American College of Physicians Case Presentation...Risma, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis:...
Transcript of American College of Physicians Case Presentation...Risma, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis:...
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American College of PhysiciansCase Presentation
University of MiamiJackson Memorial Hospital
Emmanuel Coronel M.D. PGY 2 - Internal MedicineJorge Cabrera M.D PGY 3 - Internal MedicineFaisal Yamani M.D. PGY 2 - Pathology
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Initial Presentation
Chief Complaint: Syncope
Hi t f P t Ill 40 / bl k ith h/ HIV/AIDS tHistory of Present Illness: 40 y/o black woman with a h/o HIV/AIDS, acute cholestatic hepatitis, GERD. Went to her regular clinic appointment, she was doing well, went to the lab after her clinic visit and while getting blood drawn she felt lightheaded, nauseous and had a syncopal episode
Remembered she woke up smelling iodine
Denies tongue biting bowel/bladder incontinenceDenies tongue biting, bowel/bladder incontinence
No witnessed seizures, not post-ictal
Right after brought to the ED
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Review of Systems
Constitutional
Respiratory
Cough
Appetite loss, fever 101.1 one night prior
No shortness of breath
Gastrointestinal
Allergies: Bactrim
Weight loss (35 pounds in the last 5 months)
Cardiovascular
Diarrhea, pale stool
G/U
Meds: Not on HAART stopped one month prior admission, magnesium oxide, potassium, ursodiol, metoclopramide, Ca d o ascu a
No chest pain, palpitations
G/U
Dark brown urine
N l i
u sod o , etoc op a de,atovaquone
Neurologic
Normal
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Past Medical History
1.HIV diagnosed in 1992, CD4 97/9%/0.1 (1 week prior admission), She has been on HAART for the last 3 ears compliant b t stopped 1 month ago d e to li er disease OIʼs Thr sh in 3 earsthe last 3 years, compliant but stopped 1 month ago due to liver disease. OIʼs: Thrush in 3 years prior.
2.Acute cholestatic hepatitis likely AIDS cholangiopathy versus drug-induced. Complicated with AKI probably from acute liver disease (4 months prior)AKI, probably from acute liver disease. (4 months prior)
3.Esophageal strictures diagnosed 13 years prior, She has had several esophageal dilation procedures over the years.
4.GERD Diagnosed in 7 years ago.
5.Hemorrhoids
6.HPV diagnosed in 13 prior, with carcinoma in situ, s/p LEEP procedure.
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Surgical History
1. LEEP procedure 13 years prior admission and esophageal dilations- multiple over the years
2. LN bx of R axilla, first 4 years and second 1 year prior. Negative for malignancy,
3. BM biopsy 1 year prior admission: Normal
4. GI: Liver Biopsy 1 month prior: Profound paucity of bile ducts associated with marked cholestasis. Mild portal fibrosis consistent with HIV cholangiopathy vs. HAART induced.Had a colonoscopy 1 month prior, showed chronic colitis , EGD mild erosive gastritis.
Family History
• Mother - Breast Ca at age 20 s/p bilateral mastectomy; Was 55 and living
• Father - deceased at 50 due to complications of AIDS, Hx of HTN and DM
Social HistorySocial History
• Tobacco NEG, ETOH NEG, Drugs NEG, No sexual partners in last year, worked as security officer, lived with sister and 2 nephews.
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Physical Exam
Skin: Dry, marked jaundice
Vital signs
T: 37 C / 99 F
HEENT: Jaundiced sclerae, dry oral mucosa
Cardiovascular: Heart: RRR, no MRG.
RR: 20 breaths/min. saturating 95% in room air
BP: 108/67mmHg. P: 74 per minute, not orthostatic
Respiratory: CTAB
Abdomen: +BS, benign, not distended, no tenderness. Liver enlarged, palpable,
General Appearance: Thin debilitated woman lying in bed
g p phemorrhoids on rectal exam. Sacral decubitus ulcer, 1cm, stage II
Neurologic: alert and oriented, Cranial nerves intact, motor and sensory intact.
