American Expansion American Expansion OverseasOverseas

1898-19141898-1914

American Isolationism

1. The undeveloped American West of the 1800’s was like a colony.

2. Not a real “need” for raw materials.

3. Limitless trade opportunities to Europe and its colonies.

4. America had been a colony, and its unconscioussympathies were with other colonies.

Up until the 1880’s. . .

Hawaii• 1820’s—New England

missionary settlements• 1820’s—Additional settlement

by whalers, traders, shippers• 1840’s—U.S. has developed

close ties, supports independence

• 1875—Treaty signed allowing Hawaii to sell duty-free sugar to U.S.

• 1887—Pearl Harbor leased to U.S. as a naval base.

H A WA

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Queen Lili’uokalani• Jan 14, 1893—Announces

intentions of creating new constitution, honoring Hawaiian autonomy

• American sugar businessmen start a revolution.

• Marines called in—revolution successful; Queen Liliuokalani deposed on Jan 17, 1893

• February 1, 1893- Hawaii annex treaty sent to Senate—but withdrawn by Cleveland when he became President.

• Eventual annexation in 1898

Captain Alfred Mahan• 1890• The Influence of Sea Power

upon History– Attempts to show that to

be a great nation, a great navy is needed.

– Colonies needed as naval bases for refueling, raw materials, and markets.

The New Imperialism• Imperialism--A

country’s policy of establishing colonies and building empires for economic gain, prestige, and missionary purposes.– 1500-1600’s- Great

Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Dutch.

– 1800’s- Germany, Italy, Belgium, Japan begin

• America begins to rethink isolationism

Reasons:1. Industrial

Revolution demanded new raw materials and increased trade.

2. New Frontier—safety valve thru trade

3. Pride in the creation of an empire.

SPAM War Peace Treaty of 1898

1. Cuba gets freedom from Spain.2. United States is given Puerto Rico,

and Guam.3. United States would pay $20

million for the Philippines.4. With ratification of the treaty,

America acquires an empire overnight.

Cuba , the Philippines, and Puerto Rico

• Cuba becomes a protectorate of the United States.

• Philippine Government Act of 1902– 1916- allowed to elect

both houses of legislature, and promised independence

•Puerto Rico govt established through Foraker Act of 1900

•1916- P. R. made a territory and made Puerto Ricans American citizens.

Cuban Independence• 1901 Platt Amendment

1. The Cuban government must never enter into any foreign relationships that might endanger its independence.

2. The Cuban government must not incur debts it cannot repay.

3. United States has full authority to intervene when Cuban independence is threatened.

4. Cuban government must provide naval bases for the United States.

• Platt Amendment had to be written into the new Cuban constitution.

• Cuba becomes a protectorate of the United States.

SPAM War: Aftermath with the Philippines• Emilio Aguinaldo

– Leads Filipino rebels against 70,000 US troops.

– Captured in 1901.• Philippine Government

Act of 1902– Established an appointed

governor, elected assembly, and an appointed upper house.

– William Howard Taft appointed to be the first governor.

• 1916- allowed to elect both houses of legislature, and promised independence.

What to do with the Philippines?

• Questions for America?– Return to Spain?

• No, we just took them from them.

– Turn over to Great Britain or France?

• No, bad for business– Give independence to

them?• No, Peoples “not smart

enough”

• Answer– Take control, educate and Christianize the people.

Puerto Rico

• Foraker Act of 1900– Established a new

government in Puerto Rico.

– Governor and executive council appointed by the President.

– Elected lower house.• 1916- Made a

territory and made Puerto Ricans American citizens.

The Insular Cases--1901• Question of whether

American colonies had protected rights under the Constitution?

• Supreme Court decision– Incorporated possessions

(Alaska and Hawaii) were destined for statehood, and had constitutional rights.

– Unincorporated possessions (Puerto Rico and Philippines) were not destined for statehood and did not have constitutional protections, but could not be deprived of life, liberty, or property w/out due process of law.

