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Transcript of American Psychological Association [APA] Citation Guide Based on the APA Manual 6 th Edition ISBN-13...
American Psychological Association [APA]
Citation Guide Based on the APA Manual 6th Edition
ISBN-13 : 781433805615
1© 2012 Grand Canyon University
Paper Format Slides 4-10
In-Text Citations Slides 11-42
References Slides 43-85
Table of Contents
2
American Psychological Association. (2012). APA style.
Retrieved from http://apastyle.apa.org/
The OWL at Purdue. (2012). APA formatting and style
guide. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
The Writing Center @ The University of Wisconsin-Madison.
(2011). APA documentation guide. Retrieved from
http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.html
APA Websites
3
Formatting a Scholarly Paper
Part 1
4
Font: Times New Roman, 12 point. 1 space after periods. Margins, 1.0” all around. Jagged right-edge text alignment: Do not
justify. Left margin can be l.5 inches if instructor has
requested the paper to be bound. Everything is double-spaced, including quotes
and reference page.
Format: Basics
5
To ensure compliance with APA style requirements, use the current Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary as a default for spelling words. The dictionary can also be used as a resource for hyphenation, capitalization, etc.
Format: Spelling and Word Usage
6
Include author’s name (byline) and institutional affiliation. Author’s name should include full first name,
middle initial, and last name. Affiliation identifies the location where the author,
or authors, conducted the investigation. If there is no institutional affiliation, list the city and state of the author’s residency below the author’s name.
For GCU students the affiliation should be Grand Canyon University followed by the course prefix and number.
Format: Title Page
7
Page numbers start with title page by setting header feature in your software. Page number is flush right.
Running heads should include several words from title. For specific guidelines on formatting running heads, refer to the APA Manual (2010), pp. 229-230.
See example of a title page in APA Manual (2010), p. 41.
Format: Title Page
8
Series in a sentence To identify elements of a series within a
paragraph, use lowercase letters in parentheses, for example:
The participant's three choices were (a) working with another participant, (b) working with a team, and (c) working alone. (APA, 2010, p. 64)
Format: Elements in Series
9
Use figures for numbers 10 and above (12 of the subjects); for numbers above and below 10 grouped for comparison (2 of 16 responses); for numbers representing time, dates, and age (3 years ago, 2 hours 15 minutes); for numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table (Table 3, Group 3, page 32).
Use words for numbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurements (eight items, nine pages); for numbers beginning a sentence, title, or heading (Forty-eight percent responded; Ten subjects improved, and 4 subjects did not).
Format: Numbers
10
In-Text Citations
Part 2
11
When you use material from a source, you need to document that source. All quotations, paraphrases, and summaries must be cited in text.
Using material from a source without citing that source is considered plagiarism; please reference GCU’s policy on plagiarism in the University Policy Handbook.
In-Text Citations
12
Two things to remember above all: If an entry appears in text, it must have a
corresponding entry in the Reference list unless it is a “personal communication” or a “major classical work.” Similarly, if an item appears in the References, then it must be cited somewhere in text.
Enough information must be given in text for the reader to locate the item on the Reference list without difficulty.
In-Text Citations
13
In-Text Citations
AARCTICAARCTICAuthorityAccountabilityReasonablenessCredibilityTrustworthiness IntegrityConfidence
14
Purpose: In-text citations give the author the AARCTICAARCTIC without the frostbite of plagiarism.
Consequently, any borrowed
information, whether quoted directly, summarized, or paraphrased must exhibit a clear indication of its origin.
In-Text Citations
15
Include as much of the following information in a citation within the body of a paper as possible: Author
Absence of an author allows the use of a truncated version of the source document’s title.
Copyright Year Location within the source document (e.g., page,
paragraph, or section number). Summaries and paraphrases do not necessarily require the
location element, but it is not wrong to include it.
Standard in-text citation: (Author’s last name, year, p. #)
In-Text Citations
16
General Rules: An author mentioned within the body of a sentence can
include a first name, if desired. Only surnames are represented in a parenthetical
citation. If two or more authors share the surname, then use first
and middle initials to differentiate them. For example: Sentence body: A. B. Smith (2004) contradicted C. D.
Smith (2006) when she said… Parenthetical: (Smith, A. B., 2004) (Smith, C. D., 2006).(Note: inverted name order and the space between the
initials.)
In-Text Citations: Authors
17
One or two authors: Always use the surnames of both authors
throughout the paper. Always cite authors in the order they appear
on the source material. Multiple author punctuation:
Authors of a source mentioned within a sentence use the word “and.”
Authors represented in the parenthetical use the ampersand (&) (APA, 2010, p. 175).
