AN ANALYSIS OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS IN …
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AN ANALYSIS OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS IN “FAST AND FURIOUS 8” MOVIE BY CHRIS MORGAN: PRAGMATICS APPROACH THESIS By: NOMMARIATI PURBA 151210070 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES PUTERA BATAM UNIVERSITY 2020
Transcript of AN ANALYSIS OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS IN …
AN ANALYSIS OF
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS IN “FAST AND
FURIOUS 8” MOVIE BY CHRIS MORGAN: PRAGMATICS
APPROACH
THESIS
By:
NOMMARIATI PURBA
151210070
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
PUTERA BATAM UNIVERSITY
2020
AN ANALYSIS OF
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS IN “FAST AND
FURIOUS 8” MOVIE BY CHRIS MORGAN: PRAGMATICS
APPROACH
THESIS
“Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of
Sarjana Sastra”
By:
NOMMARIATI PURBA
151210070
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
PUTERA BATAM UNIVERSITY
2020
i
SURAT PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS
Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini saya:
Nama : Nommariati Purba
NPM/NIP : 151210070
Fakultas : Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora
Program Studi : Sastra Inggris
Menyatakan bahwa “Skripsi” yang saya susun dengan judul:
AN ANALYSIS OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS
IN “FAST AND FURIOUS 8” MOVIE BY CHRIS MORGAN:
PRAGMATICS APPROACH
Adalah hasil karya sendiri dan bukan duplikasi dari karya orang lain.
Sepengetahuan saya, didalam naskah skripsi ini tidak terdapat karya ilmiah atau
pendapat yang pernah ditulis atau diterbitkan oleh orang lain, kecuali yang secara
tertulis dikutip didalam naskah ini dan disebutkan dalam sumber kutipan dan
daftar pustaka.
Apabila ternyata di dalam naskah Sikripsi ini dapat dibuktikan terdapat unsur –
unsur PLAGIASI, saya bersedia naskah Sikripsi ini digugurkan dan gelar
akademik yang saya peroleh dibatalkan,serta diproses sesuai dengan peraturan
perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya tanpa ada paksaan dari
siapapun.
Batam, 30 Juli 2020
Nommariati Purba
NPM 151210070
ii
DECLARATION OF THE THESIS ORIGINALITY
I, Nommariati Purba
Hereby declare that the term paper entitled
AN ANALYSIS OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS
IN “FAST AND FURIOUS 8” MOVIE BY CHRIS MORGAN:
PRAGMATICS APPROACH
Is real work of myself and I realize this thesis has never been published in other
media before, partially or entirely, in the name of mine or others.
Batam, July 30th 2020
Nommariati Purba
151210038
iii
AN ANALYSIS OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS
IN “FAST AND FURIOUS 8” MOVIE BY CHRIS MORGAN:
PRAGMATICS APPROACH
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
Nommariati Purba
151210070
This thesis has been approved to be examined on the date as indicated
following
Batam, July 30th 2020
Ambalegin, S.Pd., M.Pd.
NIDN.1014047501
iv
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
“The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best
today.”
(H. Jackson Brown, Jr)
Thanks to:
Thanks to God who makes everything divine and possible
I dedicated this thesis to:
My beloved parents: B. Purba & M. Sigalingging My lovely sister and brother:
Rinda Purba Norayati Purba Herniati Purba
Delima Purba Melfanalia Purba Asrul Purba
My beloved boyfriend: Saor Mula Marpaung
My dearest friends all over the worlds
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ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini membahas strategi kesopanan positif dan negatif dalam film The
Fast and Furious 8 oleh Chris Morgan. Peneliti memilih percakapan percakapan
dalam film The Fast and Furious untuk dianalisis pada penelitian ini karena
kesopanan dapat ditemukan dalam percakapan sehari-hari. Analisis ini umumnya
bertujuan untuk menemukan startegi-strategi kesopanan positif dan negatif, dan
faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi karakter dalam mengaplikasikan strategi
kesopanan positif dan negatif. Teori yang digunakan dalam analisis ini diambil
dari buku yang berjudul "Politeness Some Universals in Language Usage" yang
ditemukan oleh Penelope Brown dan Stephen C Levinson (1987) untuk
mengetahui strategi dan faktor yang mempengaruhi. Peneliti menggunakan teori-
teori yang relevan dengan topik diskusi dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini adalah
penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan metode
observasi dengan teknik non-partisipan. Dalam menganalisis data, peneliti
menggunakan metode padan. Selain itu, hasil penelitian menunjukkan karakter-
karakter dalam film The Fast and Furious menerapkan strategi memberi
perhatian, minat/simpati yang berlebihan, mengintensifkan minat pendengar,
menggunakan panggilan identitas, mencari kesepakatan, menghindari
ketidaksetujuan, menegaskan persamaan, membuat lelucon, menyatakan
pengetahuan pembicara, memberikan janji, optimis, sertakan pembicara dan
pendengar dalam kegiatan, menanyakan alasan, timbal balik, dan memberikan
sesuatu kepada pendengar. Dengan demikian, strategi kesopanan negatif
ditemukan; secara tidak langsung konvensional, menggunakan pertanyaan,
pesimis, meminimalkan pengenaan, memberikan penghormatan, meminta maaf,
pembicara dan pendengar yang dipersonalisasi, dinominasikan, menimbulkan
hutang. Terakhir, faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi karakter menerapkan
kesopanan positif dan negatif adalah faktor imbalan, kekuatan relatif, jarak
sosial, dan budaya. Penelitian ini diarahkan untuk memberikan penjelasan
mendalam tentang kesopanan positif dan negatif, dan faktor yang memengaruhi
karakter dalam menerapkan strategi kesopanan.
Kata Kunci:kesopanan negatif, kesopanan positif, pragmatik, strategi kesopanan
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ABSTRACT
This research discussed the positive and negative politeness strategies in The Fast
and Furious 8 movie by Chris Morgan. The researcher chose utterances in The
Fast and Furious movie to analyze this research because the politeness can be
found in the conversation. This research was mainly aimed to find out the
strategies of positive and negative politeness, and factors influencing the
characters applied the strategies of positive and negative politeness. The theory
applied in this research was taken from the book entitled “Politeness Some
Universals in Language Usage” proposed by Penelope Brown and Stephen C
Levinson (1987). This research was the descriptive qualitative research. Method
of collecting the data used observational method by non-participatory technique.
