AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN THOMAS

HARDY POEMS

A Thesis

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for S1-Degree

By

AYU ANGGRAINI

NPM. 1711040192

Study program: English Education

TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY

RADEN INTAN STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY LAMPUNG

2021

AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN THOMAS

HARDY POEMS

A Thesis

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for S1-Degree

By

AYU ANGGRAINI

NPM. 1711040192

Study program: English Education

Advisor : Nunun Indrasari , M.Pd

Co-Advisor : Septa Aryanika, M.Pd

TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY

RADEN INTAN STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY LAMPUNG

2021

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Problem

Numerous phenomena occur in human life as a result of the use of

language. One of them is a phenomenon involving a figure of speech

that frequently occurs in everyday life. The beauty of language is

demonstrated through the creative use of words and the reader's appeal.

The use of figurative language is prevalent in literary works referred to

as poems.

One example of the phenomenon of using figurative language used

by the famous poet Angelou in her poem entitled "Phenomenal Woman"

is as follows:

"Phenomenal Woman" I walk into a room

Just as cool as you please,

And to a man,

The fellows stand or

Fall down on their knees.

Then they swarm arround me,

A hive of honey bees.

I say,

It's the fire in my eyes1

And the flash of my teeth,

The swing in my waist,

And the joy in my feet.

I'm a woman

Phenomenally.

1 Risma Hayani, Figurative Language on Maya Angelou Selected Poems, Widya Gama

Mahakam in Samarinda Faculty of Education Department of English Education,

2016,p.140. https://jurnal.fkip-uwgm.ac.id/index.php/Script. pdf, accessed on June 20th,

2020.

2

Based on Angelou's poem, the figure of speech in the sentence "it's

fire of my eyes" has a different meaning than the language we usually use

in daily life because the language in the poem is imaginative and cannot be

taken literally. The words do not imply that the woman's eyes are on fire,

but the poet conveys that the woman has beautiful eyes that sparkle like

fire. As demonstrated above, the meaning of figurative language in a poem

is determined by the writer's context or situation, or what we can refer to

as contextual meaning. It will appear differently when we use everyday

language in a poem; for instance, "his face is pale, he appears to be ill." As

a result of the example above, we can conclude that the example sounds

more ordinary than Angelou's poem, which contained figurative language.

Consider the phenomenon in light of Perrine's theory that poetry is

a more intensely expressed language than everyday language.2 Poetry can

be defined as someone's expression of their feelings and ideas through

poems or essays. Typically, when a writer expresses someone's feelings,

he or she uses beautiful words or language to create the poem's attraction

or characteristic. The language used in the poem should be distinguished

from everyday conversational language. Occasionally, the literary work's

interpretation of a word differs significantly from the dictionary definition.

The language used in poetry to express someone's feelings is referred to as

figurative language.

2 Arp and Perrine, Sound and Sense : An Introduction to Poetry, (Archbishop Moeller), p.2.

3

Based on the definition above, figurative language is a form of

language that we do not use in everyday life that conjures up an image or

association that is not literal. Additionally, figurative language is a non-

literal language.3 It means figurative language is a literary device unique to

the author that expresses his or her strength and vitality and cannot be

taken literally. The figurative language used in poetry conveys messages

that can conjure up specific scenarios and imaginative images in the

readers' minds, thereby generating various meanings. The writer's context

or situation determines the meaning of figurative language in a poem. As a

result, when individuals attempt to interpret the meaning of words in

poetry, they must take the context into account. To ascertain the meaning

contained in poetry, a semantic method is required, as it is a study of

language meaning. Contextual meaning is an effective technique for

deciphering figurative language. It is because contextual meaning differs

from dictionary meaning in that it is based on the context of a particular

text or situation.

The contextual meaning is the meaning of words, sentences, or

phrases depends on the context. It is related to the understanding of

Longman in Panno et al. stated that contextual meaning is a linguistic

meaning in context.4 It means that contextual meaning is the meaning of

the language that depends on a particular context or situation. The

3 Ibid

4 Fitriani Panno et al. Lexical Meaning and Contextual Meaning contained in Religious

song lyric at Quiver Center Academy (QCA). Journal of English Literature , language and

culture, Vol.1 (No.1),2019,p.3.

4

contextual meaning has a very close relationship with human life. It is

because sometimes people use several words that have a different meaning

from the real meaning. After all, that the words have contextual meaning.

