American Foreign Policy 1789-1920 A Brief Overview Clickers to Ch. 48!
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Transcript of American Foreign Policy 1789-1920 A Brief Overview Clickers to Ch. 48!
American Foreign Policy 1789-1920
A Brief Overview
Clickers to Ch. 48!
Lecture Goals:
Understand and analyze major themes and events of U.S. foreign policy 1789 to 1920.Compare and contrast U.S. foreign policy during various periodsEvaluate the most effective foreign policy goals and actions for the U.S.
What is Foreign Policy?A country’s relationship with other countries
USS Chesapeake
Naval Act of 1794
Captured War of 1812
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_%281799%29
What determines U.S. Foreign Policy?
National interest
Democratic ideals
Defense Department (originally War Dept) vs. State Department
Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State 1789
http://www.financialsense.com/editorials/cliffkule/2008/images/1119_clip_image001.jpg
• How active should America be in world affairs?Isolationism Focus on domestic rather than international affairsInternationalism Assume an active role in international affairs
Isolationist or Internationalist?Isolationist: Our National Interest (for Trade?)
Internationalist: Universalist – Interests/rights of others vs. What’s best for USA
A girl performs domestic labour in a rural Mauritanian encampment. The International Labour Organization estimates there are at least 10 million working children in Africa alone. http://www.un.org/en/rights/
YOUR VIEW: What path should the U.S. follow in foreign affairs today ? Why?
1. Totally isolationist2. Mostly isolationist3. Mostly internationalist4. Totally internationalist
An Endless Argument:
Should American policy be based on our own national interests (protecting our independence, borders, security, power and interests in peace) or should we take the “high road” and base our policies on moral principles (human rights, democracy, freedom) that could serve as a model for others?
Foreign Policy Goals
Preserve independence and integrity
Security for nation and citizens
Prosperity for nation and citizens
Revenge or prestige?
Protection/expansion of ideals or ideas?
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http://www.coldwar.hu/html/en/finding_aids/flags/Flag_USSR.jpg
YOUR VIEW: Which goal should have been the focus of the U.S. in the early years of our country? Why?
1. Preserve independence 2. Maintain security for the nation 3. Seek prosperity for the nation4. Seek revenge or prestige5. Spread ideals or ideas
Factors that influence Foreign PolicyGeographyMilitary needs/powerEconomic needs/powerEthnic/cultural tiesHistory
DISCUSS: How do these impact the USA?Factors change over time – WHY?
PHASES OF U.S. FOREIGN POLICY
1. ISOLATIONISM (1789 – 1890s)
Nonentanglement
2. CONTINENTAL EXPANSION (1830 – 1890)
Manifest Destiny
3. IMPERIALISM (1890s to ….)
Expanding U.S. Power, Land, Values
around the world
French Alliance of 1778
Two treaties- commercial agreement and a political/military allianceWe needed France to win our independence1789 French Revolution Aggressive & radical policies England goes to war with FranceShould USA defend France?Jefferson (good faith), Hamilton (no obligation), and Washington’s (neutral) positions
Washington’s Farewell Address
Established concept of isolation (dominant US foreign policy until 20th C):
“Good faith and justice toward all nations”
“Steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world”
http://thebsreport.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/president_george_washington1.jpg
YOUR VIEW: In 1796, would you have agreed with Washington? Why or why not?
1. Completely disagree2. Mostly disagree3. Mostly agree4. Completely agree
Jefferson’s First Inaugural Address
“kindly separated by nature and a wide ocean from the exterminating havoc of one quarter of the globe”
Jefferson expanded upon Washington’s warning against “permanent alliances” to include “entangling alliances” and reinforced the principle of non-involvement in European wars.
Thomas Jefferson
Some Key Early DecisionsJay’s Treaty (1794)
Pinckney Treaty (1795)
XYZ Affair (1797)
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Embargo & Non-Intercourse Acts (1807) http://www.sonofthesouth.net/texas/pictures/louisiana-purchase-map.jpg
War of 1812Illustrated the nation’s willingness to violate the policy of neutrality when it became advantageous to do so.
Demonstrated the difficulty of non-involvement when trade and neighbors bring us into contact with European powers.
After the War of 1812
Treaty of Ghent (1815)Ends War with Britain
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)US-Britain Naval compromise on Great Lakes
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)Agreement with Spain expands US to Pacific
http://memyselfandhi.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/war1812.gif
John Quincy Adams: Secretary of State to James Monroe 1817-1825
Very successful
Clear vision of U.S. policy
Philosophy: National interests should determine foreign policy
http://haysvillelibrary.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/john-quincy-adams-2.jpg
John Quincy Adams: Accomplishments
Adams-Onis Treaty gives Florida (strategic importance) to US, eliminated Spain from contention for Oregon Territory
Architect of Monroe Doctrine
Adams’ Vision: expansion of US to the Pacific, pursuit of good relations with newly independent nations in Latin America
The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Stressed America’s special interests in the Western Hemisphere and remains, with some modifications, viable today.
In response to fears that European powers including Britain might expand its influence into the Western Hemisphere.
KEY GUIDING STRATEGY OF ISOLATIONISM:
No permanent friends, only permanent objectives
Trends Over Time 1789-1824Tendency toward isolationCreation of more secure borders, & push WestNavigation of waterways (Mississippi and later seas)Increased respect from foreign nationsIncreased boldness of some American policy-makersLinks with newly established Latin American nations
YOUR VIEW: From 1789-1824, which goal did the U.S. put first?