In analyzing the data, the researcher used the pragmatic identity method and the
competence in equalizing technique. Moreover, the research result showed the
characters in The Fast and Furious movie applied the positive strategy in term of
the notice/attend to the hearer, exaggeration interest/symphaty, intensify hearer’s
interest, use the identity mark, seek an agreement, avoid disagreement, asserting
the common ground, making a joke, assert/presupposed speaker’s knowledge,
giving a promise, be optimistic, include both the speaker and the hearer in the
activity, ask for reason, assume reciprocity, and give gifts to the hearer. Thus, the
negative politeness strategies were found be conventionally indirect, using
question, be pessimistic, minimized the imposition, give deference, apologize,
impersonalized speaker and hearer, nominalize, incurring a debt. Last, the factors
of influencing the characters applied the positive and negative politeness were
found the factor of the payoff, relative power, social distance, and culture. Finally,
this research directed to give explanation deeply of positive and negative
politeness, and the factor influencing the characters in applying the strategy of
politeness.
Keywords : negative politeness, politenes strategy, positive politeness, pragmatic
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ACKNOWLEDMENT
All the praise to God of merciful and compassionate who has blessed the
researcher in completing this thesis with the title An Analysis of Positive and
Negative Politeness in “Fast And Furious 8” Movie By Chris Morgan:
Pragmatics Approach. The researcher would like to say thanks to her father B.
Purba and her mother M. Sigalingging for their love and inspiration given to her
endlessly in taking this undergraduate program. The researcher wishes to express
her gratitude and appreciation to Mr. Ambalegin, S.Pd., M.Pd as her advisor who
has contributed his idea, opinion, and time in arranging this thesis.
Furthermore, the researcher would like to express her sincere gratitude to
all people who involve both directly and indirectly especially to:
1. Dr.Nur Elfi Husada, S.Kom., M.Si, Rector of Putera Batam University
2. Rizki Tri Anugrah Bhakti., SH., MH, Dean of Faculty of Social Sciences
and Humanities
3. Afriana, S.S., M.Pd., as Head of English Department of Putera Batam
University
4. All lecturers of English Department, for their knowledge, motivation, and
suggestions during her study at Putera Batam University.
5. All of her friends who are studying at Putera Batam University,especially
to Meliana Sijabat for all of her book, attention, and motivation, my
boyfriend Saor Mula Marpaung for the support, Nelli Yostesia Sembiring,
Ilham Rizki,Wulan Angelia Sembiring, Julio Agsa, which have given
spirit and friendship to the researcher.
May God give mercy, peace, and love for them. Amin.
Batam, July 30th 2020
Nommariati Purba
151210070
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER
PAGE OF TITLE
SURAT PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ..................................................... iii
DECLARATION OF THE THESIS ORIGINALITY ................................... iiv
APPROVAL SHEET.............................................................................................v
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ........................................................................ ivi
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ vii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.x
TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………………x
LIST OF FIGURE ............................................................................................ xi
CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Research ............................................................................ 1
1.3Limitation of the Problems .............................................................................. 9
1.4Formulation of Problem .................................................................................. 9
1.5Object of the Research .................................................................................. 10
1.6Significance of the Research ......................................................................... 10
1.7Definition of the Key Terms .......................................................................... 11
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORITICAL
FRAMEWORK
2.1 Pragmatic Approach ..................................................................................... 12
2.1.1 Politeness Strategy…………………………………………………………13
A.Positive Politeness……………………………………………………………..13
B.Negative Politeness……………………………………………………………19
2.1.2 Factors Influencing the Use of Politeness Strategy………………………..23
2.1 Previous Research ........................................................................................ 27
2.3 Theoritical Framework ................................................................................. 29
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH
3.1 Research Design........................................................................................... 32
ix
3.2 Object of the Research ................................................................................. 32
3.3 Method of Collecting Data ........................................................................... 33
3.4 Method of Analyzing Data ........................................................................... 33
3.5 Method of Presenting Research Result ......................................................... 34
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Research Analysis ........................................................................................ 35
4.1.1 The Strategies of Positive Politeness………………………………………35
4.2 Research Findings…………………………………………………………...58
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1Conclusion .................................................................................................... 61
5.2 Suggestion ................................................................................................... 62
REFERENCE
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE
LETTER OF THE RESEARCH PERMITTING
x
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1 Theoritical framework………………………………………………..29
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Research
In human interactions, everyone tries to understand the intended meaning of
the speech and relates it with context situation. The misunderstanding was
common happen because the addressee set to be free in comprehension the
utterances. Then, it might get the risk of occurring the misunderstanding among
the participants of speech. Another way to avoid the misunderstanding is showing
the politeness.(Yule, 1996) defined, “politeness in an interaction, can be defined
as the means employed to show awareness for another person’s face”.
Nowadays, communication occurs through in any communication devices.
The variation of application services makes easy for users to connecting with the
other people, as an example such as video recorded, video call, text message and
voice note. Besides, people also can express their feeling opinion through
application services. Users set to be free in their expressing through the comments
box dialog. Therefore, the users could comment and share something about a
phenomenon as their point of view.
It was found impoliteness return on Sidney Morning Herald issued by James
on June 19, 2020. It was reported that Indonesia could be the hotspot or the source
of Covid-19 in the world because the Indonesian government`s corona virus
response has been dreadful and the Covid-19 test level in Indonesia was very low,
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causing high mortality rates. There was a face threatening act by Australia against
the Indonesian government while the statement was not true. This could be known
on Sindonews.com by Muhaimin on Monday, June 22, 2020 stated government
was not comfortable with Australia's statement criticizing the Indonesian
government's performance in handling Covid-19. Thus, the Indonesian
government claimed the Sidney Morning Herald refer to the allegations of many
residents infected with Covid-19 but not detected. With the accusations and
criticisms from Australia, Indonesia got a face threatening act from Australia
because it justified information that was not in accordance with the facts that
occur in Indonesia. Therefore, due to this FTA, the Indonesian government's
relationship with Australia was less comfortable.
