AMERICAN SOCIETY AND ECONOMY TRANSFORMED (1812-1860)

AMERICAN SOCIETY AND ECONOMY TRANSFORMED

Introduction Economic Transformation

Agriculture Northwest Southwest

Transportation Industry Urbanization

Religion and Reforms Second Great Awakening Reform Era

Conclusion

Vocab Nativist John Deere Eli Whitney Cotton Gin McCormick Reaper Steel Plow

THEMES Transformations

Agricultural Boom, Transportation, Industry, and Urbanization

Americans Society Religion and Reform

Era

BELLWORK Through most of human history goods

have been made and moved using human power and animal power. Only in the past 150 have machines started to take over these tasks. This is known as industrialization. How different would your life be without machines?

POPULATION PATTERNS U.S. Pop

1790: 4 million; most east of the Appalachians

1840: 17 million; 1/3 west of the Appalachians

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION (1790 AND 1850)

AMERICAN SOCIETY AND ECONOMY TRANSFORMED

Introduction Economic Transformation

Agriculture Northwest Southwest

Transportation Industry Urbanization

Religion and Reforms Second Great Awakening Reform Era

Conclusion

POPULATION PATTERNS U.S. Pop

1790: 4 million; most east of the Appalachians

1840: 17 million; 1/3 west of the Appalachians

Population grew in parts of “Old Northwest”

POPULATION PATTERNS U.S. Pop

1790: 4 million; most east of the Appalachians

1840: 17 million; 1/3 west of the Appalachians

Population grew in parts of “Old Northwest”

Ohio 1800 = 45,000 1820 = 581,000 1840 = 1,500,000

Michigan 1810 = 5,000 1840 = 212,000

POPULATION PATTERNS U.S. Pop

1790: 4 million; most east of the Appalachians

1840: 17 million; 1/3 west of the Appalachians

Population grew in parts of “Old Northwest”

Commercial farming become more common

Great Lakes and Mississippi were used to transport goods

“Old Northwest” emerged as a leading agricultural region

COMMERCIAL FARMING AND OLD NORTHWEST

The East became more urban and industrialized

Western farms benefited from newer technologies McCormick Reaper Steel Plow

FARM ECONOMY

Expansion of Farming into the west

AMERICAN SOCIETY AND ECONOMY TRANSFORMED

Introduction Economic Transformation

Agriculture Northwest Southwest

Transportation Industry Urbanization

Religion and Reforms Second Great Awakening Reform Era

Conclusion

“OLD SOUTHWEST” TERRITORY Commercial

Farming and tech also impacted “Old Southwest”

Settlement increased as cotton became leading U.S. export

Alabama and Mississippi produced nearly 50% of U.S. cotton by 1820s

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin led to expansion of cotton plantations Patent came through

in 1807 Cotton was shipped

to Br. and U.S. textiles mills

Demand for slave labor increased dramatically

CHECK UP!1. How did new

technologies change farming?

AMERICAN SOCIETY AND ECONOMY TRANSFORMED

Introduction Economic Transformation

Agriculture Northwest Southwest

Transportation Industry Urbanization

Religion and Reforms Second Great Awakening Reform Era

Conclusion

TRANSPORTATION – CUMBERLAND ROAD 620 Mile road Connected Potomac River with Ohio River Federally funded

TRANSPORTATION - CANALS Steamboats

transformed transportation of goods and people via rivers

Inventor - Robert Fulton

Canals were built to link major waterways

TRANSPORTATION - ERIE CANAL Linked Hudson River

to Lake Erie 360 miles long Took 8 years to build Cost = $7 million

(130 million today) Opened eastern

markets to crops raised by western farmers

TRANSPORTATION - CANALS

TRANSPORTATION - RAILROAD Railroads developed

rapidly after 1830 1830 13 miles of

track. 1850 9000 mi. 1860 31,000 mi.

INLAND FREIGHT COST

CHECK UP!

2. How did the Transportation revolution impact the following things?- Economy of the

nation- Society- Politics

AMERICAN SOCIETY AND ECONOMY TRANSFORMED

Introduction Economic

Transformation Agriculture

Northwest Southwest

Transportation Industry (Revolution) Urbanization

Religion and Reforms Second Great Awakening Reform Era

Conclusion

RISE OF INDUSTRY Industrial Revolution

Largely began with the manufacturing of textiles

Production: 1817

4,000,000 yards 1843

323,000,000 yards

CASE STUDY: LOWELL, MASSACHUSETTS MILLS

80% of factory workers were female

Long hours Hot and humid

conditions

RISE OF INDUSTRY Industrial Revolution

Largely began with the manufacturing of textiles

Production: 1817

4,000,000 yards 1843

323,000,000 yards Consumerism

People in urban areas began to purchase ready-made clothing (more common for men)

U.S. MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT

CHECK UP3. How did the Industrial revolution impact the following things? Economy of the

nation Society Politics

REVIEW

REVIEW

REVIEW

REVIEW

REVIEW

CHECK UP! 4. Based on what

you have learned so far in this Unit, list as many causes as you can for the growth of industry in the United States.

