Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma,...
Transcript of Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma,...
![Page 1: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Advanced Physical MetallurgyAdvanced Physical Metallurgy““Amorphous MaterialsAmorphous Materials””
EunEun SooSoo ParkPark
Office: 33-316 Telephone: 880-7221Email: [email protected] hours: by an appointment
2009 spring
06. 03. 2009
![Page 2: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Recent BMGs with critical size ≥ 10 mm
A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612.
Zr47Ti8Cu8Ni10Be27 Johnson (Caltech)Vitreloy
Pd60Cu30Ni10P20 Inoue (Tohoku Univ.)
Fe48Cr15Mo14Y2C15B6 Poon (Virginia Univ.)Amorphous steel
Ca65Mg15Zn20 15mm Kim (Yonsei Univ.)Ca60Mg25Ni20 13mmMg65Cu20Ag5Gd10 11mmMg65Cu7.5Ni7.5Zn5Ag5Gd5Y5 14mm
![Page 3: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Limited Plasticity by shear softening and shear band
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Engi
neer
ing
Stre
ss (G
Pa)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Engineering Strain (%)
- low strength
- limited plasticity (0~2%) - catastrophic failure
20
200
Microscopically brittle fracture
Death of a material for structural applications
![Page 4: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
interrupt the localization of stress and deformation
• Prevent propagation of single shear band BMG matrix composites
• Multiple shear band formation
Plastic deformation in metallic glass•• No dislocation / No slip plane
• Inhomogeneously localized plastic flow in the shear band
Plastic deformation in metallic glasses
![Page 5: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
TEM Image of a shear band
~20 nm
Shear bands are ~20 nm in width
Size of heterogeneity
• Prevent propagation of single shear band
Micro- or nanometer scale heterogeneity
![Page 6: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Elementary flow event in an metallic glasses
Size of heterogeneity
σ
σ
v>v*atomic volume
free volumefluctuation
ε0
Ω
defect volume shear strain
atomic scale heterogeneity
Probability )*
exp(fv
vA
average free volume
⎪⎪⎭
⎪⎪⎬
⎫
⎪⎪⎩
⎪⎪⎨
⎧
=f
VV
A 00 expηη
Flow governed by localized defect (~10 atoms) and creates defects
![Page 7: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Phase separation in metallic glassesPhase separation in metallic glasses-- A New class of BMG composites A New class of BMG composites --
![Page 8: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
- Pd-Si-Ag alloy / two amorphous phase formation after heating just above TgChen and Turnbull, Acta Metall., 17, 1021 (1969)
- Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Be BMG / small angle neutron scatteringSchneider et al, Appl. Phys. Lett., 68, 493 (1996)
- Local composition change due to partitioning of alloying elementsMartin et al., Acta Mater., 52, 4427 (2004)
[1] Phase separation in solid state
- After heating just above Tg, two amorphous separation occurs, but crystallization occurs simultaneously.
![Page 9: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
immiscibility below the liquidus⇒ decomposition into metastable liquid
“Phase separation in glass” ed. by Mazurin and Porai-Koshits (1984)
Tc : critical temperature Tb : binodal curve Ts : spinodal curve
immiscibility above the liquidus⇒ decomposition into stable liquid
Metastable immiscibility
[2] Phase separation in liquid state
Stable immiscibility
![Page 10: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
-Kundig et al. , Acta Mater., 52, 2441 (2004)
Ni
LaZr
Al
Cu+4
+74
-239
-96 -32
-65-142
-38
-195
-161
Two liquids at high temperature (liquid decomposition)⇒ droplet structure
La-rich
Zr-rich
Previous studies
Y-rich
Nb-richY
Ni Nb-143
-161 +127
- N. Mattern et al. Scripta Mat. 53, (2005) 271
Ni58.5Nb20.25Y21.25
La27.5Zr27.5Al25Cu10Ni10
![Page 11: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
100nm
(Y56Al24Co20)65(Ti56Al24Co20)35
100nm100nm
(Y56Al24Co20) 25(Ti56Al24Co20)75 (Y56Al24Co20)50(Ti56Al24Co20)50
Droplet structure Droplet structureInterconnected structure
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Y56Al24Co20Ti56Al24Co20
T (K)
Ti
-38
-22
+15
-30
-28-19
Y
Al
Co
Previous studies
![Page 12: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
* Substitution of Nd with Zr in Nd-Co-Al system
-38
-44
-19
-20
-41
+10 Co Al
Nd
Zr
Nd-Co-Al , Zr-Co-AlPossibility of two phase !!!
• Sripta Mater. 56, 197 (2007)
Nd60Al10Co30 - 5mm
Zr55Al20Co25 - 3mm
Phase separation by adding elements having PEM
![Page 13: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
200 nm
SADP and Dark-field TEM image
Nd60Al10Co30
2.91 Å
Zr60Al10Co30
2.40 Å
Nd30Zr30Al10Co30
2.37 Å, 2.99 Å
TEM results for Nd30Zr30Al10Co30 alloy
![Page 14: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850
ηmin = 3.17 *105
Temperature (K)
108
107
106
Nd60Al10Co30
Visc
osity
(Pa*
s)
105
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850
Zr-rich
Temperature (K)
Nd30Zr30Al10Co30
ηmin = 6.56 *106
ηmin = 4.75 *106
108
106
107
Visc
osity
(Pa*
s)
Nd-rich
Measurement of viscosity using TMA
Selective partial devitrification (first SLR), followed by easy deformation of the amorphous/crystalline composite structure (second SLR) is possible for this alloy system.