In-Text Citations: Authors
18
Three to five authors: Cite all authors the first time a reference
occurs within an entire paper; subsequent citations require only the surname of the first author followed by “et al.”(Note: there is no period following the “et” but there is a period after the “al.”)
In-Text Citations: Authors
19
Six or more authors: Cite only the surname of the first author
followed by “et al.”(Note: There is no period following the “et” but there is a period after the “al.”)
No author Use a few words of the item’s title or the entire
title (if it is short) in place of the author. Use quotation marks (for article) or italics (for
book) around the title identifier.
In-Text Citations: Authors
20
Groups as authors. Corporations, associations, government agencies,
study groups, etc. Usually spelled out each time they are used in-text.
Remember: The key is to be absolutely sure that the reader can match an in-text citation to its entry in the reference list.
In-Text Citations: Authors
21
Groups as authors, continued. Familiar or readily-understandable acronyms and
abbreviations can be used in the second and subsequent citations, but it must be established as follows: First text citation:
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999).(Note: The use of brackets avoids nested parentheses.)
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) was founded…Note: The use of parentheses to establish the acronym when not nested within a set of parentheses.
Subsequent citations: (NIMH, 1999).
In-Text Citations: Authors
22
Anonymous vs. Unknown: Authors are only ever referred to as
anonymous when they have chosen to be so. In-text citation will list the author in the
parenthetical as Anonymous. Reference list will list the author as Anonymous.
An author is unknown when there is no identifying information at all. In-text citation will replace the author designation
with one or two words from the title of the work. Reference list will promote the title of the work to
the location of the author.
In-Text Citations: Authors
23
Placement of the date in a citation is always directly linked to the mention of the author. If the author’s name appears in the signal
phrase, follow it immediately by a parenthetical representation of the date.
In-Text Citations: Dates
24
Four-digit year is standard. Add alphabetical designation for works by the
same author published in the same year. Example: (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c).
Use “n.d.” for no date. This is only acceptable if no date is
represented anywhere on a work, website, etc. Use periods after the n and the d, and do not
put a space between the two.
In-Text Citations: Dates
25
In-Text Citations: Page Numbers
Provide a location reference (e.g., page numbers, or “part” references) for all direct quotations.
There is a space between the location reference designation and its number or title.
Notations and Abbreviations: Page: p. Pages: pp. Paragraph: para.
26
(Sadler, Fine, & Grace, 1999) (Cheek & Hoa, 1981, p. 332)* (Cheek & Hoa, 1981, pp. 332-333)* (Bow, 2000, para. 1)
In-Text Citations: Examples
* Note: There is no comma between the first author and the ampersand when there are only two authors in the citation.
27
Includes anything from letters, memos, e-mail, telephone conversations, personal interviews, etc.
Because it is nonretrievable data, personal communications do not appear in the References list. They appear in-text only.(Note: Personal communications can be called into question for validity and credibility. Use this type of source sparingly.)
In-Text Citations: Personal Communication
28
Provide the initials, the surname, and provide as exact a date as possible. J. Burnitz (personal communication, September
20, 2007) indicated … A recent interview (J. Burnitz, personal
communication, September 20, 2007) revealed the reluctance …
In-Text Citations: Personal Communication
29
Applies to Titles and Headings. Capitalize major words. Conjunctions, articles, and prepositions are not
considered major. Capitalize all words of four letters or more. Capitalize both words in a hyphenated
compound. Capitalize the first word after a colon or dash.
(APA, 2010, p. 101).
In-Text Citations: Capitalization
30
Definition: A precise, word-for-word, punctuation-for-punctuation, error-for-error reproduction of source material for use in one’s own work.
In-Text Citations: Quotes
31
Signal Phrases (It’s only polite!)(It’s only polite!) Signal phrases introduce the quote, or provide
information relevant to the citation that can then be omitted from the parenthetical insertion.
Though the placement and appearance may differ, ALWAYS use a signal phrase to signal a reader about information borrowed from a source.
Think of it as avoiding “quote bombing,” or dropping of self-contained, unannounced quotations.
In-Text Citations: Quotes –
Signal Phrases
32
Signal phrases may require an in-text citation to be broken apart Standard citation: (Author’s last name, year, p. #). Author in signal phrase:
Schwartz (2003) contended, “…” (p. 3). Research (Cummings, 2002) suggested that “…”
(para. 2), but there are still conclusions yet to be reached.(Note: A comma is not needed before a quote when a quotation falls seamlessly into the flow of the sentence.)
In-Text Citations: Signal Phrases
33
Short quotes with fewer than 40 words are incorporated into text and enclosed by double quotation marks.