Knowing this condition results some expression of type feelings to the
public. Indonesia is surrender trends As Frustration Mounts over Physical
Distancing Violations, Govt Policies.” This image was the feeling representation
of a nurse and doctor after looking lot of people went shopping to the mall in
Jakarta, Indonesia. The picture showed the nurse wrote the sentences “Indonesia
Is Surrender, Liked You as You Are, Now We Have Been Home”, was return by a
nurse on Jakarta pos. This statement was post on instagram. The statement flushed
many commentaries. Three commentaries show the negative comments. It
concluded they did not understanding of the nurse`s statement. The three
responses precisely blamed the nurse. The nurse misunderstanding that makes
they comment impolite by saying nurse did not make any complain and just did
the work. Finally, many of people did not understand about this topic, the point of
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the nurse was that people did not see and appreciate how difficult the health
parties to handle the corona virus, while many people felt free to go shopping to
the mall without giving attention to the social distance role by government.
The impoliteness phenomenon was found on TV Show Britain’s Got Talent
(2019). Simon Cowell, Amanda, Alesha Dixon and David Williams were the four
judges in that audition. The impoliteness happened when Amanda gave the
impolite commentary as below.
Simon : “He is not the bloody moose”.
Alesha : “The only reason I didn’t pass earlier because he spend the
dancing, he was amazing”.
Simon : “But Alesha you have got to believe the animal must real”.
Amanda :“Simon, you must be saying the most important thing
about Britain’s Got Talent is listening to the audience”.
The audition, Simon really did not agree about the contestants were talented.
His argument was opposite with others judges. Thus Amanda said “Simon, you
must be saying the most important thing about Britain’s Got Talent is listening to
the audience”. The mark commentary pointed out and Simon’s being attacked. It
was clearly Simons felt not be valued as the judge. Therefore, it was clearly
shown after getting the attack of his image, Simon left the audition.
The misunderstanding politeness and impoliteness often happen in society.
The lack of implied meaning caused of impoliteness. In Social background meant
as relative power in social group, social distance, and the situational of culture.
This problem could overcome if the understanding of usethe proper words
correctly by politeness strategy. Agreed by Lakoff and Ide (2005, p. 5) “politeness
is the quality achieved by education or polish in the social arts, it goes beyond the
bare minimum required to keep a society cohesive, and is seen as an adornment to
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a person’s behavior.”Therefore, the positive value in particular culture could help
the smooth interaction.
Basically, politenessis covered by pragmatic. Pragmatic itself is the
knowledge how to understanding the meaning of communication. Agreed by Yule
(1996, p. 3), “pragmatic is the study of meaning as communicating by a speaker (
writer) and interpreted by a listener (reader)”. Thus, politeness related with
pragmatic to analyzing and understanding about what speaker meant with their
utterances. In conveying the message, there is also important thing to be
understood by the speaker. The speaker should learn not only the context but also
the meaning of language to avoid the misunderstanding to the hearer. Besides, the
speaker should pay attention about the background social values in society
because it could affect the meaning of a conversation. Is clearly that politeness is a
part of pragmatic.
Politeness is the way to arrange the utterances better and avoid the
misunderstanding. Yule (1996, p. 60), stated, “politeness, in an interaction, can
then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s
face”. It agreed by (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 101),“positive politeness is
redress directed to the addressee’s positive face, his perennial desire that his wants
(or the actions/acquisitions/values resulting from them) should be thought of as
desirable”. In contrast, in the negative politeness, Brown & Levinson (1987, p.
129) said, “Negative politeness is redressive action addressed to the addressee’s
negative face: his want to have his freedom of action unhindered and his attention
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unimpeded”. Therefore, a simple term, positive politeness is connected and
negative politeness is independent.
In notice of politeness, it revealed in the movie through of the utterances of
politeness. Movie was also known as film, it was a type of visual communication
which uses moving pictures and sound to tell stories or teach people
something. Movie’s characters showed the actions representative of the real life of
past or present times portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity. Thus, behind
the storyline, the readers should find the results of the character’s background, for
example, history of culture, social, and life. The Fast and Furious 8 by Chris
Morgan reflected the negative and positive politeness phenomenon.
Fast and Furious 8 was a film by Chris Morgan in 2017. Especially, the
utterance by character in the movie is object to be analyzed in this research. This
movie told the relationship between main characters, the family, and friends. The
utterances in the movie contained of politeness strategy.
The problem began when Fernando get trouble in an island. He could not
pay the car to Adios because he did not have the money. Then, Adios took back
the car without any tolerance.
Fernando: “Please don't do this, understand my problem.
You know I can't make living without my car.”
Adios : “It isn't my problem bro.” (00:02:53-00:02:55)
The utterances above considered negative politeness utterances by Adios. It was
the impersonalize speaker and the hearer strategy, Fernando impersonalize Adios.
“It isn't my problem bro” performed the way to hiding the speaker was, or hearer
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was to make the sound polite, even the meaning of the utterances was a pressure.
Brown & Levinson, (1987, p. 65-67) stated, “there are some actions that might
threat either positive face or negative face of somebody else”. Those kinds of
actions are called face threatening act (FTA). The factor influencing the character
applied this strategy was relative power, Adios as the owner of the island, and
Fernando as the guest. As the result, Adios had the power to hold back the car as
his command.
The next phenomenon was positive politeness appeared in the Fast and
Furious 8 movie. In fact, people tended the positive politenes to saving face. In
this case, saving face meant to develop the well self-image. People made the
positive face to have solidarity with others growing well. The following was the
one of utterances quoted from the utterances in the Fast and Furious 8 movie.
Toretto had win the racing match against Adios, but Toretto did not take the
Adios’s car as the gift to keep his respect. By Toretto’s act, Adios feel guilty and
respectful. Then, Toretto smiled because he can doing something as the strength
men share the kindness to others.
Toretto : Sorry 'bout your car, Your's was too slow for a Torreto
anyway.Your Impala
Adios : are you serious?
Letty : “Look at that smile. I love it when you smile. Make me happy.”
