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American Imperialism

The Spanish American WarAnnexation of Hawai‘i

President T. Roosevelt Expands American Power

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Vocabulary1. Imperialism – Extending a country’s political or economic

authority over other territories.

2. Rebellion – organized defiance of the government in charge.

3. Annexation – Adding land from one to another country, usually without permission.

4. Territory/Colony – A piece of land that’s controlled by another country but not fully part of that country.

5. Coups d'état – the overthrow of a government by non-democratic means (sometimes force)

6. Corollary – addition or clarification to an earlier statement or document.

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The Spanish American War

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It all started in Cuba

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Cuba In Rebellion - 1895Cuba was Spanish Colony

Cuba was fighting for independence from Spain

The rebellion (in 1895) was lead by Jose Marti

Cuba is only 90 miles from Florida and the US was very interested in getting Spain out of our backyard.

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Spain Responded to RebellionSpain sent General Valereano Weyler to crush Cuban rebellion.

He placed thousands of Cubans into “concentration camps” – thousands die.

U.S. is getting nervous about the violence.

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The United States & Cuba Why did we care about

Cuba?50 million dollar Cuban sugar industry

Trade was going downhill because of fighting there… Made US businessmen angry.

US was concerned over hunger, starvation, and disease in Cuba

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American ResponseBy 1896, tensions were very high in Havana

Havana is the Capitol City of Cuba

McKinley responded by sending U.S.S. Maine to Havana Harbor

McKinley was intending to protect American citizens and property

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February 15, 1898USS Maine Exploded in Havana Harbor

“Remember the Maine”

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What happened to the Maine?

Explosion was initially a mystery

U.S. immediately blamed Spain for the incident

Later investigations pointed to internal engine problems

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Quick Quiz

1. Explain Imperialism? (own words)

2. Explain THREE facts about the Cuban rebellion.

3. How did Spain respond?

4. Why was U.S. interested in Cuba? THREE FACTS.

5. What happened in Havana Harbor? Why was the boat there in the first place? Who did the U.S. blame?

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The Maine in the News

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Yellow Journalism

Press printed headlines and stories with little attention to facts

Their Goal was to gain readers to make $$$

William Randolph Hearst famous publisher of Yellow Journalism

Angry public pushed American government to declare war.

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McKinley Responds

June 20th 1898

17,000 troops sent to Cuba to fight Spanish

Sends Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders - special unit under Roosevelt (Secretary of Navy)

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Spanish American War in Cuba

San Juan HillDecisive battle of Spanish American WarRough Riders charged up the hill in heroic fashionT. Roosevelt awarded Medal of Honor for his heroism

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War expands to the PhilippinesThe Philippines was a Spanish Colony

US Commodore George Dewey destroyed 10 Spanish ships with 6 American ships

Filipino independence rebel Emilio Aguinaldo helped the U.S.

U.S. promised Philippines their Independence – this was not kept.

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Spanish American War Ends

U.S. defeated Spain by August 1898

Other Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico and Guam become U.S. territories.

385 American soldiers killed in battle

What do we do with our new colonies? Cuba, Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico?

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Cuban Independence

America promised Cuba independence, but with exceptions on December 10, 1898

The Platt Amendment prohibited trade, and treaties with other nations

Guantanamo Bay was built as our military presence in the Caribbean

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Philippines, Puerto Rico, GuamThe Philippines remained a U.S. territory until independence from the United States was achieved in 1946

Guam and Puerto Rico still remain U.S. territories today (the people are considered U.S. citizens and U.S. citizens do not need a passport to travel to or from there).

People in Guam and Puerto Rico do not get to vote for president or representatives in Congress

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Quick Quiz

1. Explain yellow Journalism.

2. How did McKinley respond to the Maine? When? Who did he send?

3. Explain four facts about the S.A. War in the Philippines.

4. Explain three facts about the end of the S.A. War.

5. What happened to each new territory: Guam, Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico.

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Annexation of Hawai'i

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The Hawaiian Kingdom

In 1810 Kamehameha the Great United all of the Hawaiian Islands into one kingdom, he called it Hawai'i.

