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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

AND QUALITY OF DIRECT SPEECH

IN THE UTTERANCES IN

BILINGUAL CHILDREN COMIC

ENTITLED “PINOCCHIO”

THESIS

Submitted to Meet a Part of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

from English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts

Sebelas Maret University

by:

PARAMITA WIDYA HAPSARI

C0309050

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA

2013


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PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Paramita Widya Hapsari

NIM : C0309050

Stated whole-heartedly that this thesis entitled An Analysis of Translation

Techniques and Quality of Direct Speech in the Utterances in Bilingual Children

Comic Entitled “Pinocchio” is originally made by the researcher. It is neither a

plagiarism, nor made by others. The things related to other people’s works are

written in quotation and included within bibliography.

If it is then proved that the researcher cheated, the researcher is ready to take the

responsibility.

Surakarta, 22 November 2013

The researcher

Paramita Widya Hapsari


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MOTTO

“Trust yourself. You know more than you think you do.”

(Benjamin Spock)

Man Jadda Wajada, Man Shabara Zhafira, Man Sara Ala

Darbi Washala

(A Trilogy of Negeri 5 Menara)


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DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis to:

My beloved Mom

My beloved Dad in Heaven

My beloved Brother and My

Sister-in-law

My Honest Relatives and

Friends


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, all praises to Allah and peace be upon His

chosen bondsmen and women. Finally I can finish this thesis as a partial

fulfillment of requirement of the Sarjana Degree. Many parties helped me during

finishing this thesis. Their helps, supports, knowledge, and encouragements were

very important for me. Without their contribution, my thesis would never be

completed.

In this occasion, I would like to say my deepest gratitude to:

1. ALLAH Subhanahu Wa Ta’ala who has been strengthening my life

purpose. He knows what’s best and He will do what’s right.

2. The Dean of the Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Riyadi Santosa,

M.Ed, Ph.D. for approving this thesis.

3. The Head of Regular English Department, Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo,

M.A., Ph.D. for his guidance and approving this thesis.

4. My thesis consultant, Prof. Drs. M.R. Nababan, M.Ed., M.A., Ph.D.

for his guidance and critical advices. Thank you for always giving me

your time. I would like to give my thanks for always giving me the

words which can make me having better knowledge about translation

studies and the spirit to finish this thesis soon.

5. Yusuf Kurniawan, S.S, M.A., as my academic supervisor for his

assistance during my study. Thank you very much for always giving

me advices for my better study.


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6. All the lecturers in English Department UNS, thank you very much for

the important knowledge.

7. All the staffs of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts UNS, thank you for

helping me dealing with administration stuffs and other importance.

8. Bayu Budiharjo, S.S, M. Hum.; Fenty Kusumastuti, S.S, M. Hum.;

Sumardiono, S.S, M. Hum., thank you very much for being my raters.

Thank you for helping me in dealing with translation studies and for

interesting discussion.

9. My perfect parents, Ibuk and Alm. Bapak in heaven. Your praying and

supports are very meaningful in my life. I am very proud of you.

Always be a strong and extraordinary woman, Mom. May you be

shaded by His mercy, Dad. I do love you.

10. My cute respondents; Riska, Tika, and Rhesa. Thank you for helping

me.

11. My besties; Narrendri Jati .P. (Jeje), Nurul Intan Sari, Nurlita Hapsari

(Suhu), Ratih Dewi .S. (Emak). Thank you for beautiful friendship.

I’m so thankful for every moment I shared with you and I’m so

grateful being among you. May Allah always bless us.

12. The Big Family of ED 09. Our togetherness is one of my joy in life.

Thank you for every beautiful moment and for every laughter. You are

the best, guys. I love you all.

Paramita Widya Hapsari


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TABLE OF CONTENT

APPROVAL OF THE THESIS SUPERVISOR ................................................ ii

APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ......................................... iii

PRONOUNCEMENT ....................................................................................... iv

MOTTO ............................................................................................................. v

DEDICATION .................................................................................................. vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................... vii

TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................... ix

LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... xiii

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................ xiv

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... xvii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1

A. Reseacrh Background ........................................................................ 1

B. Research Limitation ........................................................................... 5

C. Research Problems ............................................................................ 5

D. Research Objectives .......................................................................... 6

E. Research Benefits .............................................................................. 6

F. Thesis Organization ........................................................................... 7

CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................... 9

A.Definition of Translation .................................................................... 9

B. Problems in Translation ................................................................... 10


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C. Translation Techniques ................................................................... 13

D. Translation Quality .......................................................................... 20

1. Accuracy ...................................................................................... 20

2. Acceptability ................................................................................ 21

3. Readability ................................................................................... 22

E. Bilingual Comic ............................................................................... 22

F. Direct and Indirect Speech ............................................................... 23

1. Direct Speech ............................................................................... 23

1.1 Direct Speech in the context of comic ...................................... 25

2. Indirect Speech ............................................................................. 26

G. Sentence .......................................................................................... 27

1. Types of Sentence ........................................................................ 28

2. Sentence Structure ........................................................................ 31

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................... 34

A.Research Type and Design ............................................................... 34