Parenthetical citations appear after the end quotation marks, but before the final punctuation, such as a period or a comma.
Citation information not contained within a signal phrase immediately follows the quote after the end double quotation marks, no matter where it appears in the sentence.
In-Text Citations: Short Quotes
34
Used for 40 words or more (APA, 2010, pp. 92, 171). Indent the entire quotation one tab, or the same as
an indentation at the beginning of a regular paragraph (half inch).
If the block quote incorporates more than one paragraph, indent the first line of the subsequent paragraphs an additional tab (equal to one half inch).
Do not use quotation marks at the beginning and end of a block quote.
Parenthetical citation appears after the final punctuation mark within the block quote.
In-Text Citations: Block Quote
35
Miele (1993) found the following:The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous studies disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. The behaviors were not exhibited again even when real drugs were given. (p. 40)(Note: The use of double quotes within the block quote is permissible, and the comma appears within the double quotation marks.
In-Text Citations: Block Quote
36
Altering the appearance of quotations is permissible with the appropriate notation.
Errors in the Original text. Because quotations must be an exact duplication
of original material, sometimes it is necessary to indicate the legitimacy of the reproduction, such as a special spelling or an error that appears in the original.
Insert [sic] immediately after the error appears within the quote.
In-Text Citations: Quotes
37
Omission: For an omission of a word or words, use the
ellipses (. . .), not 3 periods in a row. If the omission appears in the middle of a
sentence, use only the three period ellipses. If the omission appears at the end of a sentence
in the quote, use a four-period ellipses to indicate that the final point is the end of the sentence.
Do not use ellipses at the very beginning or at the very end of a quotation.
In-Text Citations: Quotes
38
Inserting material Use brackets, not parentheses, to enclose
inserted material, such as additions or explanations.
Adding emphasis If you want to emphasize a word or words
anywhere in an APA paper, italicize them. Do not put them in quotations marks or use a bold font.
Within a quote, insert the bracketed tag [italics added] immediately after the italicized words.
In-Text Citations: Quotes
39
Alterations to quotations that do not require a notation: Making the first letter of the first word in a
quotation uppercase or lower case depending on the context.
Change ending punctuation to fit the syntax.
In-Text Citations: Quotes
40
Borrowed information that is not reproduced verbatim must be changed significantly in wording and structure when used in-text.
It must still be cited using the rules previously mentioned, though a location reference (e.g., page or paragraph number) is not mandatory.
Signal phrases are not mandatory for all paraphrases and summaries, but it is still wise to use them.
In-Text Citations: Summaries and
Paraphrases
41
Tables vs. Figures Tables typically display exact values or
comparisons and figures display qualitative data like pictures, graphs and drawings. They are labeled differently. Table labels are displayed above the table and labels for the figures are displayed below the figure. For examples, see APA, 2010, pp. 52-53.
In-Text Citations: Visuals
42
References
Part 3
43
Purpose: References are the map to the AARCTICAARCTIC. References provide readers the path to directly
access any and all source materials used within a document.
Bear in mind: Knowing the basics and finding the patterns behind APA citations will make it easier to cope with all of the “exceptions.”
References
44
Elements represented in Reference entries in order of importance: Author
Editor Copyright date Title of work directly ascribed to the author
Edition Title of “harboring” entity (e.g., magazine, journal
name, newspaper, website, etc.) Publication information
Publisher information Volume and issue number Page numbers Retrieval address or location (e.g., DOI number,
website URL, or housing database)
References: Must-Haves
45
Remember the Cardinal RuleCardinal Rule: References cited in text must appear in the References list; conversely, each entry in the References list must be cited in text.
References: Cardinal Rule
46
Begin the reference list on a new page. Using “References” as the title or “Reference” if
there is only a single source: Title is center aligned. If the references take up more than one page, do
not re-type References on sequential pages, simply continue the list.
For each entry, use a hanging indent: The first line is flush left with remaining lines of the reference note indented a half inch.
Alphabetize entries by author’s last name. Double space. Use one space after all punctuation.
References: Format
47
References
Elkind, D. (1978). The child's reality: Three
developmental themes. New York, NY: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
Issac, G. (1995). Is solar disorder timed? Adolescents,
30(118), 273-276.
Sample References Page
48
Single Author Use only a complete surname and the first and middle
initials of any author. Surname appears first followed by a comma. First initial – period – space – middle initial – period –
space. Multiple Authors
Invert the order of the surnames and the initials of all authors.
Separate authors from one another with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author.