In educational relationships, the study of figurative language is

given at a particular stage of university students of English education and

English literature to stimulate certain of an image, and it affects the

language beauty of work in both oral and written communication. It is

related to Lazar's understanding in Hutauruk that figurative language can

serve as an effective springboard for integrated skills work and stimulate

reading, speaking, and writing abilities.5 The learning practice enables

learners to express their ideas, emotions, and thoughts beautifully. Keraf

also asserts in Hutauruk that figures of speech serve to explain, bolster,

animate, stimulate, and embellish an object. It benefited both teachers and

students by emphasizing figurative language in the classroom, exposing

students to its use in writing literary terms.6

There are some of the studies which previous researchers have

done. The first research from Maula entitled "An Analysis of Figurative

Language on the Poems Entitled "Classic Poetry Series" By William

Blake." This research aims to discover the types of figurative language in

those poem. Finding out the most dominant figurative language that was

utilized in poem then finding out messages that was expressed in Blake

5 Bertaria Sohnata Hutauruk, The Use Of Figurative Language On Student's Poetry

Semester V at FKIP Universitas HKBP Nommensen. Journal English Language and

Culture, Vol.9 (No.2),2019, p.130. https://journal.ubm.ac.id/index.php/english-language-

culture/article/view/1690. pdf, accessed on January 5th 2021. 6 Ibid

5

Poems.7 The other research was completed by Hasanah "An Analysis of

Figurative Language Used in Some Poems by Oscar Wilde”. Aim of this

research was to explain the kinds of figurative language then explain a

contextual meaning of figurative language in Wilde's poems.8 While, the

earlier research that was accomplished by Agustini et al. "Figurative

Language In William Wordsworth's Poem 'She Was A Phantom Of

Delight”. The aim was for identifying the kinds of figurative language and

analyzing the types of meaning of the figurative word employing in 'She

Was a Phantom of Delight' poem. 9

After analyzing those previous studies, the researcher concludes

that the subjects' fundamental differences were the subjects and types of

figurative language analyzed. The initial research focused on the types of

figurative language used in the poems and their contextual meaning. In

comparison, the others concentrated on the contextual meaning of

figurative language and the meaning of the various types of figurative

language. The researcher selected various research subjects and analyzed

various forms of figurative language in accordance with Perrine's theory.

7 Minhatul Maula, S1 Thesis: "An Analysis of Figurative Language On The Poems Entitled

"Classic Poetry Series" by William Blake" (Cirebon: Syekh Nurjati State Institute For

Islamic Studies Cirebon,2013),p.1. http://repository.syekhnurjati.ac.id/1843/ . pdf, accessed

on December 12th, 2019 8 Dwi Nur Hasanah, S1 Thesis: "An Analysis of Figurative Language Used in Some Poems

by Oscar Wilde" (Semarang: Walinsongo State Islamic University

Semarang,2018),p.1. http://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/9284/1/133411007.pdf. accessed on

January 14th, 2021 9 Endah Agustini et al. Figurative Language in William Wordsworth's Poem "She was A

Phantom Delight," Jurnal Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud.Vol.16,September

2016,p.30. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/sastra/article/view/28939/17954 .pdf, accessed

on February 9th, 2010

6

This research examined three Hardy poems: "Ah Are You Digging On My

Grave," "Neutral Tones," and "The Man He Killed."

The researcher chose selected poems from Hardy for this research

because he is a well-known poet whose works are well-known in various

circles. Poems are one of Hardy's literary works. Hardy wrote hundreds of

poems throughout his life. As a result, the researcher chose three well-

known poems for this study because Hardy's poems contain a wealth of

figurative language.10

For instance, figurative language is used in Hardy's

poem 'Ah Are You Digging On My Grave' in the second line and first

verse as follows:

"Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?"

'AH, are you digging on my grave,

My loved one?- planting rue?'11

'No: yesterday he went to wed

One of the brightest wealth has bred.

"It cannot hurt her now," he said,

"That I should not be true."'

The type of figurative language in the second line and first verse in

the 'Ah Are You Digging On My Grave' poem by Hardy is ironic because

the writer expressed the opposite meaning from the literal meaning. If we

look literally, the meaning of 'planting rue' is about the expression of

sorrow to lose someone we loved, but it has the opposite meaning if we

analyze it further.

10

Paul C.Doherty et al., Syntax in Hardy's Neutral Tone" (West Virginia Univesity Press,

Vol.12, No.3, 1974, p.285 https://www.jstor.org/stable/40001729 pdf, accessed on July

14th, 2021 11

James Gibson, "The Varioum Edition of The Complete Poems of Thomas Hardy" (London:

Macmillan London Ltd,1979),p.330.

7

The researcher fixed on conducting the research entitled "An

Analysis of Figurative Language Used in Thomas Hardy Poems" based on

the previous research.

B. Identification of the Problem

1. The language used in a poem is different from the language used in

everyday life.

2. When figurative language is used in everyday life, the language takes on a

different meaning than when it is usually used, and the meaning must be

interpreted.

3. The researcher found some figurative languages in the three selected

poems by Thomas Hardy.

4. The readers are still confused about the meaning of each figurative

language in the poems.

C. Limitation of the Problem

The researcher restricted poems by Hardy and the figurative language

based on Perrine's theory. In this research, the researcher used three selected

poems by Hardy. Besides, the researcher also focused on the contextual

meaning of each figurative language in Hardy's poem.

