SKRIPSI

AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL COHESIVE DEVICES USED IN BARACK OBAMA’S FAREWELL SPEECH TEXT

By VIDYA KUSUMASTUTI

NIM. 201432061

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY 2018

AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL COHESIVE DEVICES USED IN BARACK OBAMA’S FAREWELL SPEECH TEXT

SKRIPSI

Presented to the University of Muria Kudus In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Completing

the Sarjana Program in English Education

By VIDYA KUSUMASTUTI

NIM. 201432061

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY 2018

iv

MOTTO AND DEDICATION

MOTTO

Ana ‘Inda Dzonni Abdi bi...

(Narrated by Bukhori and Muslim)

Change will not come if we wait for some other person, or if we wait for some

other time. We are the ones we’ve been waiting for. We are the change that we

seek.

(Barack Obama)

Feel the fear and do it anyway.

(Susan Jefers)

DEDICATION

This Skripsi is dedicated to:

Her beloved parents (Mr. Rohmad

and Mrs. Sri Astuti)

Her beloved sister (Rachma Dwi

Wijayanti)

Her families and her best friends for

their endless support.

This is to certify that the

approved by the Skripsi

Committee.

Kudus, 23rd of July 2018

Advisor I

Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M.Pd.NIDN. 0603076101

Kudus, 23rd of July 2018

Advisor II

Agung Dwi Nurcahyo, S.S., M.Pd.NIDN. 0607037804

Acknowledged by

Head of English Education Department,

Nuraeningsih, S.Pd., M.PdNIDN. 0612077901

v

ADVISORS’ APPROVAL

This is to certify that the Skripsi of Vidya Kusumastuti (201432061) has been

Skripsi advisors for further approval by the Examining

of July 2018

Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M.Pd.

of July 2018

Agung Dwi Nurcahyo, S.S., M.Pd.

Head of English Education Department,

Nuraeningsih, S.Pd., M.Pd

of Vidya Kusumastuti (201432061) has been

advisors for further approval by the Examining

EXA

This is to certify that the

reviewed by the Examining Committee as a requirement for

Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M.Pd. NIDN. 0603076101

Agung Dwi Nurcahyo, S.S., M.Pd.NIDN. 0607037804

Drs. Suprihadi, M. PdNIDN. 0016065701

Aisyah Ririn Perwikasih Utari., S.S., M.PdNIDN. 0628018502

Acknowledged by

The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education

Dean,

Dr. Slamet Utomo, M.P

vi

MINERS’ APPROVAL

This is to certify that the Skripsi of Vidya Kusumastuti (201432061) has been

reviewed by the Examining Committee as a requirement for research.

Kudus, 1st of August 2018

Examining Committee:

Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M.Pd. , Chairperson

Agung Dwi Nurcahyo, S.S., M.Pd. , Member

Drs. Suprihadi, M. Pd , Member

Ririn Perwikasih Utari., S.S., M.Pd , Member

The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education,

Dr. Slamet Utomo, M.P

MINERS’ APPROVAL

of Vidya Kusumastuti (201432061) has been

research.

, Chairperson

, Member

, Member

, Member

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin. With the name of God let me thank to Allah

SWT for His mercies, blessings, and guidance so I could be able to accomplish

this final project entitled An Analysis of Grammatical Cohesive Devices Used in

Barack Obama’s Farewell Speech Text.

This final project is not merely my own work because of having been

greatly improved by some great people around me who suggested and guided me

by giving comments and advises to make it better. One point; this final project is

arranged to fulfil the one or requirements for completing the sarjana program.

Therefore I would like to express great gratitude to:

1. Dr. Suparnyo, S.H., M.S as the Rector University of Muria Kudus.

2. Dr. Slamet Utomo, M.Pd. as the Dean of Teacher Training and Education

Faculty.

3. Nuraeningsih, S.Pd,M.Pd. the Head of English Education Department.

4. Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M.Pd. as the first advisor, for all the time, advice,

patience and attention to me in completing this final project.

