Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak...
-
Upload
magdalen-wilkins -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak...
![Page 1: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Amplitude and MeterAmplitude and MeterAmplitude and MeterAmplitude and Meter
• amplitudeamplitude• The strength The strength
(peak value) of (peak value) of the waveformthe waveform
• adding adding AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE (loudness) to (loudness) to rhythm creates rhythm creates metermeter
AMPLITUDE
![Page 3: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Beats and MeterBeats and MeterBeats and MeterBeats and Meter• BeatsBeats
• the pulse that moves most music the pulse that moves most music along along
• when you clap your hands to when you clap your hands to music, you are following the beatmusic, you are following the beat
• the “heartbeat” of musicthe “heartbeat” of music
• MeterMeter• a repeated pattern of a strong beat a repeated pattern of a strong beat
plus one or more weaker beatsplus one or more weaker beats
![Page 4: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
MeasuresMeasuresMeasuresMeasures
• Measure (Bar)Measure (Bar)• A “box” of beatsA “box” of beats
• Bar LinesBar Lines• the vertical line at the end of the measurethe vertical line at the end of the measure
![Page 5: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Quadruple MeterQuadruple MeterQuadruple MeterQuadruple Meter• 4/4
• four beats per measure• quarter note = one beat • subgroups of two + two beats • down beat is loudest, 3rd beat is next loudest,
2nd and 4th beats softer
1 2 3 4 | 1 2 3 4 |Tilt- ing at the wind- mills pass- ing
[i:60] Gordon Lightfoot, Don Quixote
![Page 6: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Triple MeterTriple MeterTriple MeterTriple Meter• 3/4
• three beats per measure• quarter note = one beat • 2nd and 3rd beats softer (sometimes the 2nd
beat is a little louder than the third beat)
|1 2 3 | 1 2 3 |1 2 3 |1 Are you going to Scar- bo- rough Fair?
[i:63] Scarborough Fair
![Page 7: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Compound MeterCompound MeterCompound MeterCompound Meter• 6/8 — sextuple meter6/8 — sextuple meter
• in in slowslow music music• eighth note = one beateighth note = one beat• sixsix beats per measure beats per measure• subgroups of three + three eight notessubgroups of three + three eight notes
• in in fastfast music music• dotted quarter note (three eighth notes) = one beatdotted quarter note (three eighth notes) = one beat• twotwo beats per measure beats per measure• subgroups of 3 + 3 eight notessubgroups of 3 + 3 eight notes
![Page 8: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Compound MeterCompound Meter
• 6/8 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 | Oh, give me a home where the | 1 2 3 4 5 6 | buf- fa- lo roam, where the
[i:64] Home on the Range
![Page 9: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Compound MeterCompound MeterCompound MeterCompound Meter• 6/86/8
• In 6/8 meter, the In 6/8 meter, the accentsaccents are different from are different from 3/4 even though the 3/4 even though the durationduration values appear values appear to be the same:to be the same:
![Page 10: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Compound MeterCompound MeterCompound MeterCompound Meter• Dotted Rhythms in 6/8Dotted Rhythms in 6/8
• some music gets a skipping effect by some music gets a skipping effect by dotting the first eighth note in some of the dotting the first eighth note in some of the groups:groups:
[i:65] Ch. M. Widor, Pavane
![Page 11: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Quintuple MeterQuintuple MeterQuintuple MeterQuintuple Meter• 5/45/4
• fivefive beats per measure beats per measure• quarter note = one beat quarter note = one beat • in subgroups of three quarter notes + in subgroups of three quarter notes +
two quarter notes (less frequently in two quarter notes (less frequently in subgroups of two + three)subgroups of two + three)
[i:66] Lalo Schifrin, Mission Impossible television theme
![Page 12: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Maximum AmplitudeMaximum AmplitudeMaximum AmplitudeMaximum Amplitude
• maximum amplitude in Csound: maximum amplitude in Csound: 32,76732,767• the system will clip any amplitudes the system will clip any amplitudes
over over 32,76732,767 and give a message and give a message "number of samples out of range ...“"number of samples out of range ...“
• If this happens, DON'T play the file If this happens, DON'T play the file • lower the amplitude and recompile it.lower the amplitude and recompile it.
