INDEX Numbers in italics indicate a

photograph or illustration on that page.

A Acadians, 77-78 llfin, 178, 188,304 African revival, 183 African Theological Archministry,

Inc., 186 African village. See Oyotunji Ajamu, Chief A.]., 226n, 277-85,284,

297 Akin, Chief Tobi, 211 Alagba, Chief, 207-208 alamo tree, 282 Albritton, Sarah, 92-99 Allen, Richard, 357 altars

at Chief Ajamus, 276 at home of Babas Tunde and Kunle,

160, 168-69 at Oyotunji, 49, 197, 236 in Loritas botanica, 45-46 similarity to Catholic, 54-55

American Slave Code, The (Goodell), 348

ancestral worship, 54-55, 313 Angel Heart, 231 animal sacrifice

altar for, 236, 302, 302 at initiation rituals, 22-23; 58

381

at Oyotunji, 181 Christian Eucharist analogy, 172 for author, 167-72,237-41 in lieu of human sacrifice, 231 legal issues of, 264 media accounts of, 332-33, 336,

339 obtaining livestock for, 224-26 reasons for, 25-26, 198, 212, 222,

227-28 sensitivity of topic, 150 Supreme Court ruling on, 258, 264

Antioch Spiritual Church of Christ, 20 apataki, 164-65,228-30 archetypes of orisha deities, 31 art, role of in voudou, 203 assembly, restrictions on black, 348-~0 assimilation, 132. See also syncret-

ization astrology, 80 atipola, 279 Atlantic Slave Trade, The(Curtin), 7 avocado tree, 281

B Baba Kunle, 159, 164-73,309,310 Baba Tunde, 157-72,301,309

382 - AMERICAN VOUDOU

babalawo Baba Kunle as, 157 earning status of, 277 in description of divination system,

218 place in hierarchy, 161 reading author, 163

babalorisha, 161, 163 Babalu Aye, 6, 261

in orisha.pantheon, 32 possession by, 57 syncretized as St. Lazarus, 134

Baldwin, James, 297 Baltimore Catechism, 54 baptism, 240 Baptist visitors at Oyotunji, 191-94,

193 Bascom, William L., 164, 226n Benin. See Dahomey Bible, 48, 312

citing Psalm 23 in times of peril, . 139

in Haitian service, 296 readings using, 141, 149-50 references to voudou, 94, 97-99 symbology and voudou, 324, 328 used in rituals, 60-62

Bible Belt, influences on American voudou,134

bimMs, 159, 278, 300-12, 307-309 Birth of Voudouism in Louisiana, The

(Cabel),9 Black Church, origins of, 357-58 Black Codes, 8, 130, 296, 347 Black Folk Then and Now: An Essay in

the History and Sociology of the Negro Race (Du Bois), 358

Black Gods-Orisha Studies in the New World (Mason), 250

Black Panthers, 185 Black Power, 199 Black Religion and Black Radicalism

(Wilmore), 98-99, 355 Black Religion in the New World

(Simpson), 348 blood, power of, 234 bones, use of, 271 Book of Moses, 113 Books of Seth, 113

botanicas Botanica D'Haiti Macaya Boumba,

289,291 Botanica Ellegua, 292 described, 18-19 in Little Haiti, 255, 290 Jambalaya Botanica, 28 Solano Botanica, 19 St. Jean & Immaculee Botanic Store,

289,290 St. Lazarus Botanica, 38-52, 43

Brazil, 7, 133, 277 Brown, Lionel, 82-86 bu-du,49 Buckley, Allen, 100-104 Buckley, Reverend, 142

C Cabel, George Washington, 9 Cabrera, Lydia, 233, 265-67, 274-75 Cafe du Monde, 79 caftan, 277 Cajuns, 77-78 candles, use of, 170, 318 candomble, 9, 134 cannibalism, 339 caracoles, 161 Caribbean Cultural Center, 253 Caribbean

influence on U.S., 276-77, 282 slave demographics, 297

Castillon, Jean Marie de, myth of, 320-28

castor beans, 281 Catholicism, 277

exclusion of, 183 in American voudou, 17-18, 34,

36-~8 in palo mayombe, 268 in santeria, 252-53 syncretization ofvoudou with, 8-9,

55-57,134-35,183,259 Cayce, Edgar, 113 ceremonies. See rituals and ceremonies Chaney, James, 126, 128-29 Chango, 184. See also Shango channeling, 80 chants, 33 charms, 294-95, 342

