An Agricultural Model for Biodiversity Conservation Alexander J. Travis May 26, 2008
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Transcript of An Agricultural Model for Biodiversity Conservation Alexander J. Travis May 26, 2008
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An Agricultural Model for Biodiversity Conservation
Alexander J. TravisMay 26, 2008
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Community Markets for Conservation
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Specific Aims1. To determine the extent to which the COMACO model
can be economically self-sustaining and the effectiveness of the different COMACO model components.
• business economic analysis--What are the yearly cost and profit centers of COMACO’s CTCs? What opportunities exist that could add profit? John Fay to cover tomorrow
• historical analysis--What will it cost to replicate this model? John Fay to cover tomorrow
• natural resource economic valuation--What is the “equation” for cost of biodiversity conservation by this model?
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Chama Luangwa Lundazi Mambwe Total
Income categories
0-50,000 % 81 41 77 35 57
51,000-100,000 % 13 36 11 33 24
101,000-200,000 % 5 9 5 17 10
201,000-500,000 % 2 8 6 11 7
501,000-1,000,000 % 0 5 0 0 1
1,000,000+ % 0 0 1 4 1
Luangwa Valley Incomes by Category
Source: WFP Food for Assets Baseline Survey - Luangwa, Mambwe, Chama and Lundazi Districts, July 2007
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Year # of benefiting Households Food dist. (MT)Distribution
Costs ($)
2001-2002 2,434 300 18,561
2002-2003 5,574 729 45,103
2003-2004 9,001 1,975 122,193
2004-2005 8,098 1,291 88,343
2005-2006 36,349 6,847 307,893
2006-2007 9,575 2,373 186,187
2007 17,210 861 55,934
2007-2008 5,000 1,740 117,270
Totals 93,241 16,116 941,485
Food Aid Distributed in Luangwa Valley 2001 – 2008
Source: WCS database
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Estimated Food Aid Cost to Luangwa Valley COMACO Regions Since 2001
Food Aid Distributed by WCS 16,116 metric tons
Estimated Total Distributed 23,022 metric tons
Distribution $58.40 US/metric ton
Procurement $220.00 US/metric ton
Transport and Storage $180.00 US/metric ton
Overhead/Metric Ton $112.00US/metric ton
Total Estimated Cost of Food Aid Since 2001 $13,131,748 US
Source: WFP & WCS Staff Estimates
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•Food aid expense breakdown in the Luangwa Valley exemplifies the high cost of reactionary approaches to dealing with food insecurity
• COMACO’s extension services have helped to plant over 9 million cassava cuttings, which has created a “living” food reserve. Several million acacia seedlings have also been planted. New opportunities? John Fay to discuss tomorrow.
• Continual need for assistance in times of uncontrollable shocks and pressures; however, alternative approaches can lessen the need for these costly interventions.
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Research question: What is the value of wildlife?If biodiversity conservation is a desired endpoint of COMACO, what is the value of that conservation? How can COMACO’s activities affect the local, regional and federal economies?
A stated preference, “willingness to pay” survey was administered to tourists at SLNP and surrounding safari lodges (10-11/2007) [poster # 08-P-32 by Sam Bell]
Values derived for 10% increases in populations of small, medium and large species of wildlife, as well as a rhino reintroduction effort
How can these data be used? by ZAWA? by COMACO? by US AID?
What other data are being collected?
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Specific Aims
2. To identify and integrate new technologies into the COMACO model to improve its profitability, food security, and rural incomes.
• food sciences• crop and soil sciences
Lydiah Gatere to cover tomorrow
• veterinary sciences (goats) Alex Travis to cover poultry tomorrow
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Specific Aims
Food sciences:For COMACO to become profitable, it will rely heavily on value-added food products.
Facilities improvements and capacity building in food safety and hygienic production practices are essential for COMACO to expand their products and market access.