Presidential Politics 1900• McKinley (Rep) vs Bryan (Dem)

– Issues:• Imperialism• “Bryanism”—free silver issue

• Results:– McKinley-- 7.2 m votes/292 elec– Bryan-- 6.3 m votes/155 elec

• Death of McKinley– Sept 1901 assassination

• TR becomes President

The Age of Imperialism:The U.S. and the Far East

China and Japan

Relations with China• Long standing trade

relationship of furs for porcelain and silk.

• Chinese become disturbed with foreign influence from America and Great Britain.

• Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895– Japan invades China– European nations try to divide

mainland China—create economic “spheres of influence”.

– American concerned with losing Chinese trade relations.

Open Door Policy—1899

• Secretary of State John Hay proposes:1. Keep all treaty ports

open.2. All nations trading

with China would be on equal ground.

The Boxer Rebellion• the “Boxers”- Chinese

secret society determined to remove all foreigners from China.

• 1900- 300 foreigners killed.– August 1900- rebellion is

crushed by army of 18,000 coalition force from foreign powers, incl. U.S.

– China forced to pay reparations of $333 million

– United States returns extra share to the Chinese government and allows Chinese students to come to America and study.

Japan• Isolated nation- foreigners

forbidden to enter the country.• 1854: Commodore Mathew

Perry– Sent by President Fillmore to

negotiate a trade treaty.– Arrives w/ 4 steam-powered

ships– USS Fulton.– Japanese so impressed they

open 2 ports to American traders.

• Japanese intrigue with industrialization ends its isolation.– Becomes an imperial nation

and takes colonies for raw materials.

– 1894- invades China– 1900- invades Russia

The Japanese in the U.S.• TR brokers end to Russo-Japanese War• Post Russo-Japanese War

– Increased immigration to U.S. in CA– “Yellow Peril”

• “Gentlemen’s Agreement”—1907 – Repeal of school order for reduced

immigration• Great White Fleet—1907• 1908—Root-Takahira Agreement

The Age of Imperialism:TR, Taft, Wilson and the

Post-SPAM War role of the U.S. in the Western

Hemisphere

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

The Need for a Canal• American vessels had

to make a 6 week voyage around S. America to get from the west coast to the east coast.

• 1878-1898: French tried to build a canal on the Isthmus of Panama but failed.

1903 Colombian Negotiations• Isthmus of Panama a

province of Colombia.• Secretary of State John

Hay negotiates a treaty.– 99 year lease on a 6 mile

strip of land across Panama for $10 million and $250,000/year rent.

• Colombia Admin agrees, but Legislature refuses to ratify– wants more money.

• President Theodore Roosevelt is furious.

Panama Revolution• Group of Panamanian

revolutionaries ask for U.S. aid in revolting against Colombia.

• Marines sent in to “protect American interests.”

• Colombia sends troops, but American forces prevail

• November, 1903- 3 days later, new government established in Panama.

• Two-weeks later U.S. given rights to build the canal.– Panama is paid $10 million

for a 10 mile strip of land.– Yearly rental of $250,000.

1904-1914: Building the Canal

• United States Army Corp of Engineers begin building.

• Yellow fever and malaria a problem.– Dr. Walter Reed discovers

that it was transmitted by mosquitoes.

– Swamps drained to destroy the breeding grounds.

• 1914- “Big Ditch” is completed.– $400 million project. – 200 million cubic yards of

earth removed.

Election of 1904Election of 1904• Republican

– Theodore Roosevelt– Roosevelt disavows

own party• “Every man will have

a ‘square deal’ as long as I am President.”

• Democrat– Alton Parker– New York judge

• Roosevelt Wins !!

Monroe Doctrine Challenges• 1902, 1905• Various Latin American

countries cannot repay debts to European countries– Venezuela – Dom. Republic

• Countries threaten or attempt to intervene– Germany

Roosevelt Corollary• Roosevelt announces

that the U.S. will interfere in Latin American disputes on behalf of the European nations.

• United States becomes “international policeman” of the Western Hemisphere.

• “speak softly and carry a big stick.”– Roosevelt.

Election of 1908Election of 1908• Republican

– Roosevelt follows through on promise not to run

– Protégé: William Howard Taft

• Democrat– William Jennings

Bryan– Supported by A.F.

of L labor union.• Taft wins in a

landslide.

“Dollar Diplomacy” of Taft’s Administration—1908-1912

• United States “influence” in Latin America by William Howard Taft.