AMERICAN SOCIETY AND ECONOMY TRANSFORMED

Introduction Transportation

Agriculture Northwest Southwest

Transportation Industry Urbanization

Religion and Reforms Second Great Awakening Reform Era

Conclusion

URBANIZATION 1820s most major

cities were seaports

1 city had pop over 100,000

U.S. pop continued to increase Immigration High birth rates

IMMIGRATION STATISTICS

URBANIZATION By 1860 eight

cities had populations over 100,000

New York City’s population reached 800,000 by 1860

Large inequalities between rich and poor

GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR Boston

In 1833 the richest 4% owned 25% of city’s wealth

In 1848 the riches 4% owned 66% of the city’s wealth

New York City In 1828 the richest

4% owned 50%of the city’s wealth

In 1848 the riches 4% owned 66% of the city’s wealth

IMMIGRANTS AND PERSECUTION Immigrants often faced persecution Native-born workers were resentful and

believed large immigrant populations led to lower wages

IMMIGRANTS AND PERSECUTION

RACIST THOMAS NAST CARTOON COMPARING IRISH IMMIGRANTS WITH SOUTHERN SLAVES

AN 1850S CARTOON SHOWING A "POOR HOUSE" OF IMMIGRANTS FROM IRELAND.

Source

IMMIGRANTS AND PERSECUTION

A CARTOON FROM THE 1850S BY THE "KNOW-NOTHINGS" ACCUSING THE IRISH AND GERMAN IMMIGRANTS OF NEGATIVELY AFFECTING AN ELECTION.

THOMAS NAST CARTOON FROM 1870 EXPRESSING THE WORRY THAT THE IRISH CATHOLICS THREATENED THE AMERICAN FREEDOM.

IMMIGRANTS AND PERSECUTION

THIS CARTOON PRINTED IN 1889, STEREOTYPES THE IRISH AS UNMIXABLE IN AMERICA'S MELTING POT.

Check Up!

5. Why did nativist fear new immigrants to the United States (specifically Irish)?

CHECK UP!Invention or Innovation What is it/ How is it

new?Political, Economic, Social Impact

TextileFarmingRoadsCotton GinSteam BoatCanalsRailroadsCommunications

AMERICAN SOCIETY AND ECONOMY TRANSFORMED

Introduction Transportation

Agriculture Northwest Southwest

Transportation Industry Urbanization

Religion and Reforms Second Great Awakening Reform Era

Conclusion

SECOND GREAT AWAKENING Began in New England

in 1790s, but spread across the country

Camp meetings became common Large audiences

listened to many different preachers

Speakers called on worshipers to ask for forgiveness and prepare for the Second Coming

SECOND GREAT AWAKENING Charles Finney

Former lawyer and gifted speaker

Sin was voluntary act

Rejected Calvinist predestination

Evangelist - Born-Again

RELIGIOUS AND UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES

Number about 6,000 and established several communities

Well-Known for their furniture and handicrafts

The movement peaked between 1820-1860

SECOND GREAT AWAKENING - SLAVERY

Slaves began to adopt evangelical Protestantism – Baptists

SECOND GREAT AWAKENING Expansion of

Evangelical Protestantism Methodists and

Baptist Membership 70k-

1000k Slaves

Utopian Society Development of

Mormonism

CHECK UP! What are the consequences of the

Second Great Awakening?

AMERICAN SOCIETY AND ECONOMY TRANSFORMED

Introduction Transportation

Agriculture Northwest Southwest

Transportation Industry Urbanization

Religion and Reforms Second Great Awakening Reform Era

Conclusion

ERA OF REFORM Temperance

ALCOHOL AND TEMPERANCE Alcohol abuse was a

major problem Average male drank

½ pint of liquor a day

Religious leaders saw it as immoral

Factory owners were concerned about productivity and quality

TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT PROPAGANDA

ALCOHOL AND TEMPERANCE The American

Society for Promotion of Temperance began in 1826 Encouraged

abstinence Lobbied states for

prohibition of alcohol

ERA OF REFORM Temperance Public Education

PUBLIC EDUCATION Education was considered

family’s responsibility and not required

Horace Mann became leading reformer in Mass. and the U.S. Attendance made

mandatory Curriculum was

standardized State school programs

educated children, assimilated immigrants

ERA OF REFORM Temperance Public Education Opposition to

Slavery

ABOLITION OF SLAVERY Quakers advocated abolition of slaves William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator

ABOLITION OF SLAVERY Quakers advocated abolition of slaves William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator Women became vocal advocates for

abolition

ABOLITION OF SLAVERY Quakers advocated abolition of slaves William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator Women became vocal advocates for abolition American Colonization Society

Formed in 1817 Called for emancipation of slaves Former slaves would be transported to African state

of Liberia 12,000-15,000 migrated to Liberia

Problems: Not many slaves earned their freedom Very costly Many former slaves had no desire to live in Africa

ERA OF REFORM Temperance Public Education Opposition to

Slavery Women’s Rights

WOMEN’S RIGHTS Seneca Falls, New York

1848 Convention for women’s rights Declaration of Sentiments

“All men and women are created equal.” Right to vote Equality in marriage laws Property Rights

CHECK UP! How did the societal

movements and problems of the early 1800s compare to the movements and problems of today?

AMERICAN SOCIETY AND ECONOMY TRANSFORMED

Introduction Transportation

Agriculture Northwest Southwest

Transportation Industry Urbanization

Religion and Reforms Second Great Awakening Reform Era

Conclusion

REVIEW Ideas to consider

Which “transformations” had the most impact on the nation’s development?

Which reform movement was most successful?

LINKS Lowell National Historic Park New York’s Five Points District Immigration to the U.S. Second Great Awakening

SOURCES http://college.cenga

ge.com/history/lecturepoints/index.html