Chesi, Gert, 7 Christian Mayombe, 268 Christianity. See also Catholicism

as camouflage for voudou practice, 134,356

as deterrent to slave revolts, 359 as opiate, 359-60 in voudou practice, 53-56, 153 segregation in, 357 voudou replaced by, 134-36

Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, 257, 259, 262

civil rights, 126, 153-55 cleanings, 174, 317 Code Noir. See Black Codes Congo. See Kongo Constanzo, Adolfo deJesus, 230, 266 Cortez,Ricky,56-59 counseling clients, 47-49 covnneshells, 161, 178,217 Creole, 293, 296 crossroads symbol, 200 Cuba, 7, 277. See also santeria curanderismo, 9 cures. See homeopathy; remedies curses. See hexes Curtin, Philip D., 7

D Dahomey (now Benin), 4, 355 Dambada-Wedo, 37-38, 314 dance

in rituals, 202 media accounts of, 332, 336-37 Voodoo Macumba Dance Troupe,

28-30 Davis, Wade, 125 death in African culture, 233 Debow's Review, 133 Dees, Morris, 154 demographics, historical, 297, 351-52 Demopolis, Alabama, 150 Deren, Maya, 32, 75, 164 desegregation as threat against

establishment, 351 Deslondes, Charles, 132 Devil, 141, 149 Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 154 diaspora, 297

INDEX - 383

discrimination against voudou worshipers, 13

divination. See also prophecy; readings by Baba Tunde, 161-65 by Lorita Mitchell, 59-62 covnnes, 161, 178,217-18 iken (palm nuts) , 161,217-18 obi,5-6, 12-13, 170, 217-18, 226n,

239 opele (chain), 161,212,217-18,

226n tray, 301 using a silver spoon to find money,

95 Divine Guidance Psychic Clinic, 278 Divine Horsemen, The (Deren), 32, 75 Divine Trickster. See Elegba divorce in voudou culture, 204-5. See

also polygamy dolls,35,199,280 drumming, 196 duality, 189, 199-200 Dubois, W. E. B., 83-84

E ebo. See sacrifices Efuntola. See Oba Oseigeman

AdefumniI egun, 54, 181, 198 egungun, 192-97,196 Egungun Society, 208 ejife, 5, 171, 240 ekuele, 218 Elegba,5

altarfor, 168, 178,236 as Divine Trickster, S, 143, 198 chants to, 33, 197 Chief Elesin as, 191-92, 211 described, 32, 45 favorite drink (gin), 170-71 figurines, 302 herbs associated with, 279-80 influence on author's reading, 221 initiation to, 6 intervention of at crossroads, 91 prayers to, 12, 15, 169 shrine for, 181, 237 Spanish counterpart (Ellegua), 184

elephant ear, 281

384 - AMERICAN VOUDOU

Elesin, Chief as Elegba, 191-92 at presentation of Yemonja to sea,

210-11 background of, 207 guarding Oyotunji, 205

Ellegua (Elegba), 184 EI Monte (Cabrera), 233, 265 Epega, Dr. Afolabi A., 226n, 233, 300,

301 Esu (Elegba), 215 etawa, 6 etymology of voudou terms, 8-12 Eve, spirit of in Castillon myth, 324-28 evil

Biblical references to voudou as, 98 perceptions of voudou as, 230, 342

execution, compared to sacrifice, 232 existential analysis, 274-75

F faith, practice of, 230, 267, 314 Faraway Places restaurant, 145 fela, 277 ficus, 282 figurines, 225, 239, 302 First Amendment rights, 348 fixing. See hexes Fon culture of Benin (formerly

Dahomey),4, 111 food in ritual, 21, 26, 159 four corners ritual, 3-6,12-16,17-18 Four New World Yoruba Rituals

(Mason),250 Free Republic of Haiti. See Haiti French Quarter (New Orleans), 3-7,

30 frescora, 283 Full Gospel Church, 81

G Ghandi,Iya

as Yemonja, 194-95, 201, 202 background of, 207 introducing festival, 192-94 obtaining livestock for author's

sacrifice, 224-25 on palo mayombe, 268-73

petitioning to leave Oyotunji, 214-15

presenting Yemonja to sea, 207-11 Ghede, 306 ghosts, 115 gin, 170-71 Glass Bead Game, The (Hesse), 218 gods. See orisha Gonzalez-Wippler, Migene, 268, 275n Goodman, Andrew, 126, 128-29 Graceland,119-20 Grandissimes, The (Cabel), 9 Gray, Thomas, 129 gris-gris, 34-35 Guidry, Kevin, 80-81

