A Plasma Flow Spectral Study in the UV Region at MHD Interaction

Krasilnikov A.V., Karabadshak G.F., Plastinin Yu.A. TSNIImash, Korolev, Moscow Reg, Russia

Bityurin V.A., Bocharov A.N. IVTAN, Moscow, Russia

Experimental study of plasma MHD interaction in the working zone of a high-frequency plasmatron has been carried out in at

the operating regimes with power up to 200 kW and pressure 50-200 mbar. The plasma examination was conducted near a model

representing a plane plate 0.25x0.25 m2 size, which had blunted cooper nose. The model was tilted at 10° with respect to the flow.

Inside the model a solenoid was settled, which produced pulsing magnetic field of ∼3 ms duration and up to 1 Tesla amplitude

caused by 6 kA current generated by discharge of a capacitor battery. Subsonic plasma flow in the plasmatron inductor was

initiated by a high-frequency 440 kHz voltage. Diameter of the plasma flow in the region of the model was 0.18 m. The spectral-

zonal plasma investigation included simultaneous measurements of the plasma UV-images, time history of the plasma radiation

intensity at the wavelength 246 nm and the plasma radiation spectrum in the region of 230-360 nm. Measurements in the UV

region of spectrum offer great advantages in comparison with other spectral regions because impurity atomic lines (such as Na,

K, Cu) interference, which is inevitable at the strong MHD impact producing intensive impurity lines in the visible spectral

region, is minimized here; the air plasma UV radiation is very sensitive to temperature variation at the MHD interaction;

ispectral-zonal imagery allow very contrast observation of the plasma region interacting with pulsing magnetic field. Analysis of

the spectra in experiments showed that at the moment of the magnetic field application ~4.8 ms a high temperature air glow was

observed with no impurities contamination (for instance Cu, K). Well developed system of oxygen and nitrogen lines that have

high excitation energies ~10-13 eV. Pares of lines having upper level excitation energy difference of ≈ 1 eV were selected

for determination of temperature that ensured good accuracy of the measurements. The plasma temperature was determined from

ratio of oxygen and nitrogen pares of lines. It was revealed that before the magnetic field is applied, the plasma temperature value

is about Т 6900 К and at the moment when the magnetic field is applied the plasma temperature value reaches a

considerable value ≈ 10000 – 11000 К. The UV-images comparison of the model inside the plasma before the magnetic field

switched on, at the time the magnetic field was on and after the field show apparent enhancement of the plasma emission

intensity and increase of the plasma layer width in the snapshots at the moment when the magnetic field is applied.

≅

Introduction In the references1-4 the external MHD generator model test on high-frequency plasmatron5-7 subsonic modes of

operations were spent. The heating of gas and plasma formation in the high-frequency plasmatron occurs inside the

discharge chamber, placed into an inductor. The high-frequency electric voltage is carried from the generator to the

inductor. As a result of it there is the alternative electromagnetic field 440 kHz in frequency inside the discharge

chamber. This field initiates and supports the discharge in gas located in the chamber. As a result of such technology

in a plasmatron working section at long continuous operation (up to 6000s and more) on subsonic and supersonic

modes the parameters submitted in the Table 1 are reached.

45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit8 - 11 January 2007, Reno, Nevada

AIAA 2007-1375

Copyright © 2007 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.

2 Table 1

Parameter Subsonic Supersonic Mach number, M 0.3 2.5

Gas temperature in the test chamber, T, K 3000 -10000 5000 - 10000 Gas flow rate, G, g/s 1.5 - 30 5 - 20

Stagnation pressure on the model, p, bar 0.005 - 0.2 0.03 - 0.15 Flow velocity, V, m/s 400-600 2000 - 3000

Diameter of a gas stream, mm 200 50

In fig.1 the used experiment measurement scheme is presented.

Fig.1. The experiment measurement scheme.

