An Alternative Classification of Agent Types based on BOID Conflict Resolution
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An Alternative Classification of Agent Types based on BOID Conflict Resolution
Jan Broersen Mehdi Dastani Zisheng HuangJoris Hulstijn Leendert van der Torre
Utrecht UniversiteitVrije Universiteit Amsterdam
http://www.cs.vu.nl/~boid
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Conflicts• Internal conflicts, e.g. between two desires
• External conflicts, e.g.:– if you go to Amsterdam, then you believe that there are
no cheap rooms close to the conference site– if you go to Amsterdam, then you are obliged to take a
cheap room– if you go to Amsterdam, then you desire to stay close to
the conference site– you intend to go to Amsterdam
• Agent type based on conflicts resolution
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Layout of this Talk
• BOID architecture
• Conflicts and agent types
• Agent architectures and agent types
• Mapping agent types to agent architectures
• Examples
• Conclusion
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BDI (e.g. R&G and C&L)
• Internal conflicts: axiomatizating each attitude– KD45 for beliefs; KD for desires and intentions
• External conflicts: axiomatizating relations between attitudes– Static: realism Inta() Bela() – Dynamic: commitment strategies
A(Inta(A) U(Bela() Bela(E)))
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BDP (Thomason 2000)
• Beliefs and desires are (Reiter) defaults– Internal conflicts are possible
– { T p , T p } leads to multiple extensions
– In contrast to BDI: no modalities
• Wishful thinking:– { T rain , rain wet , T wet}
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BOID architecture
Interpreter (Reasoner)
Obligations
Beliefs Desires
Intentions
Sensor
Effectors
Goal selection
Planning
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Conflicts and Agent Types
• Realistic agent: beliefs override others
• Social agent: obligations override desires
• Selfish agent: desires override obligations
• Simple-minded agent: intentions override
obligations and desires (stable)
• Open-minded agent: desires and obligations override intentions
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B I O DObs.Goals
Social Simple Minded Agent Specialized Architecture 1
( rb ) < ( ri ) < ( ro ) < ( rd )
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BI
OD
Super Selfish AgentSpecialized Architecture 2
( rb ) < ( rd ) < ( ri )
&( rb ) < ( rd ) < ( ro )
Obs. Goals
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O
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Realistic AgentGeneral Architecture
Obs.B
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Goals
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a r c
a c r T a
a r
a c
Example 1Social Simple-minded Agent
a = going to Amsterdamr = cheap room c = close to conference site
BO
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a r c
a c r T a
a r
a c
Step 1Social Simple-minded Agent
a = going to Amsterdamr = cheap room c = close to conference site
BO
I
D
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a r c
a c r T a
a r
a c
a = going to Amsterdamr = cheap room c = close to conference site
{a}
BO
I
D
Step 2Social Simple-minded Agent
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T a
a r
a c
a = going to Amsterdamr = cheap room c = close to conference site
{a}
{a}a r c
a c r
BO
I
D
Step 3Social Simple-minded Agent
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T a
a r
a c
a = going to Amsterdamr = cheap room c = close to conference site
{a}a r c
a c r
{a,r}BO
I
D
Step 4Social Simple-minded Agent
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T a
a r
a c
a = going to Amsterdamr = cheap room c = close to conference site
a r c
a c r
{a,r}
{a,r,c}
BO
I
D
Step 5Social Simple-minded Agent
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T a
a r
a c
a = going to Amsterdamr = cheap room c = close to conference site
a r c
a c r
{a,r,c}
{a,r,c}
BO
I
D
Step 6Social Simple-minded Agent
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T a
a r
a c
a = going to Amsterdamr = cheap room c = close to conference site
a r c
a c r
{a,r,c}
{a,r,c}
BO
I
D
Step 7Social Simple-minded Agent
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T a
a r
a c
Example 2Selfish Simple-minded Agent
a = going to Amsterdamr = cheap room c = close to conference site
a r c
a c r
{a,r,c}
BO
I
D
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Conclusion• Benchmark examples for agent types• Norm, Conflicts, Agent types, Architectures• Small gap between architecture, logic and
implementation by mapping conflicts into agent architecture
Future Research• Extending architecture: planning and scheduling• Updating BOID rules• BOID verification and implementation
http://www.cs.vu.nl/~boid