H Haiti

history of, 131-33 poverty in, 286-87 religious history of, 287-89 slave revolt of 1829,349 types ofvoudou in, 9, 282

Haiti's Influence on Antebellum America (Genovese-Hunt), 136n

Harper's Weekly, 339 Harris,joel Chandler, 165 Haskins, jim, 147 Haskins-Foster,julie Mae, 147, 155 healing. See homeopathy herbs, 34, 158

collecting, 279-85,284 rules for harvest, 280

hexes examples of, 26,105-107,123-24,

150 history of, 35 in the Castillon myth, 323 use of bodily excretions in, 50,144

Hialeah,256 Hispaniola, 131 "hoe-doe" pronunciation variation, 111 Holloway, Dr., 148 Hollywood's influence on image of

voudou,l1 Holy Family Spiritual Church, 53 holy water, use of in rituals, 15 homeopathy, 51, 56-57,84-86, 111-12

Honeycutt, Lorita. See Mitchell-Honeycutt, Reverend Lorita

hoodoo. See also root doctors as derivative of voudou, 9 as remnant of American voudou,

135 compared to voudou, 152 compilation of oral accounts on,

243 opposition to, 94, 141-42 practitioners, 149,248

Horseman, The (Oyotunji bistro), 180-81

hounfor, 296 houngan, 132,293,296 Hugh, Thomas, 7 Hughes, Langston, 242 human sacrifice

accounts of in media, 339 example of at Oyotunji, 185-86 explanation of, 230-33 in Castillon myth, 326

Hunting Island, 181,205,207-11 Hurston, Zora Neale, 242-44

I Ibeji,159

as symbol of duality, 199-200 vision of at Oyotunji, 189-90

Ifa. See also divination divination system, 30,157,217-18,

226n,315 orisha, 184, 198

Ifa Divination: Gods and Men in West Africa (Bascom), 226n

Ifa: The Ancient Wisdom (Epega), 226n,233

Ife, Nigeria, 183 ikin, 161,217-19, 226n Immaculee Calixte, 289 Independent Church of God, 295 initiations

dress for, 24-25, 203 rituals, 3-6, 21-27,300-12

Internet, 217 invocation, 5, 35 Irete Tura configuration, 220 Isis, 199 .

INDEX - 385

Israelite Universal Divine Spiritual Churches of Christ, 54, 314-18

ita, 58, 300 italero, 260 iyalorisha, 161,302 iyawo,311

J Jackson, Jesse, 136 Jacobs, Claude F, 54 jaguey, 281 Jamaica, 9 Jambalaya: The Natural Woman's Book

of Personal Charms and Practical Rituals (Teish), 153

jazz as instrument of voudou, 343 Jefferson, Thomas, 349-50 Jehigi,113 Jewish Mayombe, 268 Johnson, E.J. (Archbishop), 315-16 Jones, Ava Kay, 28-38

as archetypical personality of Oya, 31

describing voudou, 28-38 Oya initiation ceremony for, 300,

300-12,307-309 Jorden, Mother Fannie Bee, 53

K Kandolo, 111 Karde~Allan, 113 Kennedy, Supreme Court Justice

Anthony, 258, 264 King, Joe, 149 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 118, 120-22,

136, 154 King, Walter "Serge." See Oba

Oseigeman Adefumni I kola nuts, 6 Kongo, 8,265,269 Ku Klux Klan, 126, 148 Kunle. See Baba Kunle

L Lafayette, Louisiana, 79 Lake Claude Bennett, 137 land ownership and women, 204, 213

386 - AMERICAN VOUDOU

"Large Planter and the Religious Instruction of Slaves, The" (Touch-stone),348

Lee, Spike, 354 legends, 83-84 legitimacy, struggle with, 261 Lenin, Vladimir Uyich, 354 Leveau,~arie, 113 lifestyle, voudou as a, 33-36 literacy, laws.against for blacks, 348 Little Haiti, 285-86, 289 Little Havana, 255 loa, 32, 288 Lorraine (initiate), 3-7 Lorraine ~otel, ~emphis, Tennessee,

120-22 Los Guerreros (the Warriors), 46 Louis XIV, 8 Louisiana Purchase, 131 L'Ouverture, Toussaint, 131 love potion, 34 lukumi (lucumi), 263

M macumbe, 134 magic in voudou, 36 ~alaya, 203-205 ~alcolm X, 136, 297 m'ambo, 28, 132, 289, 293 mandala, 186 mango tree, 283 ~ao Tse-tung, 354 ~argaret, the "White Witch," 96-97,

113-15,114 ~arielito exodus, 255 marketplace' ritual. See four corners

ritual maroons, 131 marriage in voudou culture, 204-205.