References: Authors
49
Editor with no author. Place and represent the editor’s name as if it were
the author. Immediately follow the name with (Ed.). for a single
editor and (Eds.). when there is more than one editor.(Note: The E is capitalized, there is a period after the abbreviation and a period after the closing parentheses.)
No author or editor: Promote the title of the piece to main importance. Alphabetize by the first word of the title that is not
an article (e.g., the, a, an).
References: Authors
50
Same Author Variables Same author, same year
Apply an alphabetized designation immediately after the year.
Use this identifier in-text, as well. Arrange alphabetically by title.
ReferencesJones, J. R. (2001a). Control….Jones, J. R. (2001b). Roles of ….
References: Authors
51
Same Author Variables Same Authors, Different Year of Publication:
List by publication date, from earliest to most recent. Jones, J. R. , & Wright, K. (2000). Jones, J. R. , & Wright, K. (2001).
References: Authors
52
Give (in parentheses) the year the work was published immediately after the author information.
A period belongs after the end parentheses. Standard.
(1995). Monthly items.
(1995, January).(Note: All months must be completely spelled out. Do not abbreviate.)
References: Publication Dates
53
Daily and weekly items. (1995, June 5).
Any work accepted for publication, but not yet printed. (in press).
Work with no available date. (n.d.).
References: Publication Dates
54
Initial Capitalization Capitalize only the first word, the first word
after a colon, and proper nouns in titles of books and articles. Agony and you: How to survive really long, dry
presentations. Do not capitalize the second word of a
hyphenated compound. (APA, 2010, p. 185)
References: Titles
55
Do not use quotation marks or underlining as title designators.
Use italics for titles of books, newspapers, magazines, and journals. Note: For articles in periodicals, the rules of
capitalization and italicizing are split between the title of the article and the title of the periodical: Use special capitalization rules for the actual article,
but do not italicize. Italicize the name of the periodical, but use the
standard Heading capitalization rules.
References: Titles
56
Title components within a reference listing require ending punctuation.
Use a period unless there is a specific ending punctuation in the title.
References: Titles
57
Book Edition. Edition information appears in parentheses
immediately following the title before the period.
Use the designation of ed. with a lower-case e and a period.
Example:American Psychological Association. (2010).
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
References: Editions
58
Books City of publication – comma – space – state
abbreviation – colon – space – name of publisher – period.
Example: Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
References: Publication Information
59
Periodicals (Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, etc.) Immediately following the title of the
periodical, provide a volume number. Include the issue number for journals if, and
only if, each issue begins on page 1. Include the range of page numbers of the
specific article within the periodical.
References: Publication Information
60
Periodical Title (italicized) – comma – space – volume number (italicized) – open parentheses – issue number – close parentheses – comma – space – page range – period.(Note: Do not include any designations or abbreviations, such as vol. for volume number or p. or pp. for page numbers, except where indicated in the APA manual.)
Example:Borman, W. C. (2001). Role of supervisor.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 443-449.
References: Publication Information
61
Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited – whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages.
Reasons why it may not be possible to direct the reader to the precise document: The parent website or organization archives its
articles after a period of time. The item exists behind a firewall.
References: Publication Information – Electronic
Sources
62
Electronic publication information comes in the form of a path. In other words “follow this” or “go here” and you will find the source. Digital Object Identifier (DOI): The “path” is in the form
of a unique alphanumeric reference number that identifies the specific article.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): The “path” is in the form of a URL, or web address. Note: Do not insert a terminating punctuation mark, or
period, after a web address. Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a URL across
lines. Break only after a slash or a period.
References: Publication Information – Electronic
Sources
63
If an article has a DOI number, this number should be used to identify access to the article rather than a retrieval URL.
Usually, the DOI number is found on the first page of an electronic journal article and/or on the database page providing access to the article.
If no DOI number has been assigned to the source you are citing, use a URL to supply the location.
References: Publication Information – DOI Number
64
If the an electronic reference has not been assigned a DOI number:Include retrieval information at the end of a reference note in the form of the URL.At the end of the reference note, use “Retrieved from” followed by the URL. Do not put a period after the URL. Do not hyperlink the URL.A date is not required as part of the retrieval information.
References: Publication Information –Internet URL
65
Examples
Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer
support, marital status, and the survival times of
terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24,
225-229. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
Jones, G. (2001). Role of reference elements.
Retrieved from http://jbr.org/article.html
References: DOI vs. URL
66
ExamplesAPA Reference Notes
67
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Daresh, J. C. (2004). Beginning the assistant principalship:
A practical guide for new school administrators.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.68
Sample Reference Note:Authored Book
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Feldman, P. R. (Ed.). (1997). British women poets of the
romantic era. Baltimore, MD: Johns HopkinsUniversity.