The model of MHD generator was a plate of size 250 x 400 mm, fabricated without thermo thermo

protective material, with 19 pair of electrodes on wind surface and an electromagnet system on under wind

side. For manufacturing electrodes the copper plates by thickness of 1 mm were used. The electromagnet adjoins to

the internal party of the plate. He consists of two identical, flat coils connected by opposite poles which have been

reeled - up by the copper trunk of section 1mm x 5mm. External radius of the coil is 17 cm, and number of coils -

23. The inductance of the coil is equal 170 nGn. The electromagnet system is a device for short operation time. In

that case the electric current is provided by a condenser battery discharge and the magnetic induction at the

working surface of the model can reach ~1 Tesla. The magnetic induction depends of the condenser battery voltage

value. At the condenser voltage equal 3 KV value of the magnetic induction is about 0.4 Tesla. For the

electromagnet system power supply the standard power unit from the solid-state laser ГОС-300 was used. It

consists of the condensers store (20 pieces on 100 mF), high-voltage rectifier and inductive loading. For a current

pulse inclusion the separate device served. It is a discharge device, on which at the moment of start the short pulse

of a high voltage (16 KV) moved. The current pulse through a cable by section of 200mm2 moved from power

supply to MHD generator coils. For measurement of a pulse current on the facility working section input the

Rogovsky belt was calibrated at simultaneous inclusion of the special calibrated shunt. The model was fastened

on special device made of corrosion-proof steel connected with facility models input system and at the moment of

tests falled to the plasma flow at angle of attack about 10 degree.

Video shooting of plasma flow

In this experiments the video shooting of plasma flow and MHD generator in the facility working section let to

observe a strong interaction of an electromagnetic field with plasma flow. The video shooting was carried out by

3four various digital video cameras: SONY DSC-F828 with speed 30 f/s, SONY NP- F330 with speed 25 f/s, the

high-speed color and W&B cameras CITIUS with speed 2000 f/s. All these video cameras in time fixed flare of light

near to model at submission of a pulse current ~ 5000a and from the charged block of condensers on the coil of the

MHD generator electromagnet. The time of the category of condensers was ~ 2 ms.

In fig.2, as examples, the photo pictures of model are submitted during the same experiments received with use

of the camera SONY NP- F330. Due to the best contrast achievable with the help of this video camera, on the

received pictures the zones of raised lights (plasmoids) are clearly visible which arise near to the surface of the plate

as a result of influence of a pulse magnetic field. Here too higher brightness is observed at smaller pressure in the

plasmatron working section (first and second columns). It is very important to note, that the time of the digit current

coming through the coil of the MHD generator electromagnet creating a variable magnetic field and, in a result

initiating plasmoids occurrence, makes value ~2 ms, and the time of life, as follows from a fig. 2, more than 160 ms.

a b c d

Fig.2. Model photographs in a plasma flow taken by a video camera SONY NP-F330 at different pressure values without a magnetic field (first line) and with a magnetic field (down) in runs: p=30 (a), 50(b), 100(c), 150mBar(d).

4Spectral diagnostics in the visible region

Except for plasma flow visualization a spectral diagnostics was spent in these experiments. The plasma spectral

diagnostics was aimed at determination of temperature in the layer attached to the model surface. The temperature

was determined from analysis of rovibrational spectra of electron bands of N2+, CN, N2 . In addition emission lines

of oxygen О and impurity line of copper Cu were used. As an example, spectra obtained in experiments № 2220 (p

= 30 mbar, N = 200 kW) and № 2218 ( p = 100 mbar, N = 200 kW) are demonstrated in fig. 3. The spectra were

obtained at different time moments during scanning of the plasma layer in the spectral region 370-450 nm. Similar

spectra in the region 450 – 1000 nm are given in fig.4.

380 390 400 410 420 4300

100

200

300

400

500

600

λ, nm

Inte

nsity

, cou

nts

t=13.77sec

380 390 400 410 420 4300

100

200

300

400

500

600

λ, nm In

tens

ity, c

ount

s

t=14.55sec

Fig.3.The air plasma radiation spectra obtained at different time moments in the range 370- 430 nm ..

500 600 700 800 900 10000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Inte

nsity

, cou

nts

λ, nm

Exp.2218, t=12.49 sec

500 600 700 800 900 10000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Inte

nsity

, cou

nts

λ, nm

Exp.2218, t=13.27 sec

Fig.4.The air plasma radiation spectra obtained at different time moments in the range 450- 1000 nm.