(00:11:25-00:11:30)
The utterances above “I love it when you smile, make me happy” was the
positive politeness in intensify interest to the hearer strategy. Brown & Levinson
(1987, p. 61) stated,“Positive face was the positive consistent self-image or
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‘personality’(crucially including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and
approved of) claimed by interactants”. It was clearly “I love it when you smile,
make me happy”the self-image and value of a listener deserved to be positively.
The factor influencing of character was social distance, because the speaker and
the hearer was a girlfriend and boyfriend. Finally, by the positive strategy obvious
established the good connection between the speaker and the listener.
Wang and Taylor (2019) found out the similarities in the pragmatic
processes across two languages/cultures, more specifically, the shared
developments in the conventionalization of apparently polite forms for impolite
functions used in British and Chinese forum communities within the last decade
or so. The case studies which have been selected for analysis are 'hehe' in Chinese
and 'HTH' (hope that helps) in British English. In both cases, these items had
previously been identified as potentially mock polite through their presence in
meta-discussions of im/politeness within the forums themselves. Finally, The
differentiation between the expected behaviors in different areas of the forms
(collaborative or combative) and correlation with the mock polite usage also helps
explain how it is that users orient towards the conventionalized meaning even
when it is still relatively low frequency compared to polite usage.
Suryani (2019) examined the impolite response under the title “Impolite
Response to Donald Trump's on Instagram”. The researcher described the
impoliteness strategies given to Donald Trump's posts on Instagram. The source
of data is all responses/comments on Donald Trump's. Furthermore, the results of
data analysis were explained by using informal method. From the results of the
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analysis, it showed that among five strategies, only four strategies used to respond
to Donald Trump's post on Instagram. Finally, the research findings indicated that
positive impoliteness was the most frequently used strategy.
Another research to be discussed belongs to Izadi (2016) under the title
Over-politeness in Persian Professional Interactions. This paper examined the
ways over-politeness was interactional achieved in two types of academic
professional discourses. Analyses revealed the instances that participants in the
professional interactions afford their evaluation so over-politeness to the social
practices that are conventionally subject to evaluations of politeness. Moreover, it
is demonstrated that the context of professional interaction is co-created by the
participants’ evaluative practices, including over-politeness, along with their joint
accomplishment of meaning and action.
The researcher was interested in conducting and developing the research.
This research discussed deeply the strategies of positive and negative politeness
and the factors influencing the characters applying the strategies in the Fast and
Furious 8 movie by Chris Morgan under the title “An Analysis Of Positive and
Negative Politeness in “Fast And Furious 8” Movie By Chris Morgan: Pragmatics
Approach”.
1.2 Identification of Problems
Based on the background of the research, next the identification of the
problems identified several problems in the following:
1. The factors Indonesians obtain the misunderstanding implied meaning in
communication devices.
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2. The appearances of Indonesians influenced the positive and negative
politeness.
3. The effect of Indonesians stated the positive and negative responses in
social media.
4. The.strategies.of positive.and negative.politeness applied in Fast and
Furious 8 movie by Chris Morgan.
5. The factors are influencing the characters applied the
positive.and.negative.politeness.strategies in Fast and Furious 8 movie
by Chris Morgan.
1.3 Limitation of the Problems
The limitation of the problem obtain the specific result and to limit the
problems to be analyzed. The problems of the research was identified from
identification of the problems. The researcher were interested in researching
analysis of positive and negative politeness in Fast and Furious 8 movie because
in the Fast and Furious 8 movie was found many politeness strategies that
reflected in daily activity. The researcher analyzed the parts of politeness
strategies and the factors influencing from the utterances of characters. Therefore,
the researcher had already observed in the target for conducting the analysis.
1.4 Formulation of Problem
In analyzing the description of the positive and negative politeness strategy
in the Fast and Furious 8 movie, there are two problems that were discussed in
this research:
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1. What are the strategies of positive and negative politeness applied in
Fast and Furious 8 movie by Chris Morgan?
2. What factors are influencing the characters applied the positive and
negative strategies in Fast and Furious 8 movie by Chris Morgan?
1.5 Object of the Research
Based on the formulation, the object of this research expected to be reached
are stated following:
1. To find out the strategies of positive and negative politeness applied in
the Fast and Furious 8 movie by Chris Morgan.
2. To find out the factors influencing the positive and negative politeness
strategies applied bycharacters in Fast and Furious 8 movie by Chris
Morgan.
1.6 Significance of the Research
The result of this research was expected to get the advantages, such as:
1. Theoretical Significance
This researchwas expected to make the learners and readers to enjoyable in
conducting and analyzing the topic of this research. Thus, learners could learn this
research as the reference for another research.
2. Practical Significance
This research was expected researcher and readers to realize the importance
and the advantage of politeness strategies for the good for the good
communication in communicating in daily activity.
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1.7 Definition of the Key Terms
Pragmatic : According to Yule, (1996, p. 4), “Pragmatics is the
study of the relationshipsbetween linguistic forms and
the users of those forms”. It means that this subject
isrelated to human being and context situation.
Politeness strategy : Politeness is in an interaction, can then be defined as
the means employed to show awareness of another
person’s face (Yule, 1996).
Positive Politeness : Positive politeness is redress directed to the
addressee’s positive face, his perennial desire that his
wants (or the actions/acquisitions/values resulting
from them) should be thought of as desirable (Brown
& Levinson, 1987)
Negative Politeness : Redressive action addressed to the addressee’s
negative face: his want to have his freedom of action
unhindered and his attention unimpeded(Brown &
Levinson, 1987)
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Pragmatic Approach
Knowing pragmatic was considered to be important in social interactions. It
might be because closely related to the human language. Agreed by Griffiths,
(2006, p. 132)“pragmatic as the study of how senders and addressees, in acts of
communication, rely on context to elaborate on literal meaning”. It means
pragmatic demonstrates the literal interpretation by the understanding of an
utterance from the senders. In addition, pragmatic covers the politeness
strategy.Politeness strategy interprets the various strategies to help the speech
parties in conducting the utterances in interactions. Therefore, politeness strategy
is developed in creating the speech strategy between sender and addressee.
