An Analysis on Word Search in Conversation between Non-Native Speaker and Native Speaker of English

7/30/2019 An Analysis on Word Search in Conversation between Non-Native Speaker and Native Speaker of English

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AN ANALYSIS ON WORD SEARCH IN CONVERSATION

BETWEEN NON-NATIVE SPEAKER AND NATIVE SPEAKER OF

ENGLISH

THESIS

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan

By

Apolonia Diana Sherly da Costa

Reg Number : 121 06 052

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

LANGUAGE AND ART DEPARTMENT

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL SCIENCE FACULTY

WIDYA MANDIRA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY

KUPANG

2010


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AN ANALYSIS ON WORD SEARCH IN CONVERSATION

BETWEEN NON-NATIVE SPEAKER AND NATIVE SPEAKER OF

ENGLISH

Approved by

Advisor I

Drs. Aleksius Madar, M.Ed

Advisor II

Dra. Floribertha Lake, SS.MA

Acknowledged by

Head of English Department Widya Mandira

Catholic University Kupang



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This Thesis was presented on Saturday 28, 2010

Before the examination board

Team of Examiners

No. Name Position Signatures

1. Drs. Aleksius Madar, M.Ed Chairman

2. Dra. Floribertha Lake, SS.MA Secretary

3. Dr. Drs. Kletus Erom, M.Hum Examiner I

4. Drs. Clemenz Ataburan, M.Hum Examiner II

5. Drs. Aleksius Madar, M.Ed Examiner III

Acknowledged by

Dean of Faculty of Teacher Trainingand Educational Sciences

Drs. Blasius Radja, M.Si

Head of English EducationStudy Program



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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to express her deepest gratitude to God for the

love, blessing and guidance in finishing this thesis.

The writer would like also to give her appreciation for the following people who

had helped and supported her during the process of writing this thesis.

1. Drs. Aleksius Madar, M.Ed, the first advisor and Dra. Floribertha Lake, SS.MA thesecond advisor for their advice, suggestion and close monitoring of the progress of

her thesis.

2. Dr. Drs. Kletus Erom, M.Hum and Drs. Clemenz Ataburan, M.Hum, the examinersfor their suggestions in improving this thesis.

3. Drs. Blasius Radja, M.Si, Dean of English Education Study Program for hispermission to do the research.

4. Drs. Aleksius Madar, M.Ed, Head of English Education Study Program for thesupport and assistance in guiding her during her study in the English Department.

5. All the lecturers in English Department for their assistance, contribution and inputsduring her study in the University. May God bless them.

6. Dra. Meliana Tauk, Administrative staff who helped and supported the writer duringher study in the English Department.

7. The Participants of the study (a married couple); Non-native speaker and Nativespeaker of English (Canada); Mr. Yohnson Gibeon Dethan and Mrs. Merlyn Debour

Dethan, with their children; Rebecca, David, Victor and Bertho for their sincerity of

the valuable contribution to become the participants of this study.


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8. Her best friends; Diana Guteres, Anjelina Dhiki, and all colleagues in the EnglishStudy Program.

9. Her beloved family; her parents, Augusto da Costa, SH and Sophia Lekipera; herbrother and sisters, Tony, Ria, Una and Angel, her beloved cousins, Lily, Lucy,

Lucky, Talia, Kael, Teguh and Bastian and her uncle Hans and the whole delight

families for their sincere contributions, supports and love whether in happiness or

sorrow, the ups and downs of life especially during the preparation and writing of this

thesis has made possible.

This work is presented to you all as her deep affection thank you.

May God bless us always and forever.

Kupang, August 2010

The Writer


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MOTTO AND DEDICATION

MOTTO

Let no man despise thy youth, but be thou an example of the

believers, in word, in conversation, in charity,

in spirit, in faith, in purity

(I Timothy 4:12)

DEDICATION

This thesis is especially dedicated to:

My beloved parents; Augusto da Costa, SH and Sophia Lekipera.

My beloved brother and sisters; Tony, Ria, Una and Angel.

My beloved grandfathers and grandmothers.

My Almamater Widya Mandira Catholic University Kupang.