See also polygamy ~arx, Karl, 360 ~ason, Eddie Lee, 123-27 ~ason,John,24~249-54

~atamoros, ~exico, 230-31, 266 ~atanzaz,Cuba, 184, 185 mayombero, 266 media coverage ofvoudou, 319-46

attitudes of authorities toward voudou,326

ceremonies, accounts of, 331-33, 334-37,339-41

cynicism about voudou, 329-31, 344-46

Ernesto Pichardo, CNN interview of,257-60

"Hamadryad, The" (New Orleans D,aily Picayune), 320-28

nudity, accounts of, 337 orgies, accounts of, 335-37 perspective, reporters' limited, 346 role of in demonization and

trivialization of voudou, 346 satanic portrayal of voudou, 328 sensationalism in, 338 St. John's Feast, correlation with

media coverage, 319 stereotypes in the press, 319 superstition, voudou portrayed as,

338 white participants, accounts of,

340-41 ~etropolitan Spiritual Churches of

Christ, 54 ~iami, Florida, prevalence of voudou

in, 255 ~iddle Passage slave trade route, 7 mirrors and duality, 189, 199-200 ~iss ~adie, 144, 145 ~iss Patsy, 148, 149 ~itchen, Andrew, ordaining of, 314-

18 ~itchen, Gary, 3-7, 64, 65,314-18 ~itchen-Honeycutt, Lorita (Reverend)

archetypical personality of Oshun, 31

at medio (feast), 24-27 at St. Lazarus botanica, 39-52, 43 background of, 53-54 giving readings and counseling, 47-

51 in initiation ceremony, 20-24 introduction to voudou, 56-57 on the power of voudou, 58-59 preaching, 63-70 re-ordained in Israelite Church,

314-18 search for, 17-20

~iwa, 183

Mormons, 129 Mother Addl, 140 Mt. Zion Baptist Church, 128-29 Mules and Men (Hurston), 243

N Nation of Islam, 256 National Association for the Advance-

ment of Colored People (NAACP), 122

Native American religion, intolerance toward,11

ndoke, 272 Negro Church in America (Frazier), 358 New Age, 80 New Orleans Bee, 350 New Orleans Daily Picayune, 9, 320,

328-29 New Plantation Economy, 156 nganga,41,271-72 Nigeria, 3, 163, 178 Ninth Ward, 53 nudity, media accounts of, 337

o Dba Oseigeman Adefumni I

at Ava Kay Jones' Initiation, 303-304

at Obogoni Society meeting, 212-15 background of, 182-86 describing Ifa divination system,

226n family of, 182, 222 giving readings, 216-23, 304-306 in Yemonja ceremony, 201-203 on Haitian voudou, 288-89 on human sacrifice, 232

Obatala Baba Tunde as priest of, 157 Chief Ajamu as priest of, 277 dress associated with, 195 emblem of, 5 herbs associated with, 279 in history of orisha pantheon, 32 influence in author's reading, 162,

164,221 Orite as priestess of, 204 prayers to, 169 statue of, 160

INDEX - 387

syncretized with Jesus, 134 obeah,9,134 obi

in author's sacrifice ritual, 170, 239 in four corners ritual, 5-6, 12-13 in !fa divination system, 217, 226n

ocha,22 . Ochosi

as author's orisha, 219-22, 278 described, 45-46 in orisha pantheon, 32 sacrifice for, 238 similarities to Robin Hood, 220 temple at Oyotunji, 197

odu as related to orisha, 218 explanation of reading, 226n in Ifa divination, 161, 163,217-18,

305 parables linked to specific patterns,

164 Odudua. See O1orun offerings, 168

candy, 5, 197 food, 21, 49

Ogboni Society, 208, 212 Ogun

altar at Oyotunji, 197 . described, 46

ebo for, 238 herbs associated with, 281 in orisha pantheon, 32. initiation rite, herbal offerings for,