69
Sample Reference Note:Edited Book
Electronic Book with DOI:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. doi:xxxxxxxxxx
Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder
sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, andgrowth [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi:10.1036/0071393722
Sample Reference Note:Electronic Version of a Print
Book
70
Electronic Book with URL:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of work.Retrieved from http://www.xxxxx
Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency [DX Reader version]. Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp
Sample Reference Note:Electronic Version of a Print
Book
71
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxx
O’Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism and the crisis in Western values.
Retrieved from http://www.onlineoriginals.com/
showitem.asp?itemID=135
Sample Reference Note:Electronic-Only Book
72
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter or entry.In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.
Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science ofsubjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.),The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). NewYork, NY: Guilford Press.
73
Sample Reference Note:Selection from an Edited
Book
Entry title. (Year). In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference
work (xx ed., Vol. xx, pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.
Heuristic. (2007). In J. Smith (Ed.), The book of words (7th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 65-66). New York, NY: Jones and Lawrence.
74
Sample Reference Note:Entry in Reference Work
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title,Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx. doi:xxxxxxxxxxx
Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer
support, marital status, and the survival times of
terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-
229. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.22575
Sample Reference Note:Journal Article With DOI
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title,Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx.
Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in the
United States and its implications for local lawenforcement. Law Enforcement
Executive ForumJournal, 8(1), 73-82.
76
Sample Reference Note: Journal Article Without DOI
(Print)
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title,Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx. Retrieved fromhttp://www.xxxxxxxx
Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligenceand self-esteem mediate between perceived earlyparental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved fromhttp://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
77
Sample Reference Note: Journal Article Without DOI
(Internet)
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work [format description]. Retrieved from
http://URL
Landis, B. (1996). Carlisle Indian Industrial School history. Retrieved from http://home.epix.net/~landis/histry.html
Note: The format description in brackets is used when the format is something out of the ordinary, such as a blog post or lecture notes. For other examples of format descriptions, refer to page 186 of the Publication Manual. If no date is given for the work, use (n.d.).
78
Sample Reference Note:Web Page Article — Author
Known
Use the article title or web page title as the first element of the citation if the author is unavailable.
Seventeen moments in Soviet history. (2013). Retrieved from http://soviethistory.org/index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1929collectivization&Year=1929
79
Sample Reference Note:Web Page — Author
Unknown
When discussing an entire website (as opposed to a specific page on the website), an entry does not appear in the reference list, but is cited within text as shown in the following sample sentence:
The International Council of Museums website provides many links to museums, codes of ethics, and the museum profession (http://www.icom.org/).
80
Sample Reference Note:Website — General Citation
Article in a Magazine — PrintAuthor, A. A. (Year, Month). Article title. Magazine Title,
Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx.Mehta, P. B. (1998, June). Exploding myths. New Republic,
290(25), 17-19.
Article in a Magazine — OnlineAuthor, A. A. (Year, Month). Article title. Magazine Title,
Volume(Issue). Retrieved from http://www.homepageClay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back
about the misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology,
39(6). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor
Sample Reference Note: Magazine
81
Article in a Newspaper — PrintAuthor, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title,
pp. xx, xx.Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic,
social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
Article in Newspaper — OnlineAuthor, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title.
Retrieved from http://www.homepage.comBrody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile.
The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Sample Reference Note: Newspaper
82
See the 6th edition of the APA Manual, Chapter 7, for additional examples and more specific information on preparing reference notes for a wider variety of sources, especially for electronic sources such as eBooks and online sources including data sets, software, and discussion forums.
83
For Further Examples
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the
American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC:
Author.
American Psychological Association. (2012). APA style. Retrieved from
http://apastyle.apa.org/
Cornell University Library. (2012). APA citation style. Retrieved from
http://www.library.cornell.edu/newhelp/res_strategy/citing/apa.html
Hacker, D. (2006). APA research paper. Retrieved from
http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdf
Resources
84
Hacker, D. (2007a). A writer’s reference (6th ed.). Boston:
Bedford/St. Martin’s.
Hacker, D. (2007b). A writer’s reference (6th ed.). Retrieved from
http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/writersref6e/Player/Pages/M
ain.aspx
Indiana University Bloomington. (2011). Help with citing (APA,
Chicago, MLA). Retrieved from
http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=337
Resources
85
The OWL at Purdue. (2012). APA formatting and style guide.
Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
University of Maryland University College. (2011). APA citation
examples. Retrieved from
http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_examples.cfm
The Writing Center @ The University of Wisconsin-Madison. (2011).
APA documentation guide. Retrieved from
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html
Resources
86
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (6th
ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Reference
87