B. Data and Source of Data .................................................................. 35

1. Documents ................................................................................... 35

2. Informants .................................................................................... 36

C. Sampling Technique ........................................................................ 37

D. Method of Data Collection .............................................................. 39

1. Content Analysis .......................................................................... 39

2. Questionnaire ............................................................................... 39

E. Technique of Data Analysis ............................................................. 43


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F. Research Procedures ........................................................................ 44

CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................. 47

A. Introduction ............................................................................... 47

B. Analysis ..................................................................................... 47

1. Translation Technique Analysis ................................................. 47

1.1 Literal translation .................................................................. 48

1.2 Compensation ........................................................................ 50

1.3 Transposition ......................................................................... 53

1.4 Linguistic compression ......................................................... 57

1.5 Adaptation ............................................................................. 58

1.6 Modulation ............................................................................ 61

1.7 Generalization ....................................................................... 62

1.8 Calque ................................................................................... 63

1.9 Established equivalence ........................................................ 65

1.10 Particularization .................................................................. 66

2. Translation Quality Analysis ....................................................... 81

2.1 Accuracy ............................................................................... 81

2.1.1 Accurate Translation ..................................................... 83

2.1.2 Less Accurate Translation ............................................. 87

2.2 Acceptability .......................................................................... 90

2.2.1 Acceptable Translation ................................................. 92

2.2.2 Less Acceptable Translation ........................................ 95

2.2.3 Not Acceptable Translation ......................................... 100


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2.3 Readability ........................................................................... 101

2.3.1 Readable Translation .................................................... 103

2.3.2 Less Readable Translation ........................................... 105

C. Discussion ................................................................................. 108

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........ 119

A. Conclussions .............................................................................. 119

B. Recommendations ...................................................................... 121

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Scale of Accuracy ........................................................................ 40

Table 3.2 Scale of Acceptability ................................................................. 41

Table 3.3 Scale of Readability .................................................................... 42

Table 4.1.1 Data Numbers of Literal Translation .......................................... 48

Table 4.1.2 Data Numbers of Compensation ................................................. 51

Table 4.1.3 Data Numbers of Transposition .................................................. 54

Table 4.1.4 Data Numbers of Linguistic Compression .................................. 57

Table 4.1.5 Data Numbers of Adaptation ....................................................... 59

Table 4.1.6 Data Numbers of Modulation ....................................................... 61

Table 4.1.7 Data Numbers of Generalization................................................... 62

Table 4.1.8 Data Numbers of Calque ............................................................... 64

Table 4.1.9 Data Numbers of Established Equivalence .................................. 65

Table 4.1.10 Data Numbers of Particularization ............................................... 66

Table 4.1.11 Data Numbers of the Utterances Using Two or More Techniques67

Table 4.1.12 Percentage of Translation Techniques Data................................. 80

Table 4.2.1 Percentage of Accurate Translation ............................................. 82

Table 4.2.2 Percentage of Acceptable Translation.......................................... 91

Table 4.2.3 Percentage of Readable Translation ........................................... 101

Table 4.3 Percentage of Translation Techniques Related to the Quality ... 109


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4.1.1.1 Literal translation .................................................................. 49



Figure 4.1.2.1 Compensation ....................................................................... 51



Figure 4.1.3.1 Transposition ........................................................................ 54



Figure 4.1.4.1 Linguistic compression ........................................................ 57

Figure 4.1.4.2 Linguistic compression ........................................................ 58

Figure 4.1.5.1 Adaptation ........................................................................... 59

Figure 4.1.5.2 Adaptation ........................................................................... 60

Figure 4.1.6.1 Modulation ........................................................................... 61

Figure 4.1.6.2 Modulation ........................................................................... 62

Figure 4.1.7 Generalization ...................................................................... 63

Figure 4.1.8 Calque .................................................................................. 64

Figure 4.1.9 Established equivalence ....................................................... 65

Figure 4.1.10 Particularization ................................................................... 66

Figure 4.1.11.1 Literal translation and Borrowing ....................................... 69

Figure 4.1.11.2 Literal translation and Adaptation ...................................... 70


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Figure 4.1.11.3 Literal translation and Generalization ................................. 71

Figure 4.1.11.4 Literal translation and Compensation .................................. 72

Figure 4.1.11.5 Literal translation and Established Equivalence .................. 73

Figure 4.1.11.6 Adaptation and Borrowing .................................................. 74

Figure 4.1.11.7 Established Equivalence and Linguistic Compression ........ 75

Figure 4.1.11.8 Linguistic Amplification and Transposition ........................ 76

Figure 4.1.11.9 Literal translation, Compensation, and Reduction .............. 77