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77
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Labs and Imaging HD 1
On AdmissionOn Admission
Na 137 K 3.2 Cl 97 HCO3 20
On Admission
TB 34.3
BUN 23 Cr 1.99 (normal BL)
WBC: 1.4 HGB: 6.9 HCT: 18.5 PLT: 450
AST 175 ALT 57 AP 1,112
Cholesterol 321 TG 800 HDL 26450
Lymphocytes 92% Normal CXR, normal EKG
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Clinical Course HD 1
• Syncope: Anemia/hypovolemia > transfused 2 units PRBCs, fluids
• Neutropenia/Anemia: Consult hematology, last BM normal, likely AOCD or chronic GIB. Ordered iron studies, guaiac negative stool
• AKI: Likely prerenal, Urine electrolytes, fluids
• HIV : Continued atovaquone for PCP PPXHIV : Continued atovaquone for PCP PPX
• Cholestasis: Consulted hepatology, not decompensated with HE, ascites, varices
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Clinical Course
HD 2 - HD 4
WBC 0.6---->0.5
PLT 328---->174
Bcx + GPC in clusters and started Cefepime + Vancomycin
IVF > Cr started trending down
HD 5
Ferritin 100,000 Iron 176 (H) TIBC 127 (L) WBC 0.4 PLT 112
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Clinical Course
HD 6 - 8
PLT 54k----> 21k (NL fibrinogen, d-dimmer)
Cr still trending down 1.1
Clinically deteriorating, lethargic, weaker, started to become febrile (neutropenic fever)
Abdominal pain obtained a CT abdomen
Repeat BM biopsy
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CT Abdomen
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CT Abdomen
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Bone Marrow Biopsy
Hemophagocytes
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Clinical Course
HD 9 - 14
Severe LGIB---->MICU
Non verbal just screaming in painDeveloped fungemia bacteremia septic shock on pressors and developedDeveloped fungemia, bacteremia, septic shock on pressors and developed multiorgan failure. Died on day 14
EGD and colonoscopy, no source. Mesenteric angiogram normal. CT Brain normal, Neuro recommended LP and CSF was normal, EBV Negative
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Hemophagocytic L h hi ti t iLymphohistiocytosis
(HLH)(HLH)
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Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosisy p y
Also called hemophagocytic syndrome. Syndrome of toxic immune activation driven by the interaction of T cells and innate immune cellsactivation driven by the interaction of T cells and innate immune cells
Hallmark of HLH is hemophagocytosis
HLH is increasingly recognized in adults, including those with predisposing genetic lesions
Historically been divided into primary and secondary forms, it is better viewed as a singular syndrome, associated with a continuum of risk factors
Risma, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: updates and evolving concepts, Curr Op in Pediatr, Feb 2012, 24:9 - 15
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Hemophagocytic Syndrome PathophysiologyPathophysiology
Perforin-dependent cytotoxicity pathway, is an essential function of natural killer (NK) cells d t t i T l h t ALTERED i HLH i ff ti !and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. ALTERED in HLH, ineffective!
Severe immune dysregulation occurs when perforin- mediated cytotoxicity is completely absent, can also happen the other way…
Perforin gene mutations (PRF1). Four other genes in the degranulation pathway have been implicated: UNC13D, STXBP2, Rab27a, and STX11
Lykens et al has demonstrated that in an animal model perforin deficient miceLykens et al. has demonstrated that, in an animal model, perforin deficient mice challenged to a virus developed HLH. The essential immunologic signature of HLH is an excess of acutely activated T cells. HLH is a unique disorder of ʻtoxicʼ T-cell activation. Also MyD88 – TLR – IL-1 signaling is also involved in this syndrome meaning innate immunity (e g macrophages NK cells) is affectedinnate immunity (e.g macrophages, NK cells) is affected
Pachlopnik et al. Inherited defects in lymphocyte cytotoxic activity. Immunol Rev 2010; 235:10 – 23. Lykens, et al. Perforin is a critical physiologic regulator & of T-cell activation. Blood 2011; 118:618 – 626.
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Hemophagocytic Syndrome PathophysiologyPathophysiology
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Basically what happens is that in severe inflammatory states cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon γ tumor necrosis factor α interleukin (IL) 6interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and M-GSF, which lead to defects in perforin function and dysfunction of NK-cell, Macrophage and Citotoxic T cells resulting in pancytopenia, tissue necrosis and multi-organ failure…
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Hemophagocytic Syndrome
Trigger can be a gene mutation and a predisposing factor (inherited) or secondary to infections, malignancy, rheumatologic disease
All these conditions can cause a severe inflammatory state – Cytokine storm syndrome > HLH
Treatment depends on the causeTreatment depends on the cause
Genetic = BM transplantation
Secondary = Treat the predisposing factor + Immunosuppression - HLH 94Secondary Treat the predisposing factor Immunosuppression HLH 94 8 weeks of dexamethasone and etoposide w/wo intrathecal MTX
Rare syndrome and there are case reports that associate HLH with HIV, chronic, subacute, recurrent forms of disease.subacute, recurrent forms of disease.
ImashukuS.TreatmentofEpstein‐Barrvirus‐relatedhemophagocyticlympho‐ histiocytosis (EBV‐HLH); update 2010. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2011;33:35‐39.
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S i l Th k t D L iSpecial Thanks to Dr. Luis Espinoza
Faisal Yamani- Pathology
Jorge Cabrera - Medicine
Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!