Politeness strategy is the best expression as the practical application of good
manners. Thus, politeness strategy is the one way of showing appreciation from
one person to another. Politeness may be figured out as language choice that made
people easy to convey the language. There are strategies used in order to maintain
the meaningful conversation between the speaker and hearer. Therefore, one of
the strategies is called politeness strategy.
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2.1.1 Politeness Strategy
Politeness is a concept of polite social behavior in a good social
interaction. People tend to be polite or good manner to develop the better self-
image. Further, by doing politeness, people could arrange the utterances well. The
concept of politeness strategy is expanded by Brown and Levinson entitled
Politeness Some Universals in Language Use (1987). In their book, politeness
strategy is divided into two outlines.
A. Positive Politeness
1. Strategy 1: Notice or attend to the hearer
This strategy tends to paid attention to the addressee about his interest, wants,
needs, and goods. The speaker should listen and think carefully about the hearer’s
interest, wants, needs, and goods. For example is as follows.
A : “Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet are wonderful.”
B : “The film is wonderfully directed by Robert Zemeckis, the film is his
opus and is acted by a great cast on alllevels.”(Mu, 2015, p.4)
In movie dialogue reviews,notice or attend showed in “the film is wonderfully
directed by Robert Zemeckis” utterance. The utterance shows that the speaker
and hearer notice to the performance or interest of the movie.
2. Strategy 2: Exaggerate the interest
In this strategy, the speaker uttered the exaggerate utterances to show his/her
interesting to the hearer.For example is as follows.
A : “It is at a time like this I wish I could expand my vocabulary to better
articulate the virtues and qualities of such a fine film.”
14
B : “But from the beginning to the end, for full 2 hours, you can cut the
tension with a knife.” (Mu, 2015, p.4)
The dialogue above, the expression such as “expand my vocabulary”, and “cut
the tension with a knife” are very powerful, and this exaggeration adds a positive
effect to the reviews.
3. Strategy 3: Intensify interest to the hearer
This strategy is the way how to communicate by sharing the desire to intensify
the interest of the speaker. The desire to intensify the interest should make good
story.For example is as follows:
You always do the dishes! I will do them this time. (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p.
106)
The statement above, “you always do the dishes” showed the desire to
intensify the hearer. Therefore, the speaker uttered the good story about the hearer
to fulfill his/her desire.
4. Strategy 4: Use in group identity markers.
In this strategy, identity markers used the address form. The function by using
identity is to change the value of the relationship between both speaker and the
hearer to be closer. For example is as follows:
Come here, honey. (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 108)
From the statement above, the word “honey” is the one of identity markers. It
can strengthen the relation between both of speaker and the hearer.
5. Strategy 5: Seek an agreement to the hearer
15
This strategy usually involved the repetition. The function of this strategy is to
satisfy listener’s desire. For example is as follows:
James : Tolson’s, isn’t he?
Samantha : He sure is. (Rosari, 2016, p. 27)
From the dialogue above, James sought agreement by using repetition to make
sure his question and the Samantha’s thought. The answer is about the topic to
fullfill the hearer’s opinion.
6. Strategy 6: Avoid disagreement to the hearer
Avoid disagreement is the kind of positive politeness strategy. The speaker
could avoid disagreement to emphasize agreement.For example is as follows:
A: You hate your mom and dad.
B: Oh, sometimes. (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 114)
From the dialogue above, the word “sometimes” is the agreement from the
speaker. The speaker did not directly show the disagreement to the hearer.
7. Strategy 7: Presuppose, raising, and asserting the common ground
This strategy raised the unrelated topic for a while in the conversation with the
hearer. This way could be mutual interest or opinion.For example is as follows:
A: Oh this cut hurts awfully, Mum.
B: Yes dear, it hurts terribly, I know. (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 119)
The dialog above, the word “this cut hurts awfully” was the personal issue.
The speaker expressed his feeling to the hearer. This strategy showed giving
emphaty by the hearer.
8. Strategy 8: Making a joke to the hearer
16
A joke may be used to show positive politeness. The speaker made a joke to
hearer as the way to claim common ground within a specific narrative to make
people laugh and it is not to make seriously.For example is as follows.
Ok, if I tackle those cookies now? (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 124)
From the statement above, the speaker tended about the cookies as the
problem. He used the verb “tackle” as the action to solve that cookies. In fact, the
hearer knew that the speaker was hungry, he just wanted to eat it. Therefore, it
sounded humour.
9. Strategy 9: Assert or presupposed speaker’s knowledge and concern
to hearer’s wants
This strategy, the speaker asserted his/her understanding to the hearer’s
wants.For example is as follows:
I know you love roses but the florist did not have any more, so I brought you
geraniums instead. (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 125)
From the statement above, the speaker tended about roses as the favourite
flower of the hearer. After that, the speaker offered the another flower because he
did not want to make the hearer disappointed.
10. Strategy 10: Giving an offering and promises
To be polite or to redress the threat of some face threatening acts, the speaker
could offer or promise as an object to show a valuable thing. For example is as
follows.
I will drop by sometime next week. (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 125)
17
From the statement above, the words “will” is the one of future word to tend
the promise. The speaker promises he will do the action in another time.
11. Strategy 11: Be optimistic to the hearer
Be optimistic is the one of positive politeness strategy because the speaker
uttered the possible thing to the hearer. Thus, the hearer also will be confident to
the speaker.For example is as follows.
Look, I am sure you won’t mind if I borrow your typewriter.(Brown & Levinson,
1987, p. 126)
From the statement above, the word “I am sure” showed the speaker confident
and optimistic about his/her action. It could help the speaker to ensure the hearer
believe to her/him.It showed speaker giving the intention that he is really optimist.
12. Strategy 12: Including both the speaker and listener in the activity
This strategy included both the speaker and the listener in the activity.
Including the speaker and the listener could use word “we”. For example is as
follows
a) Let’s have a cookie, then…
b) Let’s get on with dinner, eh?
c) Let’s stop for a bite.
d) Give us a break. (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 125)
From the dialogue above, the speaker intended to have cooperation to the
listener by using word “we” and “us”. Therefore, it shows the hearer should
participate in the activity to interact together.