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ABSTRACT

This study is entitled An Analysis on Word Search in Conversation between Non-

native Speaker and Native Speaker of English. The aims of this study are to answer

the following questions: (1). What are the word search strategies used in conversation

between Non-native speaker and Native speaker of English? (2). What are the resourcesof word search used in conversation between Non-native speaker and Native speaker of

English? (3). What are the frequencies of word search actions used in conversation

between Non-native speaker and Native speaker of English?. While, the objectives of thisstudy are as follows: (1). To know and to find out the word searches strategies used in

conversation between Non-native speaker and Native speaker of English. (2). To know

and to find out the resources of word search used in conversation between Non-native

speaker and Native speaker of English. (3). To know and to find out the frequencies ofword search actions used in conversation between Non-native speaker and Native speaker

of English.

The method used in this study was Interpretative Qualitative method. The study was

conducted in East Nusa Tenggara Province at Noelbaki of Kupang Regency. Theparticipants of the study were a married couple. They are Non-native speaker (i.e.,

husband) and Native speaker (i.e., wife). Non-native speakers first language is Bahasa

Indonesia while Native speakers first language is Canadian English.The result of the study shows that (1) The word search strategies used in conversation

between Non-native speaker and Native speaker of English were repetition (self initiated

self repair and other initiated repair), similar sounding words, rising intonation, code-switching and turn-taking. The word search strategies in verbal actions used in

conversation between them were Most people here, The use of modals Have to, The use

of candidate word They dont, How to, To, You, Bird, Afford, WH-Question Whats a

bird, Yes-No Question Is it a bird, They would their children, The main, Lets say,

Payment school, What they have, Curriculum, Classroom, Very, Book, When, Whatever,The use of candidate word This subject, Dana Bos, Turn non-competitive Incomings

and Turn competitive. While, the word search strategies in non-verbal actions usedbetween them were Body movements (shaking and moving hands), Noddings, Word

search marker strategy in language assessment hm, Swinging hands, Scratching head,

Clicking sound, Mutual gaze and The use of turn medial Yeah. (2) The resources ofword search in verbal actions used in conversation between Non-native speaker and

Native speaker of English were lack of knowledge, misunderstanding or lack of

information, hesitation of speech productions due to lexical uncertainty, problems in

hearing due to noises, speechless of tongue phenomenon, speaking fluency, confirmationchecks/ensuring the correctness, emphasized comprehension /understanding, showed

comprehension due to participants status/category members and competitive completion.While, the resources of word search in non-verbal actions used in conversation were non-

lexical speech perturbations or backchannels, such as: cut-off, sound stretch and pause orpost. (3) The frequency of word search strategies in verbal actions used in conversation

between Non-native speaker and Native speaker of English is 64. While, the frequency of

word search strategies in non-verbal actions is 19. Thus, the total occurrence of this wordsearch action in verbal and non-verbal actions is 83. The frequency for resources of word

search in verbal actions used in conversation between Non-native speaker and Native


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speaker of English is 29. While, the frequency for resources of word search in non-verbal

actions is 103. Thus, the total occurrence of this word search action in verbal and non-verbal actions is 132.

Based on the result of this study, the writer would like to give some suggestions for the

following persons. (1) The participants (a married couple), Non-native speaker (NNS)

and Native speaker (NS) of English, especially Non-native speaker in the freeconversation has to be more patient in correcting or completing the Native speakersoffered word search. Thus, there were not competitive performance between Non-native

speaker and Native speaker of English while there were not only good collaboration butalso non-competitive occurred and kept as their good listenership in their spousesinteraction. (2) For Non-native speakers (NNSs) of English have to practice casual

conversation with Native speakers (NSs) or Non-native speakers (NNSs) of English, notonly by constructing verbal communication (actions) but also non-verbal communication

(actions) in their daily activities in order to get more vocabulary stock to develop their

basic conversation therefore they can improve their speaking. Thus, the same way, for

Native speakers (NSs) of English have to practice also casual conversation with their

partners whether NNSs or NSs of English in order to keep on improving their ownlanguage even they lived in another setting. (3) The students of English Department have

to conduct further research about the ordinary or casual conversation in another field oraspect of conversation analysis.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER ............................................................................................................. i

APPROVAL SHEET ....................................................................................... ii

TEAM OF EXAMINERS................................................................................ iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................. iv