• American bankers lend money to Latin American govts.

• When debtors failed to repay the debts, U.S. govt. intervened to “protect” American investments.– Usually meant the landing

of the Marines.

Election of 1912Election of 1912• Republican Party

– William Howard Taft• Democratic Party

– Woodrow Wilson• Progressive Party

– Theodore Roosevelt, angry w/ Taft, creates own party when refused admission to the Republican Convention.

– “Bull Moose” Party

Election of 1912Election of 1912• Republican Party split between

Roosevelt (Bull Moose Party) and Taft.

• Wilson wins– Wilson- 435 electoral votes– Roosevelt- 88 electoral votes– Taft- 8 electoral votes

Wilsonian Foreign Policy in the Western Hemisphere

Troubles with Mexico• Mexicans still angry

over the 1848 war with America.– Lost 1/3rd of their land.

• Ongoing disputes over Rio Grande, cattle rustling, and Indians.

• By 1913, Americans had invested $1 billion in Mexico.

Mexican Revolution• 1910- Long-time

President Diaz is overthrown by Victoriano Huerta.– U.S. loses a powerful ally.

• American investors “disturbed” by the events.

• President Woodrow Wilson announces “watchful waiting” policy.– Belief that revolutionary

government would be gotten rid of by Mexican people.

American Intervention• Huerta attempts to

seize American property.

• April, 1914- Germany attempts to send arms to the new Mexican govt.

• Wilson orders marines to invade Mexico.

ABC Mediation

• AArgentina, B Brazil, and CChile order mediation between U.S. and Mexico.

• Huerta asked to retire– he does.

• Replaced by rival, Carranza.– Becomes ally to the

United States.

Francisco “Pancho” Villa• Splits with Carranza

over alliance with America.

• 1916- kills 18 Americans.

• Crosses border into New Mexico and kills 17 Americans.

• Wilson orders troops to capture Villa “dead or alive.”

• General John Pershing leads 5,000 troops into Mexico.– Withdraws due to

Mexican resentment.– Never captures Villa.

The U.S. and Europe: Foreign Policy pre-WWI

William Jennings Bryan• U.S. Secretary of State

under Woodrow Wilson.• In years before WWI,

America is working to forestall conflicts, and create a conflict resolution process

• Negotiated treaties with 21 nations in 1913 and 1914.– Any dispute between the

U.S. and any of these nations would be investigated by a joint commission.

Causes of WWI•Nationalism•Imperialism•Militarism•System of Alliances•Instigating event: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand & wife in July 1914

War-time Alliances

Central Powers• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Ottoman Empire

– Secret alliance with both nations brings the Ottoman-Turks into the war.

Allied Powers• Britain• France• Russia• Italy

– Joins Allies because of promises of new colonies.

American Neutrality—1914-1917

• President Woodrow Wilson urges American neutrality despite ties to immigrant families in Europe.

• Interested in free trade and neutrality of the seas

British Blockade

• British navy sets up minefields in the North Sea along the German coast.

• American trade is disrupted.

Submarine Warfare• Germans build U-boats

(submarines) in response to the powerful British Navy.

• Designed to lurk under the water, strike w/out warning, and slip away quickly.– Germany fires on many

trading vessels, not just war ships.

The Sinking of the Lusitania

• German U-boats patrol the North Atlantic shipping lanes.

• May 7, 1915- British passenger boat is sunk by U-boats.– 1,200 people are killed,

including 128 Americans.

• American State Dept. issues strong protests.– Germans issue a

statement that ocean liners would no longer be targets.

“Sussex pledge”• March, 1916- Germany

breaks promise and sinks French passenger boat, Sussex.

• United States threatens to break off relations w/ Germany.

• Germany pledges to stop sinking passenger ships, if U.S. would persuade Britain to open its blockade and allow food into Germany.– America refuses.

Election of 1916• Democrats

– Woodrow Wilson• Republicans

– Charles Evans Hughes

• Wilson runs on campaign slogan- “He kept us out of war.”– Highly criticized for

neutrality policies, but orders a massive buildup of arms and munitions.

– Secretary of State Bryan resigns.

• Wilson narrowly wins.