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AMERICA SECEDES FROM
THE EMPIREChapter 8
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Second Continental Congress
After Lexington and Concorde, Minutemen swarm around Boston.
Second Continental Congress met in Philly a month later. All 13 colonies send representatives this time.
Sentiment for independence?
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George Washington
Select George Washington to head the army
Most significant early act of Second Continental Congress Why not an obvious
choice? Political reasons for
choosing Washington?
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Washington’s Strengths
Outstanding leader of men. Strong character. Did not
seek political power and believed in principles of democracy.
Moral force of patience, discipline and fairness.
Strong emotions. People trusted him Served without pay
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Ticonderoga
May 1775 Ethan Allen and Benedict
Arnold captured British forts of Ticonderoga and Crown point in upper New York.
Gain precious powder and a number of cannons.
Problem—cannons are hard to move.
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Bunker Hill June 1775 Bunker Hill/Breeds Hill. Brits under Siege in Boston. Militia puts forces on Breeds Hill. Brits under Gage blundered by assaulting the hill
directly. Reason? Brits beaten off twice and take heavy casualties,
but capture the hill on third try. 1/8 of all Brit officers lost in the war are lost here. Americas take a moral victory Gives Americans false confidence.
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Hessians
June 1775, Sec. Cont. Congress adopts the Olive Branch Petition What does it say? How does Geo. III respond? Significance?
Sept. 1775 Geo III hired thousands of German troops to help crush the rebellion. Reactions?
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The Abortive Conquest Of Canada Oct. 1775, Americans start a
two-pronged invasion of Quebec.
Motive? Conflict with thesis of war. Almost works militarily, but falls
short. Richard Montgomery Benedict Arnold Results?
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Invasion of
Canada
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Brits Leave Boston
March 1776 Brits forced to evacuate Boston because of Henry Knox
What does he do? Evacuation Day
Knox: Chief of Artillery; First Sec. of War
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Thomas Paine: Common Sense
Despite the fighting, most colonists deny any intention of Independence. Reasons?
Paine jolts people out of this view with his pamphlet “Common Sense” His basic arguments?
Concept of civic virtue
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Declaration of Independence
June 7, 1776 Richard Henry Lee moved for a declaration that Colonies were free and Independent.
Adopted July 2, 1776. Cont. Congress commissions
an explanation of basis for resolution: Declaration of Independence Basic Purpose?
Written by Jefferson with help from Franklin and John Adams
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Declaration of Independence Natural rights John Locke’s theory on the Rights of Man Part I: Purpose and basis of government is to
protect fundamental rights of individuals Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness
Part II: Bad Acts by King violating these rights. Part III: Why colonies have no choice and are
justified in being independent Bottom Line:
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Patriots And Loyalists
Loyalists (Tories) Percentage of
Pop.? Type of people? Where located? Occupations? 80,000 leave;
200,000 stay; 50,000 fight for Brits.
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Middle War July 1776, Brits invade New York; Battle of
Long Island Washington retreats down Manhattan and
into New Jersey Christmas Night. Washington Crosses the
Delaware River. Captures Trenton and Princeton.
Why is this such a huge victory?
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What’s wrong with this Picture?
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Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion
British Plan in 1777 Burgoyne down Lake Champlain
route. Howe would move north to
meet-up with him up the Hudson valley
Split New England from the rest of colonies
Arnold defeats Burgoyne on Lake Champlain Significance? Benedict Arnold
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Valley Forge
Howe fails to move north to help Burgoyne Attacks Washington,
instead Washington defeated twice
and goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge
Valley Forge Terrible conditions: Cold
and little food Baron von SteubenBaron von Steuben
Baron von Steuben turns the Baron von Steuben turns the Continental Army into a REAL Continental Army into a REAL armyarmy!!
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Saratoga
Burgoyne defeated at Saratoga by Gates/Arnold Oct. 17, 1777.
Surrenders his entire command. Most significant win for U.S. Why? Arnold is the reason for win, but Gates
gets the credit Consequences?
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Strange French Bedfellows French support US secretly
and provide a great deal of powder and arms
Why won’t they support openly?
We need their money and their navy
Impact of Saratoga Franklin is minister to
France and very popular
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Treaty with France
1778 France offered the Americans a treaty of Alliance. Treaty of permanent
alliance Terms? Consequences for
US? This treaty became a
problem later.
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Colonial War Becomes World War
In 1778 the Revolutionary War becomes a World War.
France in against England in 1778. Spain and Holland come in against England in 1779.
Spanish and French Navy combined are bigger than GB
GB now up to their eyeballs in war. Armed Neutrality
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End of War in the North Nature of French Contribution Withdrawal of British Navy to
New York Battle of Monmouth
Courthouse Charles Lee
Washington pins the Brit’s northern forces around New York for the rest of the war.
War moves to the south
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Blow and Counter Blow
Summer of 1780, 6000 French arrive under Comte de Rochambeau.
1780, Benedict Arnold turns traitor Brit. strategy? Oct. 1779 Brit. invade Savannah, Ga. 1778-79, Brits overrun Georgia. May 1780 Brits invade Charleston, S.C.. 5000
US soldiers and 400 cannon surrender Nature of fighting in the South
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Fighting in the South
Nathaniel Greene in charge of US forces in the South.
His strategy is to hit and run. Force the Brits to chase him, Take them away from supply
bases on the coast Force them to use supplies.
Works Brilliantly.
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War in the South, 1780–1781
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The Land Frontier And The Sea Frontier
Most Indians sided with the Brits
Iroquois Confederacy split 1784, the pro-British Iroquois
forced to sign the treaty of Fort Stanwix
George Rogers Clark goes west and captures Forts Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Vincennes Significance
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Yorktown And The Final Curtain Things bleak for US in 1780-81 But, Cornwallis, had withdrawn back to the
Chesapeake Bay at Yorktown, Va. Why? Washington and Rochambeau come down from
the New York area and bottle up Cornwallis. The French Navy beat off the Brits at the mouth
of the Chesapeake Cornwallis is cut off and surrenders NOT the end of the war, but decisive victory
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Peace At Paris
After Yorktown many in England, especially, Whigs, weary of war.
George III wants to keep fighting Lord North’s ministry had collapsed and
Whigs in control Franklin, J. Adams and John Jay sent to
Paris as peace negotiators. Their instructions? How and why they violate them
Terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783
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North America After Revolution
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US in 1787