Time Period #7 Notes 1939 to 1945 [Module D]

1

Time Period #7 1939 to 1945 Notes [Module D]

The History of America – Act VII [1939 to 1945] An increasingly pluralistic United States faced profound domestic and global challenges, debated the

proper degree of government activism, and sought to define its international role.

America First

FDR and George Washington

Military Enlistees

War Industry Workers

Rosie the Riveter

Targets of Propaganda

Navajo Code Talkers

African Americans in WWII

Mexican Americans in WWII

Japenese Americans in WW II

Girls of Atomic City

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Time Period #7 Notes 1939 to 1945 [Module D]

2

Time Period #7 1939 to 1945 Notes [Module D]

7.36 Those Angry Days - American Foreign Policy Between the Wars [1930 to 1941]

The rancorous internal squabbles that gripped the United States Debate over American intervention in World War II—a bitter, sometimes violent clash of personalities and ideas that divided the nation and

ultimately determined the fate of the free world.

Washington Naval Conference (1921) It was the first international conference held in the United States and the first arms control conference in history. Attended by nine nations - the United States, Japan, China, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal regarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. Soviet Russia was not invited to the conference. The Dawes Plan (1924) Under the Dawes Plan, Germany's annual reparation payments would be reduced, increasing over time as its economy improved; when the full amount to be paid, however, was left undetermined. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) signers--62 nations--agreed to renounce war as a solution for international disputes. Good Neighbor Policy--Latin America - American investment in Latin America grew from $1.3 billion in 1914 to $3.5 billion in 1929. American exports also increased substantially. Pan-Americanism. Under FDR's direction, Americans endorsed non-intervention in Latin American affairs in the 1930s. This was a rejection of Uncle Theodore's Roosevelt Corollary and increased support from Latin American nations (United front against Nazi’s)

YOUR NOTES:

"The League of Nations failed to take hold in America because the country was not yet ready for so

global a role. Nevertheless, Wilson's intellectual victory proved

. . . seminal. . . . For, whenever America has faced the task of

constructing a new world order, it has returned in one way or

another to Woodrow Wilson's precepts. At the end of World War

II, it helped build the United Nations on the same principle as those of the League, hoping to

found peace on a concord of the victors. When this hope died,

America waged the Cold War ... as a moral struggle for democracy.

When communism collapsed, the Wilsonian idea that the road to

peace lay in collective security ... was adopted by administrations of

both major American political parties."

Henry Kissinger, Harvard professor and

secretary of state under Presidents Nixon and Ford, Diplomacy,

1994

Time Period #7 Notes 1939 to 1945 [Module D]

3

Time Period #7 1939 to 1945 Notes [Module D]

7.36 The Shadow of War – Aggressors on the March [ 1931 to 1941]

"'Appeasement' of the dictators, symbolized by the ugly word Munich, turned out to be merely surrender on the installment plan. It was like giving a cannibal a finger in the hope of saving an arm."

1931 1933 1935 1938 1939

Time Period #7 Notes 1939 to 1945 [Module D]

4

Time Period #7 1939 to 1945 Notes [Module D]

7.37 Those Angry Days – Storm Cellar Neutrality, 1933 to 1941 "Storm-cellar neutrality proved to be tragically shortsighted. America falsely assumed that the decision

for peace or war lay in its own hands, not in those of the satanic forces already unleashed in the world."

THE SHADOW OF WAR PERSPECTIVES ON “THOSE ANGRY DAYS” Neutrality Act ( 1935) Spanish Civil War (1936) Neutrality Acts ( 1936 to 1939) FDR "Arsenal of Democracy" speech (1939) Embargo of 1940 Selective Service and Training Act (September 1940) Destroyer-Bases Deal ( September 1940) The Four Freedoms Speech (January 1941) Lend-Lease (April 1941) Embargo of 1941 Atlantic Conference and the Atlantic Charter (August 1941)

ISOLATIONISTS

INTERVENTIONISTS

Time Period #7 Notes 1939 to 1945 [Module D]

5

Time Period #7 1939 to 1945 Notes [Module D]

7.38 "A Date Which Will Live in Infamy" [December 7th 1941] The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941, stunned virtually everyone in the United States military. Japan's carrier-launched bombers found Pearl Harbor totally unprepared.