1. Preserve independence 2. Maintain security for the nation 3. Seek prosperity for the nation4. Seek revenge or prestige5. Spread ideals or ideas
Westward Expansion evolves into Manifest DestinyMovement of the “frontier line” from the Fall line in the Piedmont, to the Appalacians (Proclamation of 1763), to the Mississippi River is followed by the call for Continental Expansion as our Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny
John L. Sullivan
“And that claim is by right of our manifest destiny to overspread and possess the whole of the continent which providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us… The God of nature and of nations has marked it for our own…”
John L. Sullivan, Dec. 1845
American Progress by Jonathan Gast, 1872
Discuss: What feelings & values are conveyed?
Westward Expansion & Foreign Policy 1783-1853Original U.S. +
Northwest Territory (1783 GB)
Louisiana Purchase (1803, FR)
British Cession (1818 Rush-Bagot Treaty)
Spanish Cession (1819, FL- from SP)
Texas Annexation (1845)
Oregon Country (1846 BR)
Mexican Cession (1848 Mex War)
Gadsden Purchase (1853 Mex)
American Indian Policy
Expansion has implications for American Indians
Resist, co-exist, migrateTreaty of Greenville (1795) NW Terr.Jefferson- Trans-Mississippi “reserve”Jackson- Indian Removal Act 1830
Major Indian Wars 1810s-1830s
Old Northwest Territory (Tecumseh, The Prophet, the Fox, etc)
The Creeks (Alabama, Florida, Western Tennessee
Seminole- in Florida
Mexican American War (1846-1848)
James K. Polk and Manifest DestinyWas this war consistent with previous
US foreign policy?Who supported War with Mexico?Henry Thoreau and Civil Disobedience
(jailed because he refused to pay a federal taxes which he believed paid for an unjust war)
Aftermath of the Mexican American War for Indians
Continual Warfare on Great Plains & West
1870’s movement to ReservationsBattle of Little Big Horn (1876) - one of
the few Indian “victories”The Massacre at Wounded Knee 1890-
one of the last of many brutal defeatsDawes Severalty Act, 1887
Northern Boundary Extends:Warhawks in 1812Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817Convention of 1818Caroline Affair 1837-8Aroostook War 1839Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842Buchanan-Pakenham Treaty, 1846Alaska Purchase and Seward, 1867
YOUR VIEW: From 1830 to 1890 (Manifest Destiny), which goal did the U.S. put first? Explain.
1. Preserve independence 2. Maintain security for the nation 3. Seek prosperity for the nation4. Seek revenge or prestige5. Spread ideals or ideas
Late 19th Century Imperialism: The USA Enters the World Stage
Economic motivations: new markets, new resourcesIdeas about racial supremacy driven by Social DarwinismManifest Destiny-extended (Frontier over 1890)Military considerations (strategic, defensive)Alfred Mahan & “The New Navy”US exceptionalism (1st “crusade” for the U.S.)
Early Non-Contiguous Expansion
Offer to purchase Cuba from Spain in 1848 and 1854Alaska 1867Pago-Pago, Samoa 1878Pearl Harbor 1884Hawaii 1898
1896 Republican Party Platform
Strong imperialist platformEconomic expansion guides positionOverseas expansion good for US industry“sympathy for Cuba”Nicaraguan Canal and purchase of Danish West IndiesAnnexation of Hawaii
Queen Liliuokalani
Spanish American War 1898-1900
Cuba (for “freedom”?)“Maine” incident, yellow journalism, jingoism & war feverRough Riders & Theodore RooseveltUS acquires Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam
McKinley, T. Roosevelt & Taft
McKinley: Open Door Policy, S-A WarRoosevelt: Panama Canal, Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine, “Walk Softly and Carry a Big Stick”Taft: Dollar Diplomacy (private funds to pursue diplomatic goals)
Pre-WWI Imperialism Focal Points
Philippine RevolutionCuba (Platt Amend)Latin American interventions (numerous)
Balancing Japan’s growing dominance in Asia with US-Japanese economic tiesPanama CanalOpen Door: getting a toehold in China trade
WWI: From Neutrality to VersaillesTraditional neutralityChallenges to neutrality:
u-boats, US business loans, munitions trade, propaganda,
some pro-war advocates (ex: TR)Wilson’s 1916 Pledge: To keep us out of warWilson’s 1917 statement to “make the world safe for democracy”. (2nd “crusade” for the US)
RMS Lusitania
Wilson’s 14 Points & Versailles Treaty & the “Lessons of War”
14 Points largely disregardedFight for Ratification of the TreatyHenry Cabot Lodge and American Isolationists prevail-reject League of NationsUS returns to its “isolationist” position vis a vis Europe“Lessons” of WWI, Red Scare & Peace Movement
YOUR VIEW: From 1890 to 1920, which goal did the U.S. put first?
1. Preserve independence 2. Maintain security for the nation 3. Seek prosperity for the nation4. Seek revenge or prestige5. Spread ideals or ideas
DISCUSS: Can our national interest be in doing what is right for others?
Peacekeepers from the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) load the injured onto a helicopter after the Jan 2010 devastating earthquake in Haiti. (UN Photo/Logan Abassi)
http://www.un.org/en/rights/
Always consider:
What are our motives?What are our goals?
•What are the likely outcomes?
*Short and Long Term*
YOUR VIEW: Which goal should be most important today? Why?
• 1. Preserve independence • 2. Maintain security for the nation • 3. Seek prosperity for the nation• 4. Seek revenge or prestige• 5. Spread ideals or ideas
Sources:
American Foreign Policy by Leonard JamesAmerican Foreign Policy by Thomas FitzgeraldAmerican Foreign Policy.ppt by Joyce Williams & Justin Hill,
RCPS (h t t p://sp.rpcs.org/faculty/HillJ/ AP US History/ American Foreign Foreign Policy.pdf