America: The America: The BeginningsBeginnings

I. Bering Straight I. Bering Straight (Beringia)(Beringia)

Land BridgeLand Bridge1.1. 25,000 B.C.25,000 B.C.

2.2. Hunter-Hunter-

GatherersGatherers

3.3. 4 mill.4 mill.

4.4. 20 mill. in20 mill. in

Mex.Mex.

Southwestern Cliff Southwestern Cliff DwellingsDwellings

Long HousesLong Houses

TeepeesTeepees

II.II. European Exploration of European Exploration of the Americasthe Americas

EXPLORE THE WORLD

EXPANDTRADE

MORE TERRITORY

SPREADCHRISTIANITY

MOREWEALTH

REASONS FOREUROPEAN EXPANSION

MANY OF THOSE DESIRES FOR EXPLORATION HAD ALREADY EXISTED

FOR CENTURIES, SO WHAT CHANGED?

NEW TECHNOLOGY: 1. COMPASS2. GLOBE3. RUDDER 4. IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING

TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN5. QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO

DETERMINE LATITUDE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS)

6. MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES7. MARCO POLO’S WRITINGS

III. SpanishIII. Spanish

Hernando Cortez Francisco Hernando Cortez Francisco PizarroPizarro

SpanishSpanish

1.1. Hernando Cortez and Francisco Hernando Cortez and Francisco PizarroPizarro

1.1. Convert natives to CatholicismConvert natives to Catholicism2.2. Economic factorsEconomic factors

2.2. 1519 Cortez invaded Mexico and 1519 Cortez invaded Mexico and met the Aztecs in Tenochitlan met the Aztecs in Tenochitlan (Mexico City)(Mexico City)

1.1. 2 yrs. later Aztecs defeated2 yrs. later Aztecs defeated Spanish Spanish had better technology (ie: guns, horses, had better technology (ie: guns, horses, steel), and diseases (ie: smallpox)steel), and diseases (ie: smallpox)

Spanish (cont’d)Spanish (cont’d)

3. 1531-Pizarro defeats the Incas in 3. 1531-Pizarro defeats the Incas in the Andes mountains.the Andes mountains.

******1565,1565, t the first permanent European settlement he first permanent European settlement in North America, St. Augustine, was founded in North America, St. Augustine, was founded

in what is now Floridain what is now Florida

Aztec EmpireAztec Empire

Inca EmpireInca Empire

Spanish (cont’d)Spanish (cont’d)

4.4. Gold was shipped back to SpainGold was shipped back to Spain1.1. Large Spanish Empire was created in N. & S. Large Spanish Empire was created in N. & S.

AmericaAmerica

2.2. In N. America, missionaries and economic In N. America, missionaries and economic opportunists settled in Southwester U.S. and opportunists settled in Southwester U.S. and FloridaFlorida

5.5. Effects of Spanish conquestsEffects of Spanish conquests1.1. Decrease in native populationsDecrease in native populations

2.2. Harsh rule; Native Americans were near-slaves on Harsh rule; Native Americans were near-slaves on Spanish plantationsSpanish plantations

3.3. HorsesHorses altered Native American life altered Native American lifetravel, travel, follow gamefollow game

Spanish (cont’d)Spanish (cont’d)

FrenchFrench

Samuel de Champlain Fur Samuel de Champlain Fur TradeTrade

IV. FrenchIV. French

1.1. 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded QuebecQuebec

1.1. Few French came: climate, few incentives Few French came: climate, few incentives to leave Franceto leave France

2.2. 65% who came to Quebec, returned home!65% who came to Quebec, returned home!3.3. HuguenotsHuguenots-French Protestants, who -French Protestants, who

settled in the Americas. settled in the Americas.

2.2. French Intersts:French Intersts:1.1. Catholic Converts; not as harsh as the Catholic Converts; not as harsh as the

SpanishSpanish2.2. FarmingFarmingtrapping and fur tradingtrapping and fur trading

French (cont’d)French (cont’d)

3.3. Jesuits-Missionary group with Jesuits-Missionary group with settlements in FL, NM, Paraguay, and settlements in FL, NM, Paraguay, and French territory in French territory in N.AmericaN.Americaorganized with military organized with military precision and orderprecision and order

1.1. Jesuit Jaques Marquette & fur trader Louis Jesuit Jaques Marquette & fur trader Louis Joliet reached the Mississippi River, WI, and Joliet reached the Mississippi River, WI, and AKAK

2.2. Robert La Salle explored the Mississippi Robert La Salle explored the Mississippi River and name the territory Louisiana River and name the territory Louisiana (after Louis XIV)(after Louis XIV)

French (cont’d)French (cont’d)

4.4. Effects of the FrenchEffects of the French1.1. Disease wiped out @30% of Native Disease wiped out @30% of Native

Americans they encounteredAmericans they encountered2.2. Bloody wars with the Native Americans Bloody wars with the Native Americans

over the fur tradeover the fur trade3.3. Had more Catholic convertsHad more Catholic convertsdidn’t didn’t

require forced labor (ie: Spanish)require forced labor (ie: Spanish)4.4. SUCCESSES: Fur trade industry, native SUCCESSES: Fur trade industry, native

convertsconverts FAILURS: large numbers of settlers FAILURS: large numbers of settlers

never took root therenever took root there

DutchDutch

Henry Hudson? PerhapsHenry Hudson? Perhaps

he never sat for a portraithe never sat for a portrait

V. DutchV. Dutch

1.1. Commercial/economic interestsCommercial/economic interests2.2. 1609, Henry Hudson discovered and 1609, Henry Hudson discovered and

named the Hudson Rivernamed the Hudson River1.1. Established trading centers in present-Established trading centers in present-

day NY, Manhattan, NJ, CT, PAday NY, Manhattan, NJ, CT, PA

3.3. SUCCESSES: Successful fur tradersSUCCESSES: Successful fur traders FAILURES: Many bloody conflicts FAILURES: Many bloody conflicts

with the Native Americans, limited with the Native Americans, limited economic endeavorseconomic endeavors

Dutch (cont’d)Dutch (cont’d)

1. IN 1624 THE DUTCH PURCHASED WHAT TODAY IS THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN IN NEW YORK FROM LOCAL INDIANS FOR THE EQUIVALENT OF $24. THE DUTCH NAMED THE AREA “NEW AMSTERDAM”.