"Storm-cellar neutrality proved to be tragically shortsighted. America falsely assumed that the decision for peace or war lay in its own hands, not in those of the satanic forces already unleashed in the world." – American Pageant page 805 "'Appeasement' of the dictators, symbolized by the ugly word Munich, turned out to be merely surrender on the installment plan. It was like giving a cannibal a finger in the hope of saving an arm." –American Pageant page 807

"...Pearl Harbor was not the full answer to the question of why the United States went to war. This treacherous attack was but the last explosion in a long chain reaction." –American Pageant page 820

How many people died at Pearl Harbor during the attack?

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto prepared a memorandum for his civilian prime minister one year before the bombing of Pearl Harbor

Adolf Hitler’s response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor Winston Churchill’s response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor Joachim von Ribbentrop’s memorandum on Pearl Harbor

Time Period #7 Notes 1939 to 1945 [Module D]

6

Time Period #7 1939 to 1945 Notes [Module D]

7.39 A Call to Arms: Mobilizing America for World War II

The colossal mobilization effort required to fight a war across two oceans and three continents-and to do so it had to build and equip a military to create, outfit, transport, and supply huge armies, navies, and air forces on so many

distant and disparate fronts.

WORLD WAR I (1917 -1919) WORLD WAR II (1941-1945)

Financing the War “Work or Fight”

Financing the War in the 1940s- War Bonds

Selective Service Act (1917) 10 Million men registered, 3 million served

Selective Service and Training Act (1940)

War Industries Board (WIB)

Encourages mass production and efficiency; increased

production by 20%

War Production Board (WPB)

Fuel Administration

Monitored coal supplies, rationed gasoline and heating oil; Herbert Hoover and the Food Administration

Office of Price Administration

Committee on Public Information (CPI) Propaganda agency that sold the war to the American

people - paintings, posters, cartoons, and "four minute

men" speeches

Propaganda

Women Worked as volunteers. Encouraged the sale of

bonds, planted victory gardens. Found in unfamiliar roles

(jobs held by men)

Women

African Americans: 350,000 served in segregated units as support troops. Several units saw action alongside French

soldiers fighting against the Germans, and 171 African Americans were awarded the French Legion of Honor.

Over 600,000 were commissioned as captains and first and second lieutenants.

African Americans:

Native Americans

Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)

Time Period #7 Notes 1939 to 1945 [Module D]

7

Time Period #7 1939 to 1945 Notes [Module D]

7.40 Justice at War : Executive Order #9066

Shortly after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the forced relocation and incarceration of over 100,000 Japanese American, proving once again that civil liberties are not

absolute

Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941, affected attitudes toward Japanese Americans: 15,000 Japanese Americans arrested as security risks prior to Executive Order #9066. Propaganda by the press in California stirred up preexisting anti–Japanese American sentiment.

The 442nd Regimental Combat Team—the most decorated regiment that fought during World War II (Italy); While at the same time family members in camps.

U.S. - Japanese relations

1906: The San Francisco Board of Education successfully implements segregation for Asian students in public schools. 1907: Gentlemen's Agreement between United States and Japan results in Japan ending the issuance passports for new laborers 1913: The California Alien Land Law prohibited "aliens ineligible for citizenship" from owning agricultural land or possessing long-term leases over it, but permitted leases lasting up to three years. It affected the Chinese, Indian, Japanese, and Korean immigrant farmers in California. Implicitly, the law was primarily directed at the Japanese 1924: The federal Immigration Act of 1924 banned immigration from Japan.

Time Period #7 Notes 1939 to 1945 [Module D]

8

Time Period #7 1939 to 1945 Notes [Module D]

World War I Civil Liberties Schenck vs United States (1919)

World War I Civil Liberties Korematsu vs. United States (1944)

ISSUE: Was the Espionage Act of 1917 (during World War I) unconstitutional because it violated the First Amendment right to freedom of speech?