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13. Strategy 13: Give or ask for reasons
In this strategy, the speaker delivers indirect question or suggestion. In other
words, giving reason is a way of implying “I can help you” or “you can help me”.
The function appears the cooperation both of the speaker and the listener. For
example is as follows:
Why don’t we go to the seashore? (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 128)
From the statement above, the speaker tended the question “why” to knowing
the reason from the hearer. Therefore, the speaker would know the aim by answer
of the hearer.
14. Strategy 14: Assume or assert reciprocity
In this strategy,told about the connection between speaker and hearer. It is
about the cooperation between speaker and the hearer. For example is as follows.
I will do X for you, if you do Y for me.(Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 29)
From the statement above, the speaker asked the hearer to “do” something for
him, and he also “will do” something for the hearer. Therefore, the reciprocity is a
one way to know the response from the hearer.
15. Strategy 15: Give gifts to the hearer (goods)
In this strategy, it discussed about the speaker gave to the listener’s want to be
fulfilled. This part, the speaker had action of gift giving. For example is as
follows:
Tip: Nobody is perfect. My mom says your mistakes are what make you human.
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Oh: That is not makes you Boov. Gratuity Tucci..before we came...
Tip: (give the key) Call me Tip(Pradnyani, Budiarsa, & Sudana, 2017, p. 204)
The dialogue above, the speaker wanted to satisfy the hearer. Tip considered
that Oh is her friend. Tip gave Oh the car key and said “call me Tip” to show the
interest to the Oh. Tip as a speaker gave the positive face to the Oh.
B. Negative Politeness
Brown & Levinson(1987: 129)stated “negative politeness is redressive
action addressed to the addresee’s negative face, the speaker want to have his
freedom of action unhindered and his attention unimpeded”. By employing the
negative politeness, it could to avoid or reduce the risk of face threat from the
hearer. The negative politeness, there were ten strategies in the following.
1. Strategy 1: Be conventionally indirect
In this strategy, the speaker is indirect and on record as a device indirectness.
The speaker could avoid imposing the hearer by not being direct. For example is
as follows
Can you please pass the salt? (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 133)
The statement above explained the speaker avoid being direct, and he uses the
phrase “can you please” as a tool of indirectness. Therefore, the speaker avoided
the impressive the hearer.
2. Strategy 2: Using question and hedge
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In this strategy, the speaker did not want to presume and force the listener. It
dealt with question to modify the membership that is true only in certain respect.
For example is as follows:
Charlie : You like purple, right?
Bella : Purple is cool, thanks.
Charlie : Okay (Setiawan, Artawa, & Widiastuti, 2016, p. 62)
From the dialogue above, the speaker minimalized the hearer using the word
“right”; the hearer could accept the speaker’s choiceto the hearer. In this case, the
speaker didnot know what favorite color of his hearer. Therefore, this strategy is
possibly used to make the minimal assumption from the hearer.
3. Strategy 3: Be pessimistic
In using the negative form, the speaker could be polite by being pessimistic
one. Be pessimistic could by doing indirect requests or statement. This condition
had the probability of the hearer’s capability. For example was following.
a. Could you do X?
b. Would you do X?
c. Might you do X? (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 173)
From the dialogue above, it could be seen that the speaker used “could,
would, might” for asking to the hearer. In this strategy, the speaker assumed the
hearer probably will not do X to the speaker. Therefore, the speaker could be
polite by being pessimistic.
4. Strategy 4: Minimize the Imposition
21
In this strategy, the speaker could impose the hearer by doing something.
The speaker should be aware about the seriousness of imposition. For example is
as follows
I just want to ask you if I can borrow a tiny bit of paper.
(Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 177)
From the statement above, shows the word “just” conveys the literal
meaning such as “exactly”, and “only”. Therefore, the speaker taked note of the
hearer’s negative face and avoided the force to the hearer.
5. Strategy 5: Give deference
This strategy created the hearer as the superior. The speaker gave the greater
honor to the hearer as a sign the hearer is someone worthy of respect. For example
is as follow.
“We look forward very much to dining with you”.(Brown & Levinson, 1987, p.
181)
From the statement above, the word “dining” as referent honorific that may
give deference from the hearer. Therefore, it made his self as a better person.
6. Strategy 6: Apologize
Apology could be used to omit the fault between the speaker and the hearer.
It could be use to repair social norm and maintain the relationship. For example is
as follows
I am sorry to bother you... (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 189)
22
From the statement above,the word “sorry” means apologizing done by
speaker to the hearer to indicate his reluctance of the impinge of hearer’s negative
face.
7. Strategy 7: Impersonalize speaker and hearer
In this strategy, it is a way of avoiding the pronouns I and You. It is hiding
who the speaker, hearer makes it to be polite. For example is as follows:
a. It is so.
b. Do this for me. (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 190)
From the statement above, the speaker avoided “I” and “You” pronouns to
impersonalize the speaker and the hearer. By hiding the “I” and “You” pronouns,
it could a polite way.
8. Strategy 8: State.the.face theatrening act.as.a.general rule
In this strategies, face threatening act states as a general social rule that
applies to the addressee. The face theatrening act is the acts which in some way
threaten the “face” of the hearer. For example is as follows
a. Passenger will please refrain from flusing toilets on the train.
b. You.will.please.refrain.from flusing toilets.on the.train.
(Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 206)
From the statement above, the sentence “a” changes from the sentence “b”.
By using the word “passenger” can avoid the pronoun “you”, the speaker states
the face theatrening act as general rule.
9. Strategy 9: .Nominalize
23
In this strategy, nominalize is a way to show formality. The speakers
nominalize the expression to make the speaker’s utterance in the form of phrase
that shows the negative politeness.For example is as follows
a. I am surprised that you failed to reply.
b. I am surprised at your failure to reply. (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 208)
The statement above is different. The sentences a, it shows the straight
forward words and possibly to threat the listener. Next, the sentence b used “your”
as nominalized the face threatening. It made the conversation more formal using
this strategy.