![Page 13: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• loud vs. softloud vs. soft• specify loudness, usually for groups of notes:specify loudness, usually for groups of notes:
DynamicsDynamicsDynamicsDynamics
![Page 14: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
DynamicsDynamicsDynamicsDynamics
• CrescendoCrescendo• get louderget louder
[i:67] Give My Regards to Broadway
![Page 15: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
DynamicsDynamicsDynamicsDynamics
• DecrescendoDecrescendo• get softerget softer
[i:68] Give My Regards to Broadway
![Page 16: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ArticulationArticulationArticulationArticulation• staccato notesstaccato notes
• short notes, marked short notes, marked with a dot above or with a dot above or below the note headbelow the note head
• for for [i:69][i:69] staccato staccato notes in Csound, make notes in Csound, make the duration a little bit the duration a little bit shorter shorter
• separated by restsseparated by rests• Example: quarter note Example: quarter note
= 1.0; staccato quarter = 1.0; staccato quarter note = .7 - .9note = .7 - .9
![Page 17: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ArticulationArticulationArticulationArticulation• legato noteslegato notes
• long notes, marked long notes, marked with a short line above with a short line above or below the note heador below the note head
• for for [i:70][i:70] legato notes legato notes in Csound, make the in Csound, make the note the full durationnote the full duration• Example: quarter note Example: quarter note
= 1.0; legato quarter = 1.0; legato quarter note = 1.00note = 1.00
![Page 18: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ArticulationArticulationArticulationArticulation• slursslurs
• connect groups of connect groups of legato notes with a long legato notes with a long curved linecurved line
• for for [i:71][i:71] slurred notes slurred notes in Csound, make the in Csound, make the notes overlap in notes overlap in durationduration• E.g., the overlap time E.g., the overlap time
is .12is .12
![Page 19: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
MetronomesMetronomesMetronomesMetronomes
• measure the tempo in measure the tempo in beats per minutebeats per minute• scores often have scores often have
metronome markings for the metronome markings for the tempotempo
![Page 20: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Common Tempo NamesCommon Tempo NamesCommon Tempo NamesCommon Tempo Names
![Page 21: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Changing TemposChanging TemposChanging TemposChanging Tempos
• AccelerandoAccelerando• gradually get faster gradually get faster
• DecelerandoDecelerando• gradually get slowergradually get slower
• RitardandoRitardando• gradually get slowergradually get slower
![Page 22: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Csound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo Statements• Csound default tempo is 60 beats per Csound default tempo is 60 beats per
minute minute • Change the tempo in Csound using a Change the tempo in Csound using a
tempo statement:tempo statement: • tempo statements usually go before the note tempo statements usually go before the note
list list • t0 92t0 92 for 92 beats per minute (Valses for 92 beats per minute (Valses [i:72][i:72]) )
![Page 23: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Csound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo Statements
• t0 112t0 112 for 112 beats per minute (Concerto for 112 beats per minute (Concerto [i:73][i:73]))
• t0 76 9 120t0 76 9 120 for 76 bpm for 76 bpm [i:74][i:74] changing to 120 changing to 120 bpm over the first nine beats (Concerto)bpm over the first nine beats (Concerto)
![Page 24: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Csound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo Statements
![Page 25: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Csound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo Statements• t0 76 9 76 9 120t0 76 9 76 9 120 for 76 bpm changing to for 76 bpm changing to
120 bpm 120 bpm [i:75] suddenly[i:75] suddenly at beat nine at beat nine (Concerto)(Concerto)
![Page 26: Amplitude and Meter amplitudeamplitude The strength (peak value) of the waveformThe strength (peak value) of the waveform adding AMPLITUDE (loudness)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d215503460f949f61e2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Csound Score Accelerating from 72 to 144 bpm over 8 beats
Csound Score Accelerating from 72 to 144 bpm over 8 beats
t0 72 8 144 ; tempo statement
; start other parameters; ----------------- measure 1 bar line herei1 0 ... ; starting tempo 72 bpmi1 1 ... ; tempo ~81 bpmi1 2 ... ; tempo ~90 bpmi1 3 ... ; tempo ~99 bpm; ----------------- measure 2 bar line herei1 4 ... ; tempo ~108 bpmi1 5 ... ; tempo ~117 bpmi1 6 ... ; tempo ~126 bpmi1 7 ... ; tempo ~135 bpm; ----------------- measure 3 bar line herei1 8 ... ; tempo 144 bpm