Figure 4.1.11.10 Adaptation, Linguistic compression, and Generalization . 79

Figure 4.2.1.1.1 Accurate translation ............................................................ 83



Figure 4.2.1.1.4 Accurate translation .......................................................... 86

Figure 4.2.1.2.1 Less accurate translation ..................................................... 87




Figure 4.2.2.1.1 Acceptable translation ........................................................ 92



Figure 4.2.2.2.1 Less acceptable translation ................................................. 95





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Figure 4.2.2.3 Not acceptable translation .................................................. 100

Figure 4.2.3.1.1 Readable translation .......................................................... 103



Figure 4.2.3.2.1 Less readable translation ................................................... 105




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ABSTRACT

Paramita Widya Hapsari. An Analysis of Translation Techniques and

Quality of Direct Speech in the Utterances in Bilingual Children Comic

Entitled Pinocchio. Thesis: English Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine

Arts. Sebelas Maret University.

The research focuses on the analysis of techniques and quality of translation of

direct speech in the utterances in bilingual children comic entitled Pinocchio.

The purposes of this study are to find out the translation techniques and quality of

direct speech translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

The research counducts a descriptive-qualitative method. The data were collected

by employing a purposive sampling technique. The research was conducted by

using content analysis and questionnaire. In the content analysis, the researcher

collected the data from bilingual children comic. the total data were 135 data. This

research used a close and open-ended questionnaire that was contributed to the

raters.

The result of the data analysis shows that: 1) The translation techniques used by

the translator are 13 techniques, they are: literal translation (88 data);

compensation (17 data); transposition (16 data); adaptation (15 data); borrowing

(11 data); linguistic compression (8 data); generalization (7 data); established

equivalence (4 data); modulation (3 data); particularization (2 data); linguistic

amplification (1 datum); calque (1 datum); and reduction (1 datum). 2) The result

of the accuracy translation shows that: 115 data (85,19%) are accurate translation

and 20 data (14,81%) are less accurate. Meanwhile, relating to the acceptability

aspect, the result shows: 96 data (71,11%) are acceptable, 38 data (28,15%) are

less acceptable, and 1 datum (0,74%) is not acceptable translation. The result of

the readability shows that: 104 data (77,04%) are categorized as readable

translation and 31 data (22,96%) are categorized as less readable translation.

It can be concluded that the translation techniques used by the translator in the

translation quality. It affected the result of the translation quality. It is also found

out that translating bilingual children comic should pay attention to the cultural

background and language use in the target language.


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ABSTRAK

Paramita Widya Hapsari. Analisis Teknik dan Kualitas Penerjemahan

dalam Ujaran Langsung di Komik Dwibahasa Anak Pinocchio. Skripsi:

Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Sastra dan Seni Rupa. Universitas Sebelas Maret.

Penelitian ini fokus pada analisis teknik dan kualitas penerjemahan dalam ujaran

langsung di komik anak dwibahasa Pinocchio.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui teknik dan kualitas penerjemahan

pada ujaran langsung dalam hal keakuratan, keberterimaan, dan keterbacaan.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif-kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan

dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data

dilakukan dengan analisis isi dan kuesioner. Dalam analisis isi, peneliti

mengumpulkan data dari komik dwibahasa anak. Total data adalah 135 data.

Penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner tertutup dan terbuka yang dikontribusikan

kepada rater.

Hasil dari analisis data menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Teknik penerjemahan yang

digunakan oleh penerjemah adalah 13 teknik, yaitu: terjemahan literal (88 data);

kompensasi (17 data); transposisi (16 data); adaptasi (15 data); peminjaman (11

data); kompresi linguistik (8 data); generalisasi (7 data); kesepadanan lazim (4

data); modulasi (3 data); partikularisasi (2 data); amplifikasi linguistik (1 data);

calque (1 data); dan reduksi (1 data). 2) Hasil dari keakuratan terjemahan

menunjukkan bahwa: 115 data (85,19%) adalah terjemahan yang akurat dan 20

data (14,81%) adalah terjemahan yang kurang akurat. Sementara itu, berhubungan

dengan aspek keberterimaan, hasil menunjukkan bahwa: 96 data (71,11%) adalah

terjemahan yang berterima, 38 data (28,15%) adalah terjemahan yang kurang

berterima, dan 1 data (0,74%) adalah terjemahan yang tidak berterima. Hasil dari

keterbacaan menunjukkan bahwa: 104 data (77,04%) dikategorikan sebagai

terjemahan yang terbaca dan 31 data (22,96%) dikategorikan sebagai terjemahan

yang kurang terbaca.

Dapat disimpulkan bahwa teknik penerjemahan yang digunakan oleh penerjemah

berdampak kepada hasil kualitas terjemahan. Di sisi lain, dalam menerjemahkan

komik dwibahasa anak harus memperhatikan latar belakang budaya dan

penggunaan bahasa dalam bahasa sasaran.

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