10. Strategy 10: Go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting
hearer
In this strategy, indebtedness could be claimed by the speaker to the hearer
as the way to redress the face threatening act. Another word, the speaker makes a
request or offers to the hearer about something. For example is in the following.
a. I’d be eternally grateful if you would…
b. I’ll never be able to repay you if you… (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 210)
The dialogue above shows the speaker disclaimed indebtedness of hearer by
requests. The speaker stated that he/she is willing for the hearer as not indebting
and avoid the face threatening act.
2.1.2 Factors Influencing the Use of Politeness Strategy
Politeness strategy is influenced by several factors. The factors influencing
in using of.politeness.strategy.proposed.by Brown and Levinson (1987). There are
24
priori consideration; the payoff and the circumstances; the relative of power,
social distance, and imposition.
A. The Priori Consideration: The Payoff
The payoff is the factor that uses by the speaker that he or she may get the
advantage. Below is the advantage by applying the positive politeness:
1) The speaker could minimize the face threatening act from the hearer.
2) The speaker redressed the positive face to the hearer.
3) The speaker could avoid the implication, such as requesting and offering.
For example is as follows:
c. “Let‘s get on the dinner” (The use of word “us” from the request as
benefitors). (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 72)
In the quotation above, the speaker got the advantage. The speaker actually
wanted to have dinner and to fulfill the hearer’s want.
In applying the negative politeness, the speaker could benefit by several ways.
The benefits isin the following.
a. The speaker could pay respect and deference.
b. The speaker avoid the creating of debt in the future.
c. The speaker could maintain social distance.
d. Avoiding threatrening by increasing closeness with hearer.
A. The Circumstances: The Sociological Variables
There are the social distance, the relative power, and imposition in the
sociological variables.
25
1) Relative of Power
Power is greater level of someone that has the authority than others. It is
agreed by Foucault(as cited in Wong 2015, p. 4) stated, power is everywhere not
because it embraces everything, but because it comes from everywhere. Thus,
power relates to the relationship between the speaker and listener. For example is
as follows
Mark : “But, you.gotta.come.back.
Somewhere.around the.end.of.November/earlyDecember..Peter
wants.to.throw.us.an.amazing
party.when.we.hit.a.million.member, it is gonna be out of control.
You’ve gotta come back for it.”
Eduardo : “A million members.”
Mark : “Yeah.” (Mustiari, Tika, & Widiastuti, 2017, p. 272)
The dialogue above, Mark as the speaker command in the form of
positive.politeness, it is strategy 11, be optimistic. Mark was the CEO of
Facebook which meant that he was Eduardo’s superior. Therefore, the factor that
influnced Mark in using this strategy is relative power.
2) Social Distance
Social distance is the combination factors of psychologically factors (status,
age, sex, degree of intimacy) that show the respectfullness and closeness in
communication.For example is as follows :
Tyler : “Start another project? Like we’re making a diorama for the
science fair?”
Summers : “And if you have a problem with that, Mr. Winklevoss.”
Cameron : “We’ve never asked for special treatment.”
Summers : “The courts are always at your disposal.”(pointing his hand to
the
door) Is there anything else I can do for you?”
Cameron : “Thank you very much for your time sir.”
26
(Mustiari, Tika, & Widiastuti, 2017, p. 273)
The dialogue above is between President Harvard Larry Summers delivered
a declarative indirectcommand to Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss. He implicitly
commanded the twins bysaying “the courts are always at your disposal” while
pointing his hand to the door. The form of command used by Mr. Summers to
deliver his command is hints.He used negative politeness; Strategy 1: Be
conventionally indirect. There is a social distance between Mr. Summers as
president of Harvard and Winklevoss twinsas the students of Harvard.
3) Imposition
Imposition is requesting or asking something to the hearer to do something as
culturally or situational, and the speaker could get the positive or negative face
from the hearer. For example is as follows :
“Look, I’am terribly sorry to bother you but would there be any chance of your
lending me just enough money to get a railway ticket to get home? I must have
dropped my purse and I just dont want what to do”.(Brown & Levinson, 1987, p.
81)
The speaker in the example above used apologizing (negative politeness) as a
highly standard politeness in the utterances as the way of speaker to borrow one
hundred dollars. It is obvious, the factor influencing the speaker applying this
strategy because the imposition of situation. The speaker asked for borrowing
money, so the speaker used the apologize strategy to get the positive face from the
hearer.
27
2.1 Previous Research
Kamlasi (2017) investigated the politeness in the students conversation by
using Brown and Levinson’s theory (1987). The method applied descriptive
qualitative. The result of the research showed that the address terms of positive
politenessin conversation were greetings, thanking, praising, apology,
congratulating,intimacy, obedience, question, request, suggestion, rejection,
chastisement,and disagreement.
Mustiari, Tika, & Widiastuti (2017) discussed humans took actions that
threatened a person's self-image. Thus, humans need a politeness strategy to
convey orders. The journal used Brown and Levinson’s theory (1987). The
method applied descriptive qualitative. Strategy politeness used by the characters
to convey commands at the film there were three types of The Social Network
films, including bald on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness. The
results of this study were the type of bald on record used a case of non-
minimizationof the face threat.
Selfia & Marlina (2016) examined the types of politeness strategies and
dominant politeness strategies used by Deddy Corbuzier in interviewing
especially in asking guest stars. The theory used Brown and Levinson theory
(1987). The method applied in this research was descriptive qualitative. This
result finding showed that the host of Black and White talk show used four types
of politeness strategies with different presentations. The most dominant politeness
srategy was positive politeness with 58%. Another dominant politeness strategy
was bald on record (18%), Negative politeness (15 %), and off record (9%).
28
Izadi (2016) examined the ways over-politeness interactionally achieved in
two types of academic professional discourses by using Brown and Levinson’s
theory (1987).The method applied in this research was descriptive qualitative.
This analysis revealed the instances that participants in the professional
interactions afford their evaluation so over-politeness to the social practices that
are conventionally subject to evaluations of politeness. The result was
demonstrated that the context of professional interaction was co-created by the
participants’ evaluative practices, including over-politeness, along with their joint
accomplishment of meaning and action.