5. Agung Dwi Nur Cahyo,S.Pd,M.Pd. as my second advisor who had been

wise to give corrections and suggestions.

6. The lecturers of English Education Department of Teacher Training and

Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University.

7. My beloved parents, (Mr. Rohmad and Mrs. Sri Astuti) and my one and

only sister (Rachma Dwi Wijayanti) and my family who give me love, pray,

and support.

8. MyLittleFams; my sisters from another mother, my over 17 years best

friend (and still counting) who was supporting and accompanying me and

pray for me and also my two brothers from another father. (Annisa Nurul

fitriana, Achmad Chabib Ainul Mucharror, Shohibul Humam)

9. My Cantik squad who pray and enlighten me in every single day of mine in

order to finish this project. (Tia Nur Rahmayanti, Ernis Sholikah, Esma Dwi

Nur Aini, Aprilliana Shifa Nur Indah, Hikmatul Af’idah)

viii

10. All of my ESA 2014-2016 team and English Education Department’s

friends especially at who give me lessons, spread happiness and courage all

around me while completing this final project.

11. My SAR team and all people in Self Access Room that give me memorable

moments during 2016-2017. I love you guys! (Mb Shinta, Fajrina Fadhilah,

Abdul Halim and friends)

12. All people whom I cannot mention; those who has been involved directly or

indirectly to the process of writing this final project.

I hope this research is useful for the readers to give information who

concern to this topic. I realize that this final project is not perfect. Therefore, I

open a wide place to criticize and suggest this work at vidyarahma96@gmail.com.

Kudus, 17th of July 2018 The writer

Vidya Kusumastuti

ix

ABSTRAK

Kusumastuti, Vidya. 2018. Sebuah Analisa Piranti Kohesi Grammatikal yang Digunakan dalam Text Pidato Perpisahan Barack Obama. Skripsi. Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Muria Kudus. Pembimbing: (i) Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M.Pd. (ii) Agung Dwi Nurcahyo, S.Pd, M.Pd.

Kemampuan alami manusia untuk berbicara, menggunakan bahasa sebagai

alat komunikasi dalam setiap aspek dan interaksi sangat penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Oleh karena itu ketika kita berbicara, kita perlu menyampaikan informasi secara komprehensif. Sebagai salah satu bentuk wacana, pidato adalah bagian dari teks. Setiap teks dibangun oleh piranti-piranti kohesi khususnya dari sisi grammatikal. Saat ini, salah satu pembicara global terkenal yang mempunyai pidato yang mengesankan adalah Barack Obama. Ia menyampaikan pidatonya dengan jelas dan efektif. Halliday dan Hasan (1976) menyatakan bahwa kohesi memiliki peran khusus dalam membangun sebuah teks karena ia menyatakan kontinuitas yang ada antara satu bagian teks dengan yang lain.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk; (1) untuk menggambarkan jenis piranti kohesi gramatikal yang digunakan dalam teks pidato perpisahan Barack Obama (2) untuk mengetahui bagaimana penggunaan piranti kohesi gramatikal dalam teks pidato perpisahan Barack Obama.

Desain penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Sedangkan data penelitian ini adalah piranti kohesi gramatikal dan sumber datanya adalah teks pidato perpisahan Barack Obama. Lalu untuk mengumpulkan data, penulis mengunduh teks pidato dari website digital LA Times. Sedangkan untuk menganalisis data, penulis menggunakan kode warna dan meletakkannya dalam tabel. Setelah itu, penulis menginterpretasikan piranti kohesi grammatikal yang digunakan dalam teks pidato.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa; ada 4 jenis piranti kohesi gramatikal di dalam teks pidato perpisahan Barack Obama; referensi dengan 605 kata, substitusi dengan 6 kata, elipsis dengan 11 kata, dan konjungsi dengan 78 kata. Lebih lanjut, semua piranti kohesi digunakan dengan baik sehingga menciptakan kalimat yang efektif, dan mempengaruhi pembaca memahami pidato tersebut sehingga mereka dapat menginterpretasikan maksud pidato perpisahan Barack Obama dengan mudah.