279-85 iron pots associated with, 302, 302 prayers to, 169

okana, 12 Old US Mint, New Orleans, 28, 30 Oliana, Chris, 184 Olodumare. See Olorun O1ofi. See Olorun 010kun,32

herbs for, 279 shrine of, 201 statue of, 202

Olorun described as supreme being in

orisha pantheon, 32,160

388 - AMERICAN VOUDOU

prayers to, 15-16 role in reincarnation, 163, 198

Oneidans,129 Onje Fun Orisa [Food for the Gods]

(Mason), 250 opele (chain), 301

described, 161 Oba casting for author's reading,

212 used in Ifa divination system, 217-

18, 226n oral tradition of voudou tales, 83-84 orgies, media accounts of, 335-37, 339 origins of voudou

African, 8 Egyptian, 11 in the US, 7-12,17-18 Yoruban, 3-4

orisha altars, 160, 179 city of the (Ife, Nigeria), 183 defined, 3 initiation ritual, 299-312 Oyotunji villagers dressed as, 192 pantheon, 32 personification of, 257 place of in voudou worship, 313 pots, 300, 306 sexuality of, 197 syncretization in Caribbean, 134 worship, 9, 11, 184, 195, 277

Orite,Iya background of, 204-5 introduced, 182 performing sacrifice for author,

237-41 petitioning for land ownership, 213 welcoming author, 186-88

Osanyin, 32, 280 Oshun

as feminist hero of voudou mythol-ogy,161

as symbol of sexuality, 197 in orisha pantheon, 32 influence in Orite, 204 influence on author's reading, 221 Lorita as, 31 Malaya as priestess of, 203 peacocks associated with, 188

prayers to, 169 shrine at Oyotunji, 199-200 syncretized with Blessed Virgin,

134 osobo (warning), 165,222 Owolawo, Chief, 244-48, 278 Oya

Ava Kay Jones as, 31-32 described, 5, 305-6 influence on author's reading, 221 initiation, 299-312, 307-309

oyekun, 12, 170 Oyotunji

p

altars in, 236 arrival at, 177-82 as performance art, 201 author's daughter at, 304-306 background of, 182-86 decline of, 186 dissension within, 215 egungun ceremony, 196 family life in, 182 founders of, 246 guest hut in, 187 human sacrifice in, 185 Iya Ghandi and statue of Olokun,

202 origin of name, 182 polygamy in, 182 primitive nature of, 188 promoting, 208-209 royal residence in, 193 Shango festival at, 304 village children, 180 visions of Ibeji in, 189-90

palero, 266-67 palm reading. See readings palo mayombe, 8,195,207,233,265-

73 as weapon, 266 compared to voudou, 270-71 defined, 268 initiation rites, 269 ndoke,272 nganga,272 pot, 41 stick, 49

pantheon. See orisha parables, 164-65,228-30 Parks, Rosa, 155 patron deity, 198 peacocks, 188,200 peonia, 280 peregun, 281 physi.cs, in explanation of personal

energy, 235 Pichardo, Ernesto, 258, 262, 282 plantations, 12, 90. See also slavery Plekhanov, George v., 354 poison, 125 polygamy, 182, 204-205 Pope Alexander II, 8 Pope's visit to Cuba, 258 population figures

of slaves, 130 of voudou adherents, 7-8

Posey, Zoe, 320 possession

of Baba Tunde, 161 of Ghandi as Yemonja, 194 of Lorita, 18, 317-18 of warriors at Yemonja festival, 199

potions,34,36,150,294 power, worship as form of, 274 prayer, similarities between Christian

and voudou, 233-34 preachers

literacyof,357-58 new role as evolved from priests,

356 role of in abolition of slaves, 356-58

prenda power of, 272-73 spirits of, 266

presentation on voudou by Ava Kay Jones, 33-38

presentation to Oya, 310-12 preservation of orisha, 182. See also

Oyotunji Presley, Elvis, 118-20 priestess. See m'ambo priests, 356. See also houngan prophecy, 69, 315-18. See also readings Prosser, Gabriel, 136, 351

