America’s resources

As America grew it had major advantages over it’s European competition.

Abundant natural resources like timber, coal, copper, Iron.New resources like oil.Massive growth in labor or work forceLabor: refers to people who are able to work.

Laissez-FaireIn French it meant “Let the people do as the choose.”

In other words companies just had to make the right product.The people will choose the best product, and the best business will survive.It became the understanding that government would it involve itself in the affairs of business.Government would only protect the property and peace of each business.

Entrepreneur

With this understanding on how the market should operate many entrepreneurs flooded the market with their ideas and businesses.

An entrepreneurship, is someone who owns the and controls their own business.

They also have 100% of the risk if their business fails.

Alexander Graham Bell

This Scottish immigrant invented the first telephone.

He would go on to create the Bell telephone company, which would become AT&T.

Thomas Alva Edison

Was a well known inventor that had hundred of patents to his name.

His most notable invention the creation of light bulb, and the foundation of his company General Electric or GE.

He also improved on the telegraph and created the Phonograph, a device used to record sound.

Chain stores

As the amount of goods and services increased stores developed to sell the items.

Macy’s began to have stores in multiple cities using for the first time advertising of products.

Sears created a mail order catalog where customers could order items from across the country.The idea of chain stores developed where consumers could expect the same items to be sold in the store they were entering.

Railroads

The new start of the art railroad began to connect the country.

The distance it used to take carriages days to travel could now be achieved in hours.

The transcontinental railroad

The Pacific Rail way act Was a bill passed under Abraham Lincoln.

The plan behind the bill was to connect the east and west coast of America using one railroad line

Smaller railroad would split from the major line.

Union Pacific

Owen by Grenville dodge

The union Pacific Railroad pushed west from Omaha Nebraska.

Central Pacific Railroad

Originally four companies merge into one the Central Pacific Railroad ran from California to meet the Union pacific side.

The company was owned by Leland Sanford.

Due to a labor shortage the company employed 10,000 Chinese works to help finish the line.

Land Grants

• Lincoln ordered the building of the transcontinental Rail Road

• The two companies to build it were the union and central pacific railroad companies.

• In order for the rail roads to gain money to build railroad the government would issue the companies land grants

• The companies could sell these land grants to virtually anyone at any price.

Land Grant Corruption

• Those in the railroads took notice how easy it was to make money off of land grants.

• The companies begin to bribe government officials for the grants.

Jay Gould was the most well known for owning a rail road and corrupting the grant system.

Credit Mobile Scandal

• A construction company Credit Mobiler became a major investor in the Union Pacific Railroad.

• By doing so they were able to choose the construction company for the rail road.

• They charged a large construction knowing that the railroad would have to pay no matter what.

The Rise of Big Business

• Where there a lot of big businesses before the civil war?• No• Its during this industrial period that we find the rise of

industry• Corporations begin to take shape during this period• Corporation: An organization owned by many people but

treated by law as though it were one person.• Stock also develops at this period which allows people to

invest in a company• Why is stock important?• Stock allows a company to raise money while sharing the risk.

Carnegie

• What was Carnegie’s background before he started his company

• Carnegie came to the U.S. with very little money.

• He slowly worked his way up to place of power in the Pennsylvania Railroad.

• He began to invest in companies that were part of the rail road industry

Carnegie’s efficiency idea

• As his wealth grew Carnegie began to trips to Europe where he found a way to make cheap steel.

• Using this idea Carnegie opened his own steel company, which grew strength through the use of vertical integration

• Vertical integration: The company owns all the different businesses that it depends on for its operation.

Steps to completing the short answer

1.Jot down a quick answer for each part of the question directly in the test booklet.

2. Gather more support that you need. You do not need to use obscure facts.

3.Think about each part of the question and your examples fit together

4. Put it all together in a direct succinct short answer.This should all be a bout one to two coherent

paragraphs answering all parts of the question and should take around ten minutes total to write.

John D. Rockefeller

• What is Rockefeller known for?• Rockefeller founded standard oil the largest oil

refiner.• Rockefeller worked at making his company

efficient through horizontal integration• Horizontal integration: The idea of combining

firms in same business into one large corporation.• In other words he swallowed up his competition.

What happens when a company takes control

• Monopoly: • When a single company achieves control of an

entire market.• Why are people afraid of monopolies?• The company in control can charge whatever they

want.• How does the Government handle monopolies?• States made it illegal for companies to stock in

other businesses.

Trust

Once the government made it illegal for monopolies to form businesses developed a new system around merging businesses.

Trusts

A Trust is a way to merge businesses. It is a legal agreement that allows on person to manage another person’s property.

Why do we need unions

Poor working conditions.Most workers suffer from chronic illness from dust.There were more accidents at work in America then in any other industrial nationMany workers were women and children mostly in the textile industry. Most female jobs were considered an extension of work at home where society expected them to beBy 1900 20 percent of women started working at age 16Most children were under age 14, boys were paid less then men, and girls less because they would be married soon.

Company opposition

• How did companies oppose the formation of unions?

• Oaths and contracts not join unions• Those forming unions were black listed to keep

them from being hired by other companies after being fired.

• Lock outs: Actually keep union members out of work to keep them from working. Companies would hire other workers.

Minority workers

African Americans worked on the fringes of society, last to be hired, first to be fired.

Chinese faired the same until the passing of Chinese exclusion act, prohibiting Chinese immigration for ten years.

Everyday worker life

Work became mundane As machines replaced the work of people and workers focused on climbing the employment ladder.

New Union Development

The Knights of Labor: Developed in 1869Opened itself up to both skilled and un skilled workers and minorities.The idea was in time workers would work for themselves not their bosses.After not properly negotiating a few strikes the knights lost emembership.

Political Opposition

• Overall were companies successful in stopping unions? Why?

• Yes • Unions suffered from the aspect that they

were viewed as un-American• Some unions were painted as Marxists

STRIKE

When negotiations over labor do not work we tend to see unions go on strike. • What was the Homestead strike and who did it

involve:• Owner: Carnegie, and Henry k. Flick• Frick attempted to cut wages by twenty percent and

locked strikers out.• The government sent agents known as Pinkertons

and strike breakers were sent leading to a number of deaths.

Strike

• Who was involved in the Pullman strike and what was it about

• Owner George Pullman of the Pullman rail company• Pullman paid his employees in a coin only minted by the rail

road company which could only be used in the railroad’s company store.

Eugene V. Debs a popular labor leader at the time joined with the American Railway Union strike to deal with the company store issue.

The strike shut down the countries railroad system including stopping government postal trains.

Eventually an injunction was filed by government in attempt to end the strike. Debs did not end the strike and went to prison.

AFL

• AFL: American Federation of Labor• Several trade unions come together to form it.The union pushed for an eight hour work dayIt also wanted factory owners to only hire union membersIt continued the knights of labor trend of arbitration Samuel Gompers was the leader of the AFL and the first President of the union

IWW