![Page 15: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
⊥ Nd30Zr30Al10Co30
⎢⎢Nd30Zr30Al10Co30
10K 50K 100K 300K
Mag
netiz
atio
n (T
)
Magnetic field (T)
10K
0 50 100 150 200 250 300-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Nd30Zr30Al10Co30⊥
Mag
netiz
atio
n (e
mu/
g)
temperature (K)
⎢⎢
Directional changes of magnetic property in two-phase metallic glass
Measurement of magnetic property using VSM
![Page 16: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Gd30Ti25Al25Co20
100 nm
Gd30Ti25Al25Cu20
Gd-Cu
Ti
50 nm
Gd-Al
Ti-Co
Gd30Ti25Al25Ni20
100 nm
TiGd
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1) Droplet structurein Gd-Ti-Al-(Co, Ni, Cu) alloy system
400
600
800
1000
1200
Composition (%)
Tem
p. (K
)
Ti
-38
-22
+15
-30
-28-19
Gd
Al
Co
* unpublished (2006)Phase separation
![Page 17: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
50 nm
Gd30Zr25Al25Co20
50 nm
Gd30Zr25Al25Cu20Gd30Zr25Al25Ni20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100400
600
800
1000
1200
Composition (%)
Tem
p. (K
)
Zr
-38
-22
+9
-44
-41-19
Gd
Al
Co
2) Interconnected structurein Gd-Zr-Al-(Co, Ni, Cu) alloy system
* unpublished (2006)
Phase separation
![Page 18: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
2 nm
① ②
①
②
Gd30Zr25Al25Co20 * unpublished (2008)
Nano scale (<3 mm) interconnected Phase separation
![Page 19: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Enhancement of plasticity in BMG with atomic scale heterogeneity
atomic scale heterogeneity
a. Alloy design
1) quenched in quasi-nuclei in BMG
2) minor addition of elements havinglarge difference of enthalpy of mixing
-148
-181
+35
-142
-169
-38Zr Y
Cu
Al
Enhancement of plasticity in BMGs
100 nm
b. effect of atomic scale heterogeneity= multiple shear band formation
Phase separating metallic glasses
Unique properties
![Page 20: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Are amorphous metals useful?Are amorphous metals useful?
![Page 21: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
High fracture strength over 5 GPa in Fe-based BMGsA.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612.
High strength of BMGs
![Page 22: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
- 8 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 7200.20.4
0.6
0.8
1.01.21.4
1.61.8 Conventional- 0.28 mm thick
Amorphous Fe80B11Si930 um thick
Magnetizing Field (H), A/m
Indu
ctio
n (B
), Te
sla
Magnetic cores
Transformers
0.1 1 10 100 100001000
Frequency , f [kHz]
1000
10000
100000
1000000P
erm
eabi
li ty
, [μ
]
Amorphous(Co- Based)
Permalloy(70 μm)
Nanocrystalline(VITROPERM)
Mn-Zn ferrite(Siferrit T38)
Low hysteresis loss
Frequency, f [kHz]
Perm
eabi
lity,
[μ]
www.metglas.com
Old uses: soft magnet
![Page 23: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
1) Micro-casting
TmeltingTg
Mol
ar V
olum
e, V
Liquid
Glass formation:continuous change
Crystal
Glass
Temperature, T
Crystallization:abrupt change
Near-net shape production
Cavity Die
Vacuum Chamber
Molten Alloy
InductionCoil
sleeve
Plunger
Die
Precision die casting
Precision Gears for Micro-motors
MRS BULLETIN 32 (2007)654.
Recently: processing metals as efficiently as plastics
![Page 24: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2) Superplastic forming
400 500 600 700
Temperature (K) E
xoth
erm
ic (1
w/g
per
div
.)
Tg Tx
Am
orph
ous
Supe
rcoo
led
liqui
d
Stab
le li
quid
Crystalline Ts Tl
ΔTx
Tensile specimens following superplastic forming in supercooled liquid region
Recently: processing metals as efficiently as plastics
![Page 25: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
3) Micro-forming
Micro-forming of three-dimensional microstructures from thin-film metallic glass
Micro-cantilever Integrated conical spring linear actuator
Thickness: 5 μm
250 μm
50 μm
500
μm
Recently: processing metals as efficiently as plastics
![Page 26: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Electronic Casings Medical DevicesSporting Goods
Defense ApplicationsIndustrial Coating Fine jewelry
Drill pipe, container etc. W-loaded composite BMGswww.liquidmetal.com
Commercialization of BMG products
![Page 27: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
TailormadeTailormade material designmaterial design
![Page 28: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Ashby map
σ/E=10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1σ2/E=C
Elastomers
Polymers Foams
wood
EngineeringPolymers
EngineeringAlloys
EngineeringCeramics
EngineeringComposites
PorousCeramics
Strength σy (MPa)
Yo
un
gs
mo
du
lus,
E (
GP
a)
< Ashby map >
0.1 1 10 100 1000 100000.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Metallic glasses
![Page 29: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Menu of engineering materials
composite
Metals
Polymers
Ceramics
Metallic Glasses
Elastomers
High GFA
High plasticity
higher strengthlower Young’s modulushigh hardnesshigh corrosion resistancegood deformability
![Page 30: Amorphous Materials · 2018. 1. 30. · Recent BMGs with critical size ≥10 mm A.L. Greer, E. Ma, MRS Bulletin, 2007; 32: 612. Zr 47Ti 8Cu 8Ni 10Be 27 Johnson (Caltech) Vitreloy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071606/6142bc5db7accd31ec0ee405/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)