INDEX - 389

R racism, 253 Rastafarians, comparison to older

African Americans, 145 Ray,James Earl, 121 readings

by Baba Tunde, 164-65 by Chief Ajamu, 278 by Iy:a Orite, 239-40 by Lorita Mitchell, 59-62, 78-79 by Oba Oseigeman Adefumni I,

216-17,219 conflicts between, 221 cost of, 41, 149, 160-61,305 for author, 59-62, 164-65,216-19,

239-40,278 for author's daughter, 304 for Oba's daughter, 222-23 in four corners ritual, 5-6 methods described, 226n warnings in, 222

Rebellion to Revolution, From (Genovese), 136n, 351

Reformation, voudou from santeria, 249

Reglas de Congo: Palo Magombe (Cabrera),265

reincarnation, 162-63, 198 religious oppression

African priests condemned in Bible, 98-99 -

Black Codes, 347-49 domination of Christianity, 11-12 eradication of voudou in US south,

133-36 legal battles over sacrifice, 263-64

remedies, 84-86, 111-12, 144. See also homeopathy

Republic of New Africa, 184 revolutionaries, 351 rituals and ceremonies

as an art form, 313-14 Bible used in, 48, 60-62 blood used in, 169-70, 197 cost of, 25,165-66,168,267 foodin,21,26,159 for protection, 84

390 - AMERICAN YOUDOU

initiations, 3-6,21-27,300-312 items used in, 15, 166, 171 music and dancing in, 25, 66, 202,

306-10,332,336-37 psychology of, 34 sacrifice in, 302 traditional dress for, 24-25, 191-92,

195,310 Yemonja, 192-203,207-11

Robin Hood, similarities to Ochosi, 220

root doctors, 86,144,248 Roots (Haley), 208

S sacrifices. See also animal sacrifice;

human sacrifice as an agent of change, 233 compared to execution, 232 concept of, 227-36 consequences of failure to perform,

79,228-30 determining cost of, 165-66 for figurines, 225 Graceland analogy, 120 legal issues of, 150, 264 reasons for, 227-28 "sacrificing" money, 318

Sainte Domingue. See Haiti santeria

African-American split with, 248-49,251-54,317

and organized crime, 52 ceremonies in Cuba, 136 defined, 9, 134 ekuele used in readings, 218 in New York, 183-84 initiations, 198 Iya Ghandi as initiate of, 195 Oba's early introduction to, 184 public practice in Cuba, 263

Santeria: The Religion (Gonzalez-Wippler),275n

santeros, 19, 277 Santo Domingo, 8, 131, 136n. See also

Haiti Sarah's Kitchen restaurant, 92-94, 93 Satanism, misconceptions of voudou

as,95,98-99,146,230

Schwemer, Michael, 126, 128-29 sea grapes, 279 segregation, 166 separatism from santeria, 12, 248-54,

282-83. See also Mason, John sermons

Johnson, E.]. (Archbishop), 314-15 Mitchell-Honeycutt, Lorita (Rever-

end),316-18 serpent, 125. See also Dambada-Wedo Serpent and the Rainbow, The (Davis),

125,328 sexuality, 30, 197 shakeree, 160 Shakers, 129 Shalako, 277 Shango

festival for, 304 in orisha pantheon, 32 Iya Shango, priestess of, 195-97 plants associated with, 282 shrine for, 305 syncretized with st. Barbara, 134,

259 temple of, 247

Shango Baptist, 9,134,195 Shango, Iya, 195,207 Shango Temple, Harlem, New York,

184 Shanla,Iya,211,212,215 Shining Two Bookstore, 79 shrines. See also altars

for Elegba, 181, 197,237 for Shango, 305 for Yemonja, 200 of Olokun, 201 santeria, 259

Side by Side Bookstore, 81 siempre vive herb, 283 Simmons, Brad, 303 Sister Mary, 140, 142 Sister Plummer, 140, 141; 144 Sixteen Cowries: Yoruba Divination,

Africa to the New World (Bascom), 226n

Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America (Wilmore & Stuckey), 356, 359

slave revolts, 8-9, 130-33

alternative outcome theories, 352-53

Christian instruction as a deterrent to, 359

factors preventing, 353-54 fear of, 350-52 role of voudou in, 353-56, 359

Slave Trade, The (Thomas), 7 slavery, 12, 130

cessation of trading,,349-50 origins of American voudou in, 7-

12 population estimates, 7-8 religion and, 8 role of Christianity in, 360 role of preachers in, 356-58 role of priests, 354-56

slaves baptism forced on, 347 Caribbean influence on US, 276-77 Christian conversion of, 356-61 question of immoral souls in, 357 religious/cultural bonds between,

