America Claims An EmpireAmerica Claims An Empire

Sec. 1-Imperialism and AmericaSec. 1-Imperialism and America

Sec. 2-The Spanish-American WarSec. 2-The Spanish-American War

Sec. 3-Acquiring New LandsSec. 3-Acquiring New Lands

Sec. 4-America as a World PowerSec. 4-America as a World Power

Imperialism and AmericaImperialism and AmericaSection