D. Formulation of the Problem

1. What kinds of figurative language were used in Hardy's poems?

2. What were the contextual meanings of each figurative language in

Hardy's poems?

8

E. Objective of the Study

In this research, there are two aims of research that the researcher can

identify. The aims of the research are as follows :

1. To find out the kinds of figurative language in "Ah Are You Digging On

My Grave," "Neutral Tones," and "The Man He Killed" poems by Hardy.

2. To find out the contextual meaning of each figurative language in "Ah Are

You Digging On My Grave," "Neutral Tones," and "The Man He Killed"

poems by Hardy.

F. Significance of the Study

1. Theoretically

This research is expected to add references to science relating to

educational institutions related to literature analysis about figurative

languages. This could be utilized as comparison in the future.

2. Practically

a.) For lecturers

Researcher was expected to add some references for science that

related an educational institution relating to the literature analysis and it

could be utilized as comparison in future.

b.) For students

Practically findings of the study were expected could provide

guidance and informative feedback to students, particularly those at the

Islamic Raden Intan Lampung’s English Education Department. With this

research, the students also can comprehend figurative language analysis,

9

express their ideas easily, and apply critical thinking when analyzing

something like a text in reading.

c.) For future researchers

This research could improve experience and also knowledge,

escpecially in English. It related to the literature and figurative in literary

work especially in poem.

d.) For the readers

By using this research, all people were expected to enjoy in the

content and also meaning of poem; they could animate some stories in

poem. It was expected to give much information, people could be

immovable for several expressions for producing the literary work then

increase it. It was expected to improve reader’s ability when understanding

figurative language through an analyzing poem. In these cases, readers

read the poem then they knew about the content of poems especially in

figurative language.

G. Scope of the Research

1.) Subject of the Research

This research subject was three selected poems by Thomas Hardy, which

are "Ah Are You Digging On My Grave," "The Man He Killed," and

"Neutral Tones."

2.) Object of the Research

This research objects was types of figurative language and the contextual

meaning of each figurative language in Hardy's poems.

10

3.) Place of the Research

This research was accomplished at UIN Raden Intan Lampung.

4.) Time of the Research

This research was accomplished in the academic year of 2020/2021.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

A. Conclusion

After completing the analysis and validating the results with an

expert, the researcher could finally inform through figurative language in

Hardy's poems; according to Perrine's theory, there are only ten out of

twelve types of figurative language. Irony (11.90%), synecdoche

(14.29%), hyperbole (14.29%), personification (21.43%), simile (14.29%),

symbol (7.14%), paradox (2.38%), apostrophe (2.38%), allusion (4.76%),

and metaphor (7.14%). From the results above, we know that the dominant

figurative language used by Hardy in three selected poems was

personification. In "Ah Are You Digging On My Grave," the poet used

figurative language of irony, synecdoche, hyperbole, and personification.

Then, in "The Man He Killed," the poet used the figurative language of

symbol, allusion, simile, metaphor, irony, and synecdoche. Lastly, in the

"Neutral Tones," the poet used the figurative language of simile,

hyperbole, symbol, personification, metaphor, paradox, and apostrophe.

Additionally, 42 figurative language expressions contained

contextual meaning in Hardy's poems. One of the contextual meanings of

figurative language in the poem "Ah Are You Digging On My Grave" is

that the dog is given human-like characteristics and behaves like humans

who are loyal, or we can call it fidelity. Thus, this sentence demonstrates

that the woman praised the dog's loyalty in the same way that a

human would. The researcher can deduce that the poem "Ah Are You

Digging On My Grave" was written about a woman who has died and is

having a conversation with her dog about who has dug on her grave. It

turns out that her dog was the one who looked for bones in her grave by

accident. The poem "The Man He Killed" was then explained, which is

about two friends who are forced to kill one another on the battlefield

during the Industrial Revolution. Finally, the poem "Neutral Tone" was

written to express the dead love between a man and a woman who

communicated poorly.

B. Suggestion

After doing the research, the researcher would like to give some

suggestions as follows:

1. To teachers

The researcher gleaned information about the types of

figurative language used in Hardy's poems and the contextual

meaning of each figurative language from three selected

poems. The teacher can use it to develop resources for students

learning English in the classroom. As a teacher, we should

motivate students by emphasizing the importance of learning

about figurative language in the classroom.

155

2. To students

The students should keep studying and apply figurative

language in the classroom because it can improve their ideas,

imagination, and creativity in learning English.

3. To further researchers

For those interested in continuing this study, this research

can be used to reference twelve distinct types of figurative

language according to Perrine's theory. Thus, the subsequent

researcher can apply another theory about the various types of

figurative language. As a result, the researcher suggests that

additional researchers examine the figurative language used by

other poets and perspectives.

4. To readers

After reading this thesis, the researcher hoped that the

readers could add their references from this thesis. They got the

information, knowledge of the figurative language and

contextual meaning, and the advantage can be used after

reading this thesis.

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