358-59 "savage" nature of, 350

Smith,Jacqueline, 121 snake-god, 37-38, 314 snakes, 37-38, 71, 125 Songo. See Shango soul,274-75 Southern Poverty Law Center, 154 spells. see hexes spirits, 189, 194, 197

controlling, 266 of the marketplace, 5

spiritual advising. See counseling; readings

Spiritual Church, 17-18, 53-56 Spiritual Churches of New Orleans, The

Oacobs),54 St. Barbara, 134,259 St. Expedite, 59 St.Jean Baptiste, mural of on botanica,

289 St. John the Baptist Parish Revolt, 131,

351 St. Lazarus, 6, 45, 56-57, 134,261. See

also Babalu Aye St. LaZarus Spiritual Church, 28

INDEX - 391

St. Louis Cathedral, 15 storytelling, 165 superas, 200 superstition, 108-109 syncretization,8,32,55-57,134-35,

259. See under Catholicism; santeria

T ~ismans, 45-46, 234-35 Tarot, 80 Teish, Luisah, 153 televangelism, 81 Tell My Horse (Hurston), 243 tetradotoxin, 125 thanataphobia, 233 Thompson, Robert Farris, 164 Throne Day, 300 towns visited by author

Alachua County, Florida, 245 Atlanta, Georgia, 299-312, 307-309 Blackhawk, Louisiana, 87 Demopolis, Alabama, 147-48, 150 Gainesville, Florida, 245 Graceland, Memphis, Tennessee,

119-20 Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 139 Heidelberg, Mississippi, 141 Laurel, Mississippi, 140, 142 'Meridian, Mississippi, 137, 139;

145 Miami, Florida, 248 Montgomery, Alabama, 147 New Orleans, Louisiana, 4 New Quarters, Alabama, 148 Oxford, Mississippi, 122 Philadelphia, Mississippi, 122, 126-

29 Savannah, Georgia, 174 Selma, Alabama, 147 .

tradition of voudou in families, 36 trances, 18,317-18 transubstantiation, 234 Tree of Life, 324-28 "tree of life" herb, 283 trickster. See Elegba Trinidad, 9, 195 True Believers, 231 Tula, 265 Tunde. See Baba Tunde

392 - AMERICAN VOUDOU

Turner, Nat, 136,351,360 two-headed man, 101-104, 142,314

U unbaptized Mayombe, 268 Uncle Clem, 110-12

V vaudoux,9 Vesey, Denmark, 136,351 veve, 200 Virgin de la Candelaria, 306 Virgin of Guadalupe, 59 visions, 189 vo-du, 4, 111. See also voudou vodun,9,75,200 Voodoo (Chesi), 7 Voodoo and Hoodoo (Haskins), 147 Voodoo Macumba Dance Troupe, 28-

30 Voodoo Museum, French Quarter, New

Orleans, 10 voudou, derivatives of, 75-77

W wake-up drum, 179 VValensa,Lech,354 VValker, Alice, 244 Walker'sAppeal,357 VVanderingJew plant, 281 VVarner, Charles Dudley, 339 VVarriors (Los Guerreros), 197-98

VVashington, George, 349-50 VVest Indies, 7 VVhite VVitch, 96-97,113-15,114 wicca, 35, 80 VVilmore, Gayraud S, 98-99 witchcraft, 35 women

and land ownership, 204, 213 in voudou culture, 214 in Yoruba society, 204-205

VVord of Faith Ministry, 81 . VVordsworth, VVilliam, 129

y yaguo,4,5,197 Yemaya, 184. See also Yemon~a Yemonja, 32, 181, 192-203 \

festival of, 181, 196 herbs for, 279 Iya Ghandi as, 202 presenting to sea, 207-11 shrine for, 200, 201

Yoruba as culture, 3, 9, 154 aslanguage,4,33, 161, 169-70,

179,197,203,240 as religion,S, 183, 185, 189, 311

Yoruba Theological Archministry, 250

Z zombi potions, 125

--- --~-~ . " ... a fascinating and insightful account of ali ~r

stood aspect of African-American culture. Davi.l:f:!,"ffi'tDJ5l~~,,~ffi'O&& .. _IT'1:~~_;n;n:nT