2. THE DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY create COLONY OF NEW NETHERLAND WHEN 30 FAMILIES SETTLED ALONG THE DELAWARE AND HUDSON RIVERS AND GOVERNOR’S ISLAND.

3. THE DUTCH CONTROLLED THIS AREA UNTIL 1664 WHEN THE GOVERNOR SURRENDERED THE TERRITORY TO THE BRITISH

VI. EnglishVI. English

1.1. Reasons they came: England after 1550Reasons they came: England after 15501.1. High inflationHigh inflation2.2. Decline in wagesDecline in wages3.3. Huge population growthHuge population growth overcrowding overcrowding

2.2. ReligionReligion1.1. PuritansPuritans followers of John Calvin, left followers of John Calvin, left

England to the Americas to practice their England to the Americas to practice their religion free of English civil or religious religion free of English civil or religious authoritiesauthorities

2.2. Remained a part of the Remained a part of the Church of England Church of England aka Anglican Churchaka Anglican Church, wanted to make the , wanted to make the Church of England, “purer”, hence PuritansChurch of England, “purer”, hence Puritans

English PuritanismEnglish Puritanism

1.1. Believed in predestination and in Believed in predestination and in the authority of Scripture over the authority of Scripture over papal authority.papal authority.

English (cont’d)English (cont’d)

3.3. Separatists aka PilgrimsSeparatists aka Pilgrims wanted wanted to “separate” from the Church of to “separate” from the Church of England entirelyEngland entirely

4.4. First Permanent English First Permanent English settlement: Jamestown, VA, settlement: Jamestown, VA, founded in 1607 by John Smith.founded in 1607 by John Smith.

1.1. Successful because of the cultivation Successful because of the cultivation of TOBACCOof TOBACCO

EnglishEnglish

5.5. Tobacco needed workersTobacco needed workers1.1. Indentured Servants-Indentured Servants-Had to work for a Had to work for a

number of years (ie: 3, or 10) for free number of years (ie: 3, or 10) for free passage to the Americaspassage to the Americas

2.2. African slaves came in 1619African slaves came in 1619

6.6. House of Burgesses, 1619House of Burgesses, 1619 1 1stst representative government in any representative government in any British ColonyBritish Colony

PilgrimsPilgrims

1.1. New England ColonizationNew England Colonization2.2. 1620, 1620, Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact the the

Pilgrim settlement would have a Pilgrim settlement would have a government answerable to the will government answerable to the will of the governed (self-government)of the governed (self-government)

3.3. 1691, joined the Massachusetts 1691, joined the Massachusetts Bay Colony est. by the PuritansBay Colony est. by the Puritans

4.4. MA/VA Colonies both had Rep. Gov.MA/VA Colonies both had Rep. Gov.1.1. VA had slaves; Mass. didn’tVA had slaves; Mass. didn’t

Religious DissentReligious Dissent

1.1. Mass. Bay ColonyMass. Bay Colony purpose to SERVE GOD purpose to SERVE GOD1.1. Dissent NOT tolerateDissent NOT tolerate

2.2. Roger WilliamsRoger Williams believed Puritans were believed Puritans were still too close to the Church of Englandstill too close to the Church of England

1.1. Preached “Total Separation of Church and Preached “Total Separation of Church and State”State”

2.2. Settled in Providence, Rhode IslandSettled in Providence, Rhode Island

3.3. Anne HutchinsonAnne Hutchinson claimed to have claimed to have received revelations from Godreceived revelations from God

1.1. Founded Portsmouth near Narragansett BayFounded Portsmouth near Narragansett Bay

Religious Dissent Religious Dissent (cont’d)(cont’d)

4.4. John Davenport & Thomas Hooker John Davenport & Thomas Hooker establish CT., 1662.establish CT., 1662.

Maryland and the Maryland and the CarolinasCarolinas

1.1. Propriety ColoniesPropriety Colonies—given to single —given to single individuals or groups of individuals; not a individuals or groups of individuals; not a companycompany

2.2. Maryland—settled 1632, John CalvertMaryland—settled 1632, John Calvert1.1. Refuge for English CatholicsRefuge for English Catholics

3.3. N. & S. CarolinaN. & S. Carolina used indentured used indentured servants and Native Americans at first; servants and Native Americans at first; then turned to slavery when they needed then turned to slavery when they needed large numbers and after indentured large numbers and after indentured servants gained freedomservants gained freedom

VII. Effects of English, VII. Effects of English, French, and British French, and British

SettlementSettlement1.1. Disease killed manyDisease killed many

2.2. Agricultural products changed the Agricultural products changed the ecosystemecosystem

3.3. Population patterns changed: influx of Population patterns changed: influx of slaves, loss of many Nat. Ams., increase slaves, loss of many Nat. Ams., increase in Europeansin Europeans

4.4. Gradually introduced representative Gradually introduced representative gov. and freedom of religion-gov. and freedom of religion- which which were concepts not popular in much of were concepts not popular in much of EuropeEurope