America’s Economic Revolution Chapter 10. Factors that allow Industrial Growth *Population...
Transcript of America’s Economic Revolution Chapter 10. Factors that allow Industrial Growth *Population...
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America’s Economic Revolution
Chapter 10
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Factors that allow Industrial Growth
*Population
*Transportation/communication
*Technology
*Business organization
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1790 1800 1820 1830 1840 1860
US Population
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Factors for Population Growth
*Public Health Efforts
*High Birth Rates
*Immigration
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Growth of Cities*1860 – 26% of North in cities *Growth along Miss. R. & tribs *Growth along Great Lakes *Poor immigrants stay in cities
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Immigration Sources 1820-40
43%
27%
18%
11% 1%
Irish
German
English
Northern European
Other
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Different groups settle in different parts of the US
Based on economic circumstances
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NATIVISM
*Immigrants inferior *Breed urban slums *Corrupt politics – sell votes *Stealing jobs from real Americans
*Catholic –Pope will take over
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Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled
Banner
American Party
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The
Know-Nothings
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CANALS
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ERIE CANAL*Started 1817 finished 1825 *$7 million *Easier transportation of goods 1820 1 ton flour 3 weeks $120 1825 1 ton flour 8 days $6 *13,000 boats 1st year
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DeWitt Clinton
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Effect on NYC
*Population from: 123,000 in 1820 to 814,000 in 1860
*1800 - 9% of US Exports
*1860 - 62%
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RAILROADS
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Growth
1830 23 miles 1840 2818 miles 1850 9021 miles 1860 30626 miles
2/3 of track in North
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Major RR lines
New York Central
New York And Erie
Pennsylvania
Baltimore & Ohio
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1844
Samuel Morse
By 1860 50,000 miles
Connects East to West
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Changes in Newspapers
*Steam Cylinder Rotary Press *Telegraph *1846 Associated Press *Raymond-Times *Greely-Tribune *Bennett-Herald
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Value of Manufactured Goods
1840 $483,000,000 1850 $1,000,000,000
1860 $2,000,000,000
74,000 of 140,000 manufacturers are in Northeast
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1830- 544
1850 - 993
1860 - 4778
Patents
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1839 Charles Goodyear
Vulcanized Rubber
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Sewing Machine
1846 Elias Howe
Improved by Isaac Singer
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Clipper Ship
300 miles per day
1840’s & 50’s peak
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LABOR
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Opening of new farmland in Midwest & new farm equipment allows surplus of food to be grown
Better transportation allows it to get to cities
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2 ways to recruit workers
1.Mid-Atlantic – bring whole families from farms2.Young women- mostly from farms 17-20
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Lowell Girls
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Immigrants
Many need money-will work for less-will accept poor working conditions
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Factory Workers
Average Hours 12-14 per day
Skilled Male $4-10
Unskilled Male $1-6
Women & kids less
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Skilled artisans hurt by mass production
Form trade unions
Unions don’t do well
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Some help for workers:•Some states pass max workday laws at 10 hours•Some pass child labor laws-limit at 10 unless parents agree to more•Massachusetts Supreme Court says unions legal
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Poor & Rich
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In 1860 5% of families own 50% of the wealth
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Character of wealth changes
With merchants and industrialist wealth goes from property to
MONEY
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Culture of wealth begins to change*live in opulent neighborhoods*belong to clubs*show off wealth
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Central Park
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Destitute-Bottom of Society*Widows & orphans*unemployed immigrants*Mentally ill*Physically unable to work*Forced to menial labor:
Irish Free Blacks
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Possibility for change:
*Social mobility
*Geographic mobility
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Move to cities changes family structure
*Father loses control-no longer can use land distribution
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*Home no longer center of all activity
Separation of private (home) and public (work) lives
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Women and the Cult of Domesticity
Change for women comes with the middle class
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Husband is the income producer
Work is seen as only for lower class women
Middle class wives stay home
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Women become guardian of domestic virtue
*Nurture the children*Provide proper living space*companion & helper
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Women develop unique culture
Begin to form clubs and associations
Women’s literature and magazines
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AGRICULTURE
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New EnglandFarmers not able to compete with Mid-West in grains
Some will leave farms for cities
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Some farmer change crops:
*grow fruit and vegetables
*dairy farms
*hay
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With growth of factories & cities the demand for farm goods increases
Relationship develops between Northeast and Midwest
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This economic connection further links the two sections
Who is left out?
The South
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Necessity for growth of cities is increased agricultural
production
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•More land•Better seeds/crops•Better animals•Better tools
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John Deere – Steel Plow
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Thresher Man 7 bushels per day Thresher 25 bushels per hour
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1 man with scythe
1 acre per day
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Cyrus McCormick – Reaper
1 man w/reaper - 8 acres per day
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Increased production per person allows % of Americans on farms to decline yet still feed growing urban population