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di atas, teks pidato perpisahan Barack Obama yang mana merupakan pidato yang terkenal dibangun oleh piranti-piranti kohesi. Oleh karena itu penulis menyarankan kepada mahasiswa Jurusan Bahasa Inggris, para guru dan pembaca (sebagai pembicara atau penulis) untuk menggunakan piranti kohesi yang tepat terutama piranti kohesi gramatikal ketika berpidato atau menulis. Kemudian, setiap orang yang mempelajari bahasa Inggris harus memperkaya pengetahuan tentang kohesi dari sisi gramatikal dan sisi leksikal. Di masa mendatang, diperlukan perbaikan penelitian lebih lanjut tentang kohesi. Penulis selanjutnya harus menganalisa jenis teks apa pun yang dapat berasal dari teks verbal, non-verbal, atau audio-visual. Kata kunci: Piranti Kohesi Grammatikal, Teks Pidato Perpisahan Barack Obama

x

ABSTRACT

Kusumastuti, Vidya. 2018. An Analysis of Grammatical Cohesive Devices Used in Barack Obama’s Farewell Speech Text. Skripsi. English Education Department. Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Muria Kudus University. Advisors: (i) Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M.Pd. (ii) Agung Dwi Nurcahyo, S.Pd, M.Pd.

The natural ability of human being to talk, to use language as a communication device in every aspect and interaction is so essential in everyday lives. Therefore when we speak, we need to deliver information in comprehensible way. As a form of discourse, speech is part of text. Every text is engaged with cohesive devices especially from its grammatical side. Then, one of famous global speaker which has memorable speeches is Barack Obama. He delivered his speech clearly and effectively. Halliday and Hasan (1976) stated that cohesion has a special role in creation of text because it expresses the continuity which exists between one part of the text and another.

The research aims to; (1) describe the types of grammatical cohesive devices used in the Barack Obama’s farewell speech text (2) know how grammatical cohesive devices are used in the Barack Obama’s farewell speech text.

The research design was descriptive qualitative. The research data is the grammatical cohesive devices and the data source is Barack Obama’s farewell speech text. Then to compile the data the researcher downloads the speech text from LA Times digital website. While to analyse the speech text, the researcher uses colour code and put it into table pattern. After that, the researcher interprets the grammatical cohesive devices used in the speech text.

The research produces several findings; there are four types of grammatical cohesive devices within Barack Obama’s farewell speech text; they are reference with 605 words, substitution with 6 words, ellipsis with 11 words, and conjunction with 78 words. Moreover, all those cohesive devices used properly so create effective sentences, get and keep the participant’s attentions and influence how participants comprehend the speech, so they can interpret the messages in Barack Obama’s farewell speech easily.

Based on the research result above, Barack Obama’s farewell speech which is a famous speech determined by cohesive devices. Therefore, the researcher suggests; the English department student, the teachers and the readers (as a speaker or a writer) to use proper cohesive devices especially grammatical cohesive devices to achieve eligible speech or writing. Then, the one who learn English should enrich the knowledge about cohesion not only in grammatical side but also in lexical side. In the future, improvements in further research about cohesion are needed. The future researcher should analyze any kind of text which can come from verbal, non-verbal, or audiovisual text. Key words: Grammatical Cohesion Devices, Barack Obama’s Farewell Speech Text

xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

COVER .......................................................................................................... i LOGO ............................................................................................................. ii TITLE ............................................................................................................ iii MOTTO AND DEDICATION ..................................................................... iv ADVISORS’ APPROVAL ........................................................................... v EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL ........................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................ vii ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... x TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... xiv LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................... xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Research ................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem........................................................................ 3

1.3 Objective of the Research ....................................................................... 3

1.4 Significance of the Research .................................................................. 3

1.5 Scope of the Research ............................................................................. 3

1.6 Operational Definition ............................................................................ 4

CHAPTER II REVIEW TO RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Cohesion ................................................................................................. 5