ISSUE: The balance between government security and the civil liberties of the individual (during World War II).

DECISION: The Court upheld the Espionage Act of 1917, maintaining that freedom of speech & press could be constrained if “the words used…create a clear and present danger…”

DECISION: The Court upheld the government’s internment of Japanese citizens because the U.S. was at war, “…feared an invasion…,” and therefore was allowed “…to take proper security measures.”

Post Script:

Theme: Change — The Impact of War United States participation in wars has resulted in political, social, and economic changes for various groups of Americans. These changes have had varying impacts on American society both during and after each war. You may use any appropriate group from your study of United States history. Some suggestions you might wish to consider include #1 enslaved persons during the Civil War, #2 Native American Indians during the Indian Wars #3 socialists during World War I #4 women during World War I or World War II #5 Japanese Americans during World War II #6 American college students or army draftees during the Vietnam War.

Time Period #7 Notes 1939 to 1945 [Module D]

9

Time Period #7 1939 to 1945 Notes [Module D]

7.41 Endgame, The Final Chapter of World War II As the war concludes a buoyant time of grand expectations and an unprecedented faith in our

government, and our leaders is embodied in an optimistic spirit about the post war world.

The Battle of Midway June 3-6 1942

D-Day, June 6, 1944

YOUR NOTES:

Wartime Conferences

Casablanca Cairo Tehran Yalta Potsdam

Time Period #7 Notes 1939 to 1945 [Module D]

10

Time Period #7 1939 to 1945 Notes [Module D]

The Manhattan Project

"I am become death, the destroyer of worlds. " J. Robert Oppenheimer

The Atomic Bomb (1942 to 1946) The Manhattan Project was responsible for developing the atomic bomb for the U.S.

On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb was detonated in the desert of New Mexico. Three weeks later, on August 6, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan and three days later on Nagasaki, Japan. Japan officially surrendered on August 14th.

A Brief Review of Executive Action

George Washington John Adams

Abraham Lincoln

Teddy Roosevelt

Woodrow Wilson

Franklin Roosevelt

Harry S Truman

Time Period #7 Notes 1939 to 1945 [Module D]

11

Time Period #7 1939 to 1945 Notes [Module D]

7.42 Captain America: The Quest for Global Peace and Domestic Prosperity

A giddy, prosperous, self-confident post-World War II America finds itself at the summit of a world in transition.

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (also called G.I. Bill of Rights) legislation passed in 1944 that provided benefits to World War II veterans through the Veterans Administration (VA).

The bill provided grants for school and college tuition, low-interest mortgage and small-business loans, job training, hiring privileges, and unemployment payments. $65 per month at first for single veterans, $90 for those with dependents, and a maximum of $500 per year for tuition and books. Veterans also made use of the bill’s guaranteed mortgages and low interest rates to buy new homes in the suburbs, kicking off a development boom. The government invested $15 billion dollars in the nearly 8 million veterans who took advantage of this first G.I. bill, 450,000 became engineers, 240,000 accountants, 238,000 teachers, 67,000 doctors, and 22,000 dentists, while thousands more chose other professional careers.

YOUR NOTES:

Time Period #7 Notes 1939 to 1945 [Module D]

12

Time Period #7 1939 to 1945 Notes [Module D]

Creation of the United Nations (1945): A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established by 51 member nations to maintaining international peace and security.

The UN system is based on five principal organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice.

"The League of Nations failed to take hold in America because the country was not yet ready

for so global a role. Nevertheless, Wilson's

intellectual victory proved . . . seminal. . . . For, whenever

America has faced the task of constructing a new world order,

it has returned in one way or another to Woodrow Wilson's precepts. At the end of World

War II, it helped build the United Nations on the same

principle as those of the League, hoping to found peace on a

concord of the victors. When this hope died, America waged

the Cold War ... as a moral struggle for democracy. When

communism collapsed, the Wilsonian idea that the road to peace lay in collective security

... was adopted by administrations of both major

American political parties." Henry Kissinger, Harvard professor and

secretary of state under Presidents Nixon and Ford, Diplomacy,

1994