AMH 2020 LSSC Chapter 16. Second Industrial Revolution.
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Transcript of AMH 2020 LSSC Chapter 16. Second Industrial Revolution.
AMH 2020 LSSC
Chapter 16
Second Industrial Revolution
Growth in Natural Resources Coal Iron Timber Petroleum Water power Labor (immigrants)
Railroads
Promoted by the government Given federal money Land Resources Very few regulations
Moved freight Raw material moved to the manufacturing
centers Regulated time
Growth of Railroads
Contributed to the overall growth of U.S. Coal, wood, felt, glass, rubber, glass 3/4 of all steel in U.S. went to rails lowered cost of shipping
lowered cost to consumers
Rail linking America
Chicago - stockyards Minneapolis - grain St. Louis – beer
1860s U.S. had 2 chartered RailroadsUnion PacificCentral Pacific
Thomas Edison
Menlo Park
Scientific laboratory Phonograph Light bulb Every 10 days minor invention Every 6 months major invention Hundreds of patentsEventually became Edison Electric
Menlo Park Lab Museum
Nikola Tesla
Hungarian immigrant
Converted electricity into mechanical power
Notable inventers
Alexander Graham Bell Telephone
George Westinghouse Improved on Edison’s inventions Illuminated the nation
George Eastman Film/camera
Rise of Big Business
Steel
Railroads
Banking Oil
Andrew Carnegie
Born in Scotland
Immigrated to U.S. at 12
Started as a telegrapher
Built steel mills in Pittsburgh
1901 sold for half a billion
Philanthropist
Steel mill towns
Pittsburgh steel mill Mill town in Pennsylvania
John D. Rockefeller
Oil Baron Born in New York Devout Christian Ruthless in
business used spies threatened rivals bribed politicians
Standard Oil
Indiana New Jersey
Work in Industrial Society
Unskilled workers-Easily replaced
Coal miners
Agricultural workers
Garment workers
Agriculture workers
Coal Workers Pennsylvania
Factory Worker
Child worker North Carolina
The West
Native American Tribes
Pressure in the West
Native Americans Viewed as a hindrance to expansion
Farmers
Gold
Railroads
Plains Indians
Depended on Buffalo herds
U.S. policy wanted to keep on reservations starved
Conflicts
Tribes eventually subdued
Apache
Black Hills Gold Rush
• Gold on Reservation land Disturbed Native hunting grounds
Sioux upset and decide to rebel Rain-in-the-Face (Lakota chief) Crazy Horse (Lakota warrior) Sitting Bull (Lakota medicine man)
Lt. Colonel George Armstrong Custer
George Custer
Born in Ohio Attended West Point Fought in Civil War Court Martialed twice President Grant decides to send him
West
Battle of Little Big Horn
Comanche
Chief Joseph
Chief Joseph
Nez Perce tribe from Idaho Tribe moved to a reservation
Boasted they had never killed a white man After 8 years, land was reduced Protested to Bureau of Indian Affairs
Bureau agreed with Nez Perce White settlers refused to leave Grant reverses this decision under pressure
Retreat to Canada
Surrender at the Border
Ghost Dance
Jack Wilson aka Wovoka-vision, dead Indians would appear
and white man would disappear-Indians would be protected from
bullets-necessary to do a circular dance
Brought hope to desperate Natives
Wovoka
Wounded Knee
Bigfoot
Assimilation
Carlisle Indian School If they assimilated could be citizens “Kill the Indian, Save the Man” Anglicize
Cut hair Speak English No Indian anything
Carlisle School
1887 Dawes Severalty Act
Division of Indian Reservation land Good farm land did not help the Plains Indians, didn’t want
to farm 160 acres for family 80 acres for single 40 acres for child
Buffalo Bill
Buffalo hides
Desert Act of 1877
640 Acres for $1.25 an acre Designed for cattle ranchers Had to irrigate within 3 years Often didn’t Land speculation rampant
Gilded Age Politics
Corruption became blatant
Local level Machine politics
National level Scandals involving big business
Machine politics
New York-Boss Tweed and Tammany HallMachine politics
-exploited immigrants-but also served-similar to organized crime syndicates
“Boss” William Tweed
Political cartoon
Credit Mobilier Scandal
Created to make money in Railroad construction Appeared to be independent of the Union
Pacific Made money even if railroad did not
Charged Congress and inflated amount Subcontracted work at significantly lower
amount
Credit Mobilier
Congress paid Union Pacific for railroad construction
Union Pacific paid Credit Mobilier for work
Credit Mobilier overcharged government by millions
Scandal
Several prominent congressmen on the board
Schuyler Colfax implicated Vice president of President Grant
Speaker of the House implicated
Bribery was rampant
Over 43 million was made by Credit Mobilier
Political trends in Gilded Age• Presidents were veterans of Civil War
• Republicans supportive of Big Business• Eastern interests
• Democrats• Dominated in south and immigrant communities
• Local/regional issues • Most people more concerned with local issues
Reform Legislation
Civil Service Act of 1883 Exams for federal employees
Interstate Commerce Act 1887 Oversee railroads
Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890 Attempt to regulate big business
Politics at Local level
Rise of third-party candidates
Greenback-Labor party Rural support
Rise of Populist movement
Led by farmers in South, Midwest, and West Farmers feel left out of “American dream” Farming increasingly difficult
Cost of machinery Mortgaging farm Produce more to make more money Drove prices down
Social Darwinsim
Took the ideas of Darwin and twisted Developed by Herbert Spenser
Justified racism
Justified treatment of poor and working class
Labor
Industry resisted organized labor efforts
Few labor laws
Life very difficult for unskilled labor 10 hours a day, 6 days a week
Conflicting Supreme Court Rulings
1898 Holden V. Hardy-Upheld a law limiting coal mining hours
Longer hours = More accidents
1905 Lochner V. New York-Bakers could work as long as necessary
Baking not dangerous
Strikes and Organized Labor
1877 Great Railroad Strike
“…..already the cry of the dying children begins to be heard. Soon, to judge from the past, there will be a thousand deaths of infants per week in the city” New York Times reporting on pre-strike conditions among working class
1877 U.S. undergoing economic
depression
Reasons for strike
Wage cuts Long hours (12 hour shifts) Deaths and injuring of workers Loss of hands, feet, fingers Men crushed between cars
Great Railroad Strike
Labor movement
Knights of Labor Protestant Non-immigrant Secretive Religious type rituals
Terence Powderly
Irish Catholic No longer secret
society No longer religious Broadened
membership Skilled and unskilled Men and women Native and immigrant All religions
Reforms wanted by Knights
8 hour work day Regulate Trusts Prohibit child labor Prohibit convict/forced labor Abolish liquor Advocate moral conduct
Haymarket Square Strike
Chicago 1892 at McCormick Harvester Co.-workers meet at Haymarket square-police arrive, order everyone out
-bomb is thrown, chaos ensues
Haymarket Strike 1892
Social Gospel movement
Religious groups become involved
Applied Christianityby Washington Gladden
-church must correct social injustices-help make work places safer-fight unfair labor practices