2.2 Cohesive Devices ................................................................................... 6

2.2.1 Grammatical Cohesion ............................................................................ 6

2.3 Biography of Barack Obama ................................................................. 11

2.4 Barack Obama’s Farewell Speech Text ................................................. 12

2.5 Review of the Previous Research .......................................................... 12

2.6 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................... 12

CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design .................................................................................... 13

3.2 Data and Data Source ............................................................................ 13

3.3 Data Collection ...................................................................................... 13

3.4 Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 14

xii

CHAPTER IV FINDING OF THE RESEARCH

4.1 The Types of Grammatical Cohesive Devices Used in Barack Obama’s

Farewell Speech Text ............................................................................ 16

4.2 The Use of Grammatical Cohesive Devices Used in Barack Obama’s

Farewell Speech Text ............................................................................. 20

CHAPTER V DISCUSSION

5.1 The Types Grammatical Cohesive Devices Used in Barack Obama’s

Farewell Speech Text ............................................................................ 26

5.1.1 Reference................................................................................................. 26

5.1.2 Substitution ............................................................................................. 26

5.1.3 Ellipsis ..................................................................................................... 27

5.1.4 Conjunction ............................................................................................. 27

5.2 The Use of Grammatical Cohesive Devices Used in Barack Obama’s

Farewell Speech Text ............................................................................ 28

5.2.1 Reference................................................................................................. 28

5.2.2 Substitution ............................................................................................. 29

5.2.3 Ellipsis ..................................................................................................... 30

5.2.4 Conjunction ............................................................................................. 30

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

6.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 32

6.2 Suggestion ............................................................................................. 33

REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 34

APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 36

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure..............................................................................................................Page

Figure 2.1 Reference ........................................................................................ 7

xiv

LIST OF TABLES

Tables ..............................................................................................................Page

Table 2.1 Types of Cohesion ........................................................................... 6

Table 2.2 Types of Grammatical Cohesion ..................................................... 7

Table 2.3 Personal Reference .......................................................................... 8

Table 2.4 Comparative Reference ................................................................... 9

Table 3.1 The Types of Grammatical Cohesive Devices Used in Barack

Obama’s Farewell Speech Text ...................................................... 14

Table 3.2 The Use of Grammatical Cohesive Devices Used in Barack

Obama’s Farewell Speech Text ...................................................... 15

Table 4.1 The Types of Grammatical Cohesive Devices Used in Barack

Obama’s Farewell Speech Text ...................................................... 45

Table 4.1.1 Reference ...................................................................................... 16

Table 4.1.2 Substitution ................................................................................... 18

Table 4.1.3 Ellipsis ........................................................................................... 19

Table 4.1.4 Conjunction ................................................................................... 19

Table 4.2 The Use of Grammatical Cohesive Devices Used in Barack

Obama’s Farewell Speech Text ....................................................... 70

xv

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendices .......................................................................................................Page

Appendix 1.Barack Obama’s Farewell Speech Text ....................................... 36

Appendix 2.Table 4.1The Types of Grammatical Cohesive Devices Used

in Barack Obama’s Farewell Speech Text .................................. 45

Appendix 3.Table 4.2 The Use of Grammatical Cohesive Devices Used

in Barack Obama’s Farewell Speech Text .................................. 70

Appendix 4. Pengajuan Judul dan Pembimbing Skripsi ................................. 101

Appendix 5. SK Penetapan Pembimbing Skripsi ............................................ 102

Appendix 6. Keterangan Selesai Bimbingan Skripsi ....................................... 103

Appendix 7. Permohonan Ujian Skripsi .......................................................... 104

Appendix 8. Statement ..................................................................................... 105

Appendix 9. Kartu Bimbingan Skripsi ............................................................ 106

Appendix 10. Curriculum Vitae ....................................................................... 108