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Transcript of American Home Front. Mobilization for War men into Armed Forces + factories to war production = full...
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American Home Front
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Mobilization for War
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men into Armed Forces+
factories to war production
= full employment & end of Depression
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Average family income
1938 1942
DC $2227 $5316
NYC $2760 $4044
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Union membership increases by over 20%
Government gets some concessions:
Limit on wartime wage increases
No strike pledge – not followed by everyone
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1941 – 1945 US spent $321 billion
More than the budgets for the last 150 years combined
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Raised $100 billion in bonds
New tax system:Tax Revenue Act of 1942
Starts withholding
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National debt:
$49 billion in 1941$259 billion in 1945
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Fear of inflation causes government to create the Office of Price Administration or OPA
•Able to keep inflation under control•Not wildly popular due to role in rationing
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War Production Board
Supervises conversion to war production
Auto makers trucks, planes, tanksShirt makers uniforms, parachutesRefrigerator ammunition
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Lansing Oldsmobile Plant
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Henry Kaiser uses pre-fab to cut time to make ‘Liberty Ships’
240 days to 40
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Willow Run
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1941 6,000,000 industrial workers
1944 18,000,000 industrial workers
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Where to get workers?
Native Americans
Hispanic ~ 300,000
Women
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African Americans –height of the Great Migration, the shift to Northern cities
7 million from 1910-1970
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6,000,000 women work in industry
Get 60% the pay of men
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Rosie the Riveter
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Armed Forces
15 million serve
10 million drafted
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Includes:
900,000 African Americans500,000 Hispanics 25,000 Native Americans300,000 women
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Zoot Suit Riots
June 1943
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Blacks mostly menial labor
Tuskegge Airmen
Experiment to show Blacks “racially deficient” and can not fly
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Graduate 926 fighter pilots
Over 200 missions
66 killed33 captured
Escorted Bombers lost: 0
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Had to fly 100 missions to be rotated out instead of 50 missions for white pilots
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Relocation of Japanese-Americans
Concerns on West Coast about Japanese-Americans
Attorney General Earl Warren & Governor Olsen Olsen pass law to
dismiss J-A from gov. jobs & right to practice Medicine and law
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February 1942 War Relocation Authority
Executive Order 9066
110,000 rounded up, given 48 hours to sell homes and businesses
2/3 of those taken are born in the US
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Korematsu v. US 1944
6 to 3
Relocation is constitutional
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442nd Regiment
Most decorated unit in ETO
>9000 Purple Hearts7 Presidential unit Citations53 Distinguished Service Crosses19 CMH
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Waiting in line for rationed goods
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Rationing
A stamp for gas – 3 gallons per week
2 pair of shoes per year
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Victory Gardens
Over 20 million around the country
1/3 of fresh vegetables come from Victory Gardens
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Who goes to war?
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PT Boat
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War and the Movies
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Fighting Seabees
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They Were Expendable
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Guadalcanal Diary
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Veronica Lake
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Sahara
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Mrs. Miniver
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Destination Tokyo
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Dewey
Roosevelt
Election of 1944
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Thomas Dewey FDR
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Fala
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Election issue:
Economy not war
Unspoken issue:
FDR’s health
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FDR forced by party to dump VP Henry Wallace and pick Harry S. Truman
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FDR 432 53.5%Dewey 99 46%
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April 12, 1945 FDR has a stroke in Warm Springs, Georgia while sitting for a portrait.
Lucy Mercer Rutherford is with him