Rovibrational structure of the 1st negative nitrogen system N2

+( B2Σu+ - X2Σg) characteristic to the hot air and

molecular bands of the violet CN(B2Σ +- X2Σ+) system are observed in the spectral region of 375 – 450 nm in fig.3.

Molecular bands of N2( B3 Πg – A3 Σu) 1st positive system are well seen in the region λλ 550 – 775 nm in fig.4. Also

in this figure emission lines of oxygen O nitrogen N are observed in the region λλ 750 – 1000 nm along with some

impurity lines of K, Na and Cu. Typical examples of the time dependent intensities of the atomic emission line О (

λ 777 nm), impurity lines К(λ766 nm ), Na ( λ 589 nm) and molecular band edge of N2+ ( 1-) (λ 391.4 nm) are

presented in fig.5.

Preliminary analysis of the intensity of molecular spectra N2+(1-), N2

+(1+), CN(V) and emission lines O(λλ 777;

844; 926 nm) Cu(510.5; 321.3; 522.0; 570.0; 579.2 nm) resulted in the following:

1. Time dependence of the radiation intensities shows presence of an interval of about 160 ms right after magnetic

field turning on where intensity of atomic lines O, N, Cu, K, Na increases. This is illustrated in fig.6. Determination

of the plasma temperature in experiment 2218 (p=0.1 аtm, W=200 kW) based on comparison of the intensities of the

oxygen emission line pares 777/926; 844/926 and pares of lines Cu 510.3/515.3; 521.3/578.2; 521.3/570.0 resulted

5

in the interconsistent value of T=8200±150 K. Over the intensity maximum, the temperature derived from the

oxygen line intensity ratios falls down to 6900±150 K. Emission lines of Cu were not observed at that time.

2. Plasma temperature derived from analysis of the rovibrational structure of the electron band N2+(1-) also consists

similar value T≈7000K. Fig. 6 demonstrates also comparison of the modeled and measured intensity distribution in

the spectra of N2+(1-) и CN(V) in experiment 2220 (p=0.03 atm and N=200 kW). Best coincidence of the modeled

and measured spectra is observed at 7000K.

10 15 200

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Inte

nsity

,cou

nts

Time,sec

Exp. 2218,O777nm

10 15 200

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Inte

nsity

, cou

nts

Time, sec

Exp.2218, K 767 nm

10 15 200

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Inte

nsity

, cou

nts

Time, sec

Exp.2218, Cu 510.5 nm

10 15 20

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Inte

nsity

, cou

nts

Time, sec

Exp.2220, N2+(1-), λ=391.4nm,

Fig.5. Time dependence of the radiation intensity of the air plasma in the lines of oxygen, ionic nitrogen molecular

bands and impurity lines.

384 386 388 390 392 394 , nm

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

Inte

nsity

, cou

nts

2220

=7000 K

405 410 415 420 425 , nm

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Inte

nsity

, cou

nts

λ λ Fig.6. Comparison of experimental and modeled radiation intensities of the air plasma

in the N2+(1-)and CN(v) molecular bands.

6

Modificated model As a result of the analysis of the previous experiments the next preliminary conclusion were made. The occurrence

of zones with raised lights (plasmoids) in the plasma flow near to the model surface at the moment of pulse

magnetic field influence, probably, has an electromagnetic nature. As the dependence of radiation brightness on

pressure value was found out, that, it is more probable than everything, is defined by change of oncoming plasma

flow conductivity in this cases. However there were questions connected to erosion of the plate material at its

heating and combustion of carried away particles, as the model received strong impact under influence of the pulse

magnetic field. The spectral measurements in optical region also have confirmed presence of impurity in the plasma

flow.

To avoid last one whenever possible the next plasma examination was conducted near a new model of MHD

generator representing a plane plate 0.25x0.25 m2 size, which had blunted cooper nose of 0.045 m diameter. The

plate was made of termoprotective material on a silicon basis with temperature of destruction ~ 2000ºC, that has

allowed to exclude erosion of the plate material and occurrence of particles from the model surface in the plasma

flow. The electrodes construction and its position was the same as before. In fig.7 the model of MHD generator

after modification is presented.