Rosari (2016) discussed Politeness Strategies Applied by the Characters of
the “The Great Debaters movie”. The data were from 166 pages of The Great
Debaters movie transcription.The analysis was based on Brown and Levinson‘s
politeness strategies (1987) and Spolsky’s factors affecting someone’s politeness
in speaking. The research results showed that the characters in The Great Debaters
movie applied the types of politeness strategies, namely off-record, bald on-
record, positive politeness, and negative politeness. Finally, the characters
revealed the factors affecting the characters’ politeness in speaking, namely
language style, register and domain, and slang and solidarity.
Mayer, Johnson, and Sandhu (2006) concluded students rated 16 tutorial
statements on negative politeness and positive politeness. The statements were
students rated directcommands and commands attributed to machines as lowest in
negative and positive politeness and consistent with an adaptation by Brown and
Levinson‘s politeness strategies (1987). Thus, students rated guarded
29
suggestionsand guarded questions as highest in negative politeness, and guarded
suggestions and statements expressing a common goal as highest in positive
politeness, and the pattern of results was stronger for students with low rather than
high computing experience. Therefore, the results had implications for designing
polite conversational agents in educational software.
Mu (2015) presented the differences on positive and negative politeness
strategies used between English and Chinese moviereviewers. This research
applied Brown and Levinson’s theory (1987). With the selected five famous
movies and ten corresponding movie reviews, including five Englishand five
Chinese reviews, the writer discusses the application of positive and negative
politeness strategies. The result was the difference on frequency of the application
of positive and negative politeness strategies within each group was not obvious,
the use of specific strategy was different between Chinese and English reviewers.
The seven previous study above was revealed as reference. Those
researchers had the difference and similarity with this analysis. The difference
was the source of data, there were from student’s conversation, movie,
talkshows, academic professional interactions, educational software, and movie
review. Similarly, the each previous study and present study used the same
theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) to find out the strategies of
positiveandnegative politeness.
2.3 Theoritical Framework
This research firstly explained pragmatic. It analyzed the explanation of
politeness strategy based on the theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987).
30
The theory was divided into positive politeness, negative politeness, and factor
influencing the use of politeness.strategy. Positive politeness contained fifteen
strategies, the negative politenes contained ten strategies, the factor influencing in
using the politeness strategy was divided into two parts. These theories were
applied to analyze the politeness strategies in Fast and Furious 8 movie (2017).
31
Figure 2.1 Theoritical Framework
PRAGMATICS
Politenes Strategy
Brown and Levinson (1987)
I. Positive Politeness II. Negative Politeness
4. Use identity
markers
3. Intensify
interest
2. Exaggaration/approval/ symphaty
1. Notice/at
tending
5. Agreement 6. Avoid
disagreement
7. Presuppose, raising, and asserting
8. Making
a joke
9. Assert
orpresuppos
ed speaker’s
knowledge
10. Giving an
offering and
promises
11. Be
optimistic
12. Including both the speaker and listener
13.
Give or ask for
reason
14.
Assume/asser
t reciprocity
15. Giving the
gifts
1. Be conventionally indirect
2. Using question and hedge
3. Be pessimistic
4. Minimize the imposition
5. Give deference
6. Apologize
7. Impersonalize 8. State the face theatrening act
9. Nominalize 10. Go on record as
incuring a dept, or as not
indebting hearer
The Factors Influencing in Use of Politeness Strategy
2. The Circumstances
a. Relative Power b. Social Distance
Fast and Furious 8 Movie (2017)by Chris Morgan
c. Imposition
1. Priori
Consideration; The
Payoff
32
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH
3.1 Research Design
The design of this research was the descriptive qualitative research. In this
research, the way to describe the data, analyze the data, describe the findings, and
to show the conclusion were applied in term of words, phrases, sentences, and
paragraphs (Creswell, 2009). Therefore, the qualitative method was the suitable
method in this research to figure out the positive and negative politeness, and
factors influencing the characters applied the strategies of politeness.
The researcher collected the data and analyzed the data based on the
formulation during the research period. This research result was presented in term
of paragraphs descriptively.As well as the qualitative method. The conclusion of
this research was the lining of the research objectives. The conclusion showed the
strategy and factor influencing of positive and negative politeness (Brown and
Levinson, 1978) on Fast And Furious 8” Movie By Chris Morgan (2017).
3.2 Object of the Research
The strategies of positive and negative politeness and factors influencing
the characters used the strategies theorized by Brown and Levinson (1987) were
the object of this research. Thus, the data source of this research was the
utterances that involved the positive and negative politeness taken from the “Fast
And Furious 8” Movie By Chris Morgan (2017).
33
3.3 Method of Collecting Data
While collecting the data, the activity of listening (the conversation),
seeing (the contex), and feeling (emotion) were involved to get the valid and
suitable data related the phenomena and to the theory. Thus, this research applied
the observational method to collect the data.
In this research, the researcher did not directly face the participants while
collecting the data, but the researcher observed the utterances and the context
through motion pictures (movie). This technique was called non-participatory
technique (Sudaryanto, 2015)
In the steps of collecting the data, firstly, the dialogue was converted from
oral toward written in the script form by listening and watching. Secondly, the
utterances were taken by adjusting phenomena (context) to the theory as the data
found in this research. Finally, the data found were identified and marked.
3.4 Method of Analyzing Data
This research analysis applied the pragmatic identity method (Sudaryanto,
2015). Pragmatic phenomena could not be separated while analyzing the data. In
this term, context was very important before or after the utterances. The meaning
of the utterances would be completed by the context. The technique while
analyzing the data was competence in equalizing technique. The researcher
identified the similiarity between data and theory. While analyzing, the data were
matched to the theory, then the data were classified into each strategy.
34
In steps of analyzing the data, there were two problems solved. The
utterances which contained of positive and negative politenesss (Brown and
Levinson, 1987) were equalyzed to each strategy (10 strategies of negative
politeness and 15 strategies of positive politeness). Next, the strategy found in the
utterances (data) were identified the reasons why the characters applied the
strategies to find out the factors.
3.5 Method of Presenting Research Result
The result of the research was delivered by written statements. Informally,
the finding and the conclusion were displayed in term of paragraphs. Thus, the
resesearch result was presented descriptively. This method of presenting research
result was known as informal method (Sudaryanto, 2015).