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Checking the efficiency of surface cleaning
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The peanut butter process – in 2005
Location: dust in the yard
Roasting
Peanut grading Peanut butter
processing
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The peanut butter process - 2007
Peanut cleaning
Peanut processing
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Experimental runs for quality improvement of peanut butter
• Degree of peanut crushing diminished coarser peanut butter expected to minimize oil separation
• Suggestions for the emulsification process made (i.e. use lower temperatures)
• Shelf life study performed leading to improved product quality and new packaging
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COMACO has hired a food science technician to maintain compliance with best production practices, and SANREM is helping them set up a small lab to perform additional product research, develop new products, troubleshoot
COMACO has met their quality and safety tests since the training workshop
COMACO has obtained a contract for 300 tons of HEPS (previously had to be imported)
rice breakage and wastage significantly reduced
new soy-based products made and marketed
Continued Impacts
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goats are raised in higher numbers in the southern area near Luangwa (Feira)
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• contribution of goats to COMACO model– fertilizer (crops, fish ponds)– efficient (crop residues, less expensive than
cattle)– fodder trees/agroforestry
• lower morbidity than other ruminants• increase household security
– leather, fiber, meat, milk– “bank account”
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modeled after our poultry work in year 1 (to be discussed tomorrow)
• 6 chiefdoms• almost every household keeps at least a
few goats (esp. Mburuma and Mphuka)• numerous producer groups being formed
(Mpanshya, Shikabeta, Nyalugwe)• semi-intensive management• failed introduction of Boer goats last year • some cross-breeds still going
Participatory survey of practices and concerns
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Background research• Goat market in Zambia
• Major problems affecting goats
• Transportation of products
Mr. Christopher Simotowe, DistrictAgricultural Officer, Luangwa District, Zambia
Villager feedback (Shikabeta pictured)
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• when to sell goats
• middle men
• market in Congo, $$$
• informal
• Halal market
• Why weren’t butchers carrying goat meat?– Small yield of meat per animal (20-30%
weight lost upon freezing)
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Major research findings
• Semi-intensive management• Neonatal mortality (60-80%)• Scours• Predation• Goat theft• Parasites (esp. Haemonchus contortus)• Soremouth (ORF)• Caseous lymphadenitis• Heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium)• Tetanus and/or blackleg (Clostridium
spp.)
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• Nutrition
• Kid-rearing (60-80% kid mortality)
• Housing
• Parasite management/disease prevention
• Breeding management + genetic improvement
Disease recognition
Focal points of community training
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Farmer Training Visits
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• Trained 26 extension officers and community trainers
• Officers and trainers then went and trained COMACO farmers (>5000 households participating in Feira)
• 2 day workshop
• Follow-up visits to training sessions
“Training the Trainers” manual
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Specific Aims
3. To determine the extent to which the COMACO model provides self-sustaining social institutions and meaningful roles for COMACO participants.• yearly surveys to assess family economic and food
security impacts• yearly surveys to monitor compliance with preferred
agricultural and NRM practices• “one-off” surveys to gather specific points of
information Vongai Kandiwa to cover aspects of gender studies
at the workshop• stakeholder meeting for government officials
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Social surveys--evaluating the model as it is
COMACO routinely performs several surveys on a routine basis to monitor family economics, food security, and compliance with sustainable practices
This year, one chiefdom was found NOT to be in compliance and will therefore not be given the “conservation farmer” premium. Will this encourage compliance, or discourage compliance?
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Specific Aims4. To determine the extent to which the
COMACO model improves biodiversity and watershed conservation.
• aerial survey of hippos
• aerial wildlife survey (primarily ungulates)
• watershed, canopy and bushfire analysis Conrad Heatwole to cover
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Aerial survey geo-referencing meta-data
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AreaCOMACO
CoreUpper control Lukusuzi NP
Chisomo GMA
Area sampled (km2) 5329 5303 3758 250SpeciesBuffalo 156 0 0 0Wildebeest 167 0 0 0Waterbuck 75 0 0 0Zebra 116 13 15 0Elephant 207 24 0 32Eland 7 0 0 0Hartebeest 40 0 2 0Roan 14 3 11 0Kudu 13 1 1 0Puku 224 0 0 0
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AcknowledgementsCornell University
Alfonso TorresSam BellBeth BucklesJon ConradParfait Eloundou-EnyegueJohn FayLydiah GaterePeter HobbsVongai KandiwaJohannes LehmannBenjamin LucioCarmen MoraruAlice PellWilliam Schulze
International Rural Poultry Centre
Robyn AldersBrigitte Bagnol
Wildlife Conservation Society
Dale LewisSteve OsofskyDavid Moyer*
Virginia Tech UniversityConrad HeatwoleKeith MooreTheo Dillaha
Tropical Soil Biology & Fertility
Robert Delve