Fig..7. The model of MHD generator after modification.

Spectral investigation of plasma in the UV Region at MHD interaction

Measurements in the UV region of spectrum offer great advantages in comparison with other spectra l regions because

impurity atomic lines (such as Na, K, Cu) interference, which is inevitable at the strong MHD impact producing intensive

impurity lines in the visible spectral region, is minimized here; the air plasma UV radiation is very sensitive to temperature

variation at the MHD interaction; spectral-zonal imagery allow very contrast observation of the plasma region interacting with

pulsing magnetic field.

7

12

4

1 3

4 2

6 11

5

138

10 7 14

16

9

15

Fig.8. Optical experimental scheme.

1. Experimental chamber; 2. Plasma at MHD interaction; 3. Model; 4. Silica windows; 5, 6. Lens f = 100 mm, ∅ 20 mm; 7, 8. Optical fibers ∅ 0,6 mm; 9. SD2000, S2000 spectrometrs;10. Photomultiplier R636;11. UV – imager;12. SONY NP–F330;13, 14, 15. PC;16. Rogovsky belt.

The spectral investigation of air plasma at MHD interaction in the working part of the high-frequency plasmatron

were carried out at input power 200 kW and pressures of 50 and 100 mbar. The plasma was studied near the

modificated model at 10° angle of attack on high-frequency plasmatron subsonic mode. Pulsed magnetic field

of ~3 ms duration and ~1 T intensity was generated by a coil located inside the plate in this case. Subsonic plasma

flow originated in the plasmatron infrastructure initiated by heating from a high-frequency generator having 440 kHz

frequency. The observable flow diameter was 0.18 m.

8 Spectral study of plasma near the model included simultaneous registration of plasma spectrum in the wide band

region 240-1100 nm, the plasma UV-image and emission intensity time history at the central wavelength of an

interference filter λ = 254 nm, and wide value - 23 nm. Fig. 8 illustrates the experimental scheme.

A list of the instruments including their designations is next: intensified UV-imager (11), operating wavelength

region 240-330 nm, for plasma imagery in the UV-region of spectrum; spectrometer (9) SD2000, wavelength region

330-1100 nm and S2000, wavelength region 230-380 nm, for measurements of the plasma spectra synchronized

with the Rogovsky inductive belt within time interval ∆t =4.8 ms in the UV-region of spectrum; photomultiplier

R636-10 (10) with Ga-As photocathode, operating wavelength region 200-800 nm, for measurements of the plasma

emission intensity at 254 nm time dependence synchronously with the Rogovsky inductive loop; SONY NP-F330

(12) camcorder for the plasma flow visualization;Rogovsky inductive belt (16) triggering the spectrometer and

photomultiplier, the loop current is monitored through oscilloscope.

Logistics of the experiment is as follows. The Rogovsky inductive belt (16) generates a 5 V signal, which triggers

PM (10) and SD2000 spectrometer (9). The single spectrometer spectrum exposure time was set at ∆t=4.8 ms that

corresponds to the magnetic field pulse duration. The UV-imager (11) frame rate was 25 f/s, while the single frame

exposure was ∆t =5 ms. The data were stored in the PC (13, 14, 15). Camcorder (11) operates with 25 f/s rate.

Experiment № 2262, p = 100 mbar, ∆t = 3,5 ms

Experiment № 2264, p = 100 mbar, ∆t = 5 ms

Experiment № 2267, p= 50 mbar, ∆t = 5 ms

Experiment № 2268, p= 50 mbar, ∆t = 5 ms

Fig. 9. Snapshots of the model in the plasma flow obtained by UV-images

before magneticfield pulse (1 column), during the magnetic field pulse (2 column) and after the magnetic field pulse (3 column). The top lines indicate serial

number of the experiment, operating pressure and exposure time.

9 Fig. 9 shows UV-images of the model inside the plasma before the magnetic field switched on, at the time the

magnetic field was on and after the field. Because the plasma emission study was made in the UV spectral region,

apparent enhancement of the plasma emission intensity and increase of the plasma layer width is obviously seen in

the snapshots.

