 1 9 8 2

OTHERS

TOTALS 494 142 71 340 20 19 296 150 89 93% 28.3 14.2 67.9 4.0 3.8 59.1 29.9 17.8 18.6

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 4 2 4 4 1 12 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 2 2 24 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 11 1 11 1 6 9 1 15 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBEERY 15 1 2 15 1 7 13 1 16 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 3 2 1 27 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 13 3 9 7 2 38 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 4 2 3 49 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 7 1 2 5 1 6 1 3

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 8 1 1 6 6 111 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 4 1 2 412 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 5 1 5 2 1 113 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 4 4 2 1 114 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 6 6 5 115 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 2 2 216 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 2 2 217 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 1 1 119 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 1 1 120 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 4 1 2 2 121 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 13 1 4 10 13 423 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 10 5 8 9 2 2 524 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 2 2 225 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 16 2 1 16 5 16 1 327 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 2 2 228 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 4 1 3 429 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 8 5 1 4 1 2 8 1 130 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 3 1 3 3 1 1 131 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 2 2 232 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 8 1 6 5 1 433 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 1 1 134 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 5 1 4 535 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 8 4 7 837 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 12 5 2 8 1 1238 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 18 5 17 2 17 1 1 139 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 3 3 340 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 4 3 3 241 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 4 3 1 242 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 1 1 143 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 5 2 1 4 5

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 4 2 2 4 2 1 145 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 4 1 2 2 4 2 1 146 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 14 12 1 6 8 11 247 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 4 3 4 448 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 10 7 1 7 4 750 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 4 1 1 3 453 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 6 2 5 5 154 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 12 3 12 6 11 1 255 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 18 11 4 17 1 14 17 1 658 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 18 16 8 2 1 6 17 1 359 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 11 3 10 1 8 560 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 18 12 4 16 5 17 1 361 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 1 1 163 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 16 6 4 16 14 4 4 364 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 2 2 265 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 4 4 3 266 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 8 3 7 5 5 1 167 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 2 2 2 2 1 1 168 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 10 3 1 9 8 269 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 13 4 1 13 1 12 270 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 6 3 1 6 1 6 171 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 3 3 2 172 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 5 1 3 573 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 1 1 1 1 174 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 18 16 4 6 2 1 4 17 1 376 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 18 3 3 16 1 16 1 177 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 3 3 378 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 3 1 3 1 281 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 9 4 9 8 282 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 1 1 183 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 4 1 3 485 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 2 1 1 286 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 1 1 187 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 6 1 5 688 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 4 1 1 2 489 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 2 2 291 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 5 3 1 4 1 1 5 1 192 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 17 7 10 1 15 2 1 1

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 3 1 2 394 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 2 1 2 295 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 6 1 5 5 1 196 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 15 1 3 13 1 14 1 1101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 9 1 2 8 7 1102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 1 1 1 1103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 3 3 3 1104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 5 1 3 4 2105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 2 2 2106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 11 1 4 7 1 10 5 3107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 6 1 5 4 1 1111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 1 1 1112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 5 5 1 5 1114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 14 3 5 12 14115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 9 6 9 2 9116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 7 4 6 2 5117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 2 2 2119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 10 1 10 5 7 1 1120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 5 5 5 1121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 5 5 5 1122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 3 3 3123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 11 9 5 1 10 2124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 6 5 4 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА 2 2 2126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 1 1 1128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 17 5 6 16 2 16 13 1 5

OTHERS

TOTAL 667 195 101 532 5 17 472 190 96 87% 28.6 14.8 78.0 0.7 2.5 69.2 27.9 14.1 12.8

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1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 2 2 2 22 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET

ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 4 2 2 2 1 14 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 8 2 7 85 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 10 3 8 2 86 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 1 1 17 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 7 2 3 5 6 1 18 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 5 5 3 29 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 3 3 2 3

10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 3 1 2 311 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 2 1 1 213 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 2 1 1 214 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 9 1 1 7 3 615 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED

ЗВЕЗДИЦА18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 2 2 1 123 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 8 1 7 5 1 324 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA

ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 15 3 14 3 1527 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 2 1 1 229 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 10 2 7 3 8 230 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 1 1 131 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 4 1 3 3 1 133 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 4 4 435 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 3 1 2 337 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 5 2 3 538 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 18 1 10 11 17 4 239 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 1 1 140 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS

ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 1 1 141 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 1 1 142 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY

ОМАН ЧЕРЕН

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44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 2 2 1 145 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 2 2 246 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 11 6 1 5 3 9 247 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 2 2 1 148 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 9 2 2 5 4 5 250 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 1 1 151 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT

52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 3 2 3 353 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 2 1 1 254 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE

ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 5 5 1 455 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH

СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 19 4 1 15 10 15 458 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 17 13 4 4 3 15 259 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 4 2 4 460 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 16 9 2 10 2 1661 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 19 3 9 13 1 17 3 564 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 2 2 266 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 8 3 2 5 7 269 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 10 8 3 4 7 4 170 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 7 4 2 3 5 371 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 17 15 3 1 1776 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 19 8 15 12 5 277 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 1 1 181 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 5 1 4 4 182 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 1 1 184 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 4 2 3 2 286 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 2 1 1 1 187 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 7 4 3 2 2 388 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL

ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 1 1 190 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 1 1 191 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 4 2 2 492 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 7 5 4 7

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93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 1 1 194 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 3 2 1 396 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND

100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 12 6 9 12101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 5 2 5 5102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 1 1 1105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 18 1 13 6 10 6 4107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED

МИШИ УШИ109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 1 1 1 1111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 1 1 1113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 1 1 1114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 6 4 3 5 1115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 9 8 5 9 2116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 4 4 1 4117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris

БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 1 1 1118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 2 1 1 2119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 7 5 4 4120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 2 1 1 2121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 1 1 1122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 9 7 3 2 9124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 6 2 5 6 1125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR

ОВЧАРКА126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 1 1 1127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 1 1 1128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 18 1 4 16 1 14 8 3

OTHERS

TOTALS 579 114 136 274 236 159 63 47% 19.7 23.5 47.3 0 0 40.8 27.5 10.9 8.1