The Hawaiian kingdom was an independent country with its own language, customs, and religious traditions.

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Hawaii’s Sugar IndustryBy 1848, foreigners, mostly American Sugar Planters, had gained influence with the Hawaiian King (Kamehameha III)

In 1875 Hawaii’s King David Kalakaua and the United States signed a treaty so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the US tax-free…

This made Hawaiian Sugar cheaper in the US than it had been before, so Americans bought more of it and the sugar industry in Hawaii boomed

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Pearl Harbor

In 1887 King David Kalakaua was forced, by a militia of American sugar planters, to sign a new Hawaiian constitution

It was called the Bayonet Constitution and it stripped him of many of his powers as King.

It also made it easier to pressure the King to allow the United States to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor to refuel American ships.

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Queen Lili'uokalani

When King Kalakaua died in 1891, his sister took the thrown.

She was determined to gain back the power that had been stolen from her brother and return power to the Hawaiian People.

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Hawai'i’s last QueenThe American sugar planters of Hawai'i did not like Queen Lili'uokalani’s ideas.

They wanted to maintain power over the islands business affairs.

A prominent businessman named Sanford Dole, with the help of the U.S ambassador to Hawaii John Stevens organized an overthrow.

With the help of the U.S. Marines they overthrew the Queen in January of 1893

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U.S. Marines Block Queen’s Home

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President Cleveland RespondsGrover Cleveland was US president at the time and wanted the Queen’s power restored.

He did not want to annex Hawaii unless a majority of Hawaiians approved, which they didn’t.

However, he refused to force the new Hawaiian Government, made up of mostly American sugar planters, to give the Queen back her power, which they didn’t.

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Hawaii is AnnexedIn 1897 William McKinley became president of the US. He was an expansionist and was very much in favor of annexation.

On August 12 1898, Hawaii was proclaimed a U.S. territory by Congress and this bill was signed by President McKinley into law

No Hawaiians had ever voted on this.

Hawai'i became a State in 1959

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Quick Quiz

1. Explain three facts about Hawaii’s Sugar Industry.

2. What was the Bayonet Constitution? What did it’s signing make possible?

3. What did Queen Liliuokalani want to do? Who overthrew her? How?

4. Explain the responses of two different U.S. Presidents (Cleveland & McKinley)

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Roosevelt Expands American Power

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President Roosevelt’s Beliefs

President Roosevelt agreed with President McKinley’s view that the United States should be a world military and economic power.

He believed the creation of canal through Panama would help improve American business, trade and military abilities

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The Roosevelt Corollary

In order to make his opinions known to the world Roosevelt declared is famous “Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine”

Monroe Doctrine (1823) – European powers (countries) must not intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere (North and South America) Only the United States should be involved there.

Roosevelt Corollary (1904) – The United States will use military force if needed to protect our economic and political interests in the Western Hemisphere (North and South America)

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Negotiations with Colombia

The country of Panama used to be part of Colombia (the country next to it)

So the United States had to negotiate with the Colombian government to be able to build the canal there.

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Panama Achieves Independence

Negotiations with Colombia to build a canal in Panama (a part of Colombia at the time) were not successful.

The US decided to give weapons and other help to rebels in Panama so they could achieve independence from Colombia in a coups d'état.

In exchange, after independence, the Panamanian government granted the land around the future Panama Canal to the United States till the year 1999.

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Panama Canal Zone

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Panama Canal Constructed

Construction began in 1904 and took ten years ending in 1914.

It cost approx 400 million dollars at the time.

Approx 5,600 people died building it mostly due to unhealthy disease-ridden conditions.

In its first year of operation more than 1000 ships used it to travel from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean.

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Construction of the Canal

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The Panama Canal

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Quick Quiz

1. Explain President Roosevelt’s beliefs about American power in the world.

2. Why was the United States negiotiating with Colombia about building a canal? What ended up happening with the negotiations?

3. How did the US get Panama to let us build a canal there? How long did we get to keep the land?

4. What are 4 pieces of information about construction of the canal.