Fig. 10 illustrates plasma radiation spectrum in the UV wavelength region taken from the UV-imager operating

field of view. The spectrum shows that NO(γ) air plasma bands provide maximal contribution to the plasma

emission intensity.

240 250 260 270 280 290 3000,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

λ, nm

Inte

nsity

, Iλ/I λ=

247

- experimental date - calculation, T = 8000 K

NO(γ), ∆v=-2

NO(γ), ∆v=-6

NO(γ), ∆v=-5

NO(γ), ∆v=-4

NO(γ), ∆v=-3

Fig. 10. Experimental emission spectrum of air prasma, p = 100 mbar

Oscilloscope traces of the Rogovsky belt voltage together with photomultiplier signal time history are shown in

fig.11. The figure shows that photomultiplier signal reaches maximum at the descent part of the Rogovsky belt

voltage curve.

50 55 60 650

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

22000

1

2

Cou

nts

t, ms Fig. 11. Oscillogram: 1. Rogovsky belt voltage; 2. photomultiplier voltage.

Experiment 2316, p = 50 mbar, N = 200 kW

10 Plasma spectral diagnostics included the plasma temperature measurements in the layer near the model.

Radiation spectra taken with exposure time ∆t =4.8 ms starting from Rogovsky belt triggering pulse are shown in

figures 12 and 13. As it may be seen from figure 4 the moment when the spectra were taken corresponds to the time

of the current input into the electromagnetic coil. The spectral intensity of the nozzle radiation was calibrated

through standard tungsten lamp SI-8-200, so figures 12 and 13 shows the data for two pressures 50 and 100 mbar in

terms of absolute values. Analysis of the spectra in figures 5 and 6 that at the moment of the magnetic field

application ~4.8 ms a high temperature air glow was observed with no impurities contamination (for instance Cu,

K). Well developed system of oxygen and nitrogen lines that have high excitation energies ~10-13 eV. Pares of

lines having upper level excitation energy difference of ≈1 eV were selected for determination of electron

temperature that ensured good accuracy of the measurements.

550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 10500,00

0,04

0,08

0,12

0,16

0,20

0,24

0,28

0,32

0,36

0,40

E=12,98 ev1011.7 nm

N

E=12,0 ev938,5 nm

NE=12,08 ev926,4 nm

O

E=12,97 ev906,0 nm

NE=13,72 ev904,9 nm

N

E=11,75 ev868,3 nm

N

E=11,0 ev844,5 nm

O

E=11,84 ev821,7 nm

N

N

N

N

N

N

E=10,74 ev777,3 nm

O

E=11,99 ev746,9 nm

NN

N

E=13,67 ev656,6 nm

H(α)

E=10,74 ev648,5 nm

NE=12,75 ev615,8 nm

O589,5 nm

Na

Spec

tral r

adia

nce,

W/c

m2 *s

r*µm

λ , nm

Fig. 12. Experimental emission spectrum of the air plasma, exposition ∆t = 4,8 msec, p = 50mbar, W = 200 Kw

550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 10500,00

0,04

0,08

0,12

0,16

0,20

0,24

0,28

0,32

0,36

0,40

0,44

0,48

0,52

E=12,98 ev1011.7 nm

N

E=12,97 ev906,0 nm

NE=13,72 ev904,9 nm

N

E=12,08 ev926,4 nm

O

E=12,0 ev938,5 nm

N

E=11,75 ev868,3 nm

N

N

N

N

E=11,0 ev844,5 nm

O

E=11,84 ev821,7 nm

N

N

N

E=10,74 ev777,3 nm

O

E=11,99 ev746,9 nm

N

NN

E=13,67 ev656,6 nm

H(α)

E=10,74 ev648,5 nm

NE=12,75 ev615,8 nm

O

589,5 nmNa

Spec

tral r

adia

nce,

W/с

m2 *s

r*µm

λ , nm Fig. 13. Experimental emission spectrum of the air plasma, exposition ∆t = 4,8 msec, p = 100mbar, W = 200 kW

11 Results of the air plasma temperature measurements for operating pressures p = 50 and 100 mbar are given in

Table 2.