MOTTO AND DEDICATION........................................................................ vi

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ ix

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... xii

LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................. xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION................................................................ 11.1 Background of the Study ................................................. 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................. 4

1.3 Objective of the Study ..................................................... 51.4 Significance of the Study ................................................. 5

1.5 Scope and Limitation ....................................................... 6

1.6 Definition of Term ........................................................... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................ 92.1 Conversational Interactions in Second Language

Acquisition (SLA) ............................................................ 92.1.1 Comprehensible Input ................................................... 10

2.1.2 Comprehensible Output ................................................ 12

2.2 Conversation .................................................................... 122.3 Conversation Analysis (CA) ............................................ 14

2.3.1 The Aims of Conversation Analysis ............................ 15

2.3.2 The Aspects of Conversation Analysis ........................ 15

2.3.2.1 Turn taking ............................................................... 162.3.2.2 Repair ....................................................................... 16

2.3.2.3 Word search ............................................................. 17

2.3.2.3.1 The Definition of Word search .............................. 17

2.3.2.3.2 The Types of Word search strategiesin Conversation ...................................................... 18

2.3.2.3.2.1Repitition (self intiated repair and


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other initiated repair)............................................ 18

2.3.2.3.2.2Rising Intonation .................................................. 202.3.2.3.2.3Similar Sounding Words ...................................... 202.3.2.3.2.4The Explicit Word search marker or the Formulaic

expression in form of WH-Question .................... 22

2.3.2.3.2.5The Retrieval at talk in Conversation asthe mutual collaborative partnerships .................. 22

2.3.2.3.2.6Code Switching .................................................... 232.3.2.3.2.7Turn Taking ......................................................... 242.3.2.3.3 Word search and Interactional Techniques ............ 25

2.3.2.3.3.1 Direct Invitation ................................................... 26

2.3.2.3.3.2 Indirect Invitation................................................. 262.3.2.3.4 Interactional Resources .......................................... 26

2.3.2.3.5 The Counts of Word search in Conversation ......... 27

2.3.2.3.6 The Types of Non-lexical speech Pertubations ..... 27

2.3.2.3.6.1 Cut-off .................................................................. 27

2.3.2.3.6.2 Sound stretch ........................................................ 272.3.2.3.6.3 The turn-medial yeah........................................ 28

2.3.2.3.7 Word search in Second Language(L2) Learning ......................................................... 28

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 31

3.1 Research Design............................................................... 313.2 The Participants ............................................................... 32

3.3 Data Collection ................................................................ 32

3.3.1 Instrument ..................................................................... 333.3.2 Data Recording ............................................................. 33

3.4 Data Analysis ................................................................... 33

3.4.1 Tool of Analysis ............................................................ 33

3.4.2 Coding and Procedures ................................................. 343.5 Description ....................................................................... 36

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCCUSION ........................... 374.1 Data Collection ................................................................ 37

4.1.1 The Participants ............................................................ 38

4.1.2 The Topic of Conversation ........................................... 404.1.3 The Length of Conversation ......................................... 40

4.2 Data Analysis ................................................................... 40

4.2.1 Word search strategies used in Conversation

between Non-native speaker and Native speakerof English ..................................................................... 41

4.2.1.1 Repitition (self initiated repair and other

initiated repair) ......................................................... 41

4.2.1.2 Rising Intonation ...................................................... 494.2.1.3 Similar Sounding Words .......................................... 51

4.2.1.4 Code-Switching........................................................ 59


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4.2.1.5 Turn Taking ............................................................. 60

4.2.2 Resources of Word search Strategies used inConversation between Non-native speaker

and Native speaker of English .................................... 63

4.2.3 The Frequencies of Word Search Actions used in

Conversation between Non-native speaker

and Native speaker of English ..................................... 684.2.4 Finding and Classification of Data Analysis ............... 73

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................... 865.1 Conclusion ....................................................................... 86

5.2 Suggestion ........................................................................ 88

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 89

APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 91


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 : Frequency of Occurrence of the Word Search Strategies inVerbal and Non-verbal Actions ................................................... 69

Table 2 : Frequency of Occurrence of the Resources of WordSearch in Verbal and Non-verbal Actions ................................... 72


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An Analysis on Word Search in Conversation between Non-Native Speaker and Native Speaker of English

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