Table 2

Т, (К) λ (nm) Component ∆Е, (еV)

p = 50 mbar p= 100 mbar

615,8/777,3 О 2,01 10730 10320

615,8/844,5 О 1,75 10120 9360

926,4/777,3 О 1,34 11040 11100

868,3/848,5 N 1,01 11420 10610

648,5/938,5 N 1,26 9970 9520

Тm = 10660±400 Тm = 10220±900

The temperature was determined from ratio of oxygen and nitrogen pares of lines. The following

conclusions may be done basing on the table data:

- The temperatures derived from the oxygen lines ratio are well corresponded.

- Temperatures of the air plasma measured at p=50 mbar are somewhat higher (~500 K) than those measured at

p=100 mbar.

- The temperature value reaches a considerable value ≈ 10000 – 11000 К at the moment when the magnetic field is

applied.

Note that before the magnetic field is applied, temperature value is about Т ≅ 6900 К. It should be also noted

that temperature determined along the exposure time of ∆t = 30 ms at the moment of magnetic field application is

T=8200 K.

Thus, the following conclusions can be done:

- Synchronization of the spectra acquisition time with the moment of magnetic field application allowed

substantially improve the air plasma temperature measurements and raise the measurement accuracy to 10000-

11000 K (at ∆t = 4.8 ms) compared with former 8200 (at ∆t = 30 ms).

- Spectral analysis of the plasma radiation has shown that MHD effect increases the plasma temperature and plasma

layer width in a pure air plasma. The effect is not related to easily ionized plasma impurities (K, Cu etc), being

inherent to the air plasma conductivity.

- A time lag between magnetic field front and air plasma heating is observed. Maximum of the air temperature was

found after the Rogovsky inductive belt current and magnetic field went through their maximums.

- The method of plasma glow pattern visualization in the UV-region of spectrum was found to be very promising,

because it considerably reduces interference with impurities radiation (K, Cu and others).

12 Conclusions Experimental study of plasma MHD interaction in the working zone of a high-frequency plasmatron has been

carried out in at the operating regimes with power up to 200 kW and pressure 50-200 mbar. The plasma examination

was conducted near a model representing a plane plate 0.25x0.25 m2 size, which had blunted cooper nose. The

model was tilted at 10° with respect to the flow. Inside the model a solenoid was settled, which produced pulsing

magnetic field of ∼3 ms duration and up to 1 Tesla amplitude caused by 6 kA current generated by discharge of a

capacitor battery. The spectral-zonal plasma investigation included simultaneous measurements of the plasma UV-

images, time history of the plasma radiation intensity at the wavelength 246 nm and the plasma radiation spectrum

in the region of 230-360 nm. Analysis of the spectra in experiments showed that at the moment of the magnetic field

application ~4.8 ms a high temperature air glow was observed with no impurities contamination (for instance Cu,

K). Well developed system of oxygen and nitrogen lines that have high excitation energies ~10-13 eV. Pares of

lines having upper level excitation energy difference of ≈ 1 eV were selected for determination of temperature

that ensured good accuracy of the measurements. The plasma temperature was determined from ratio of oxygen and

nitrogen pares of lines. It was revealed that before the magnetic field is applied, the plasma temperature value is

about Т 6900 К and at the moment when the magnetic field is applied the plasma temperature value reaches a

considerable value ≈ 10000 – 11000 К. The UV-images comparison of the model inside the plasma before the

magnetic field switched on, at the time the magnetic field was on and after the field show apparent enhancement of

the plasma emission intensity and increase of the plasma layer width in the snapshots at the moment when the

magnetic field is applied. All different video cameras fixed flare of light near to model at the moment of the

magnetic field application and further. On some of them the zones of raised lights (plasmoids) were fixed. The

dependence of plasmoids radiation brightness and size on pressure value was found out. The time of the plasmoids

life considerably surpasses the magnetic field application time.

≅

References

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Plasmatron, 42th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, Paper AIAA- 2004 -1198, 5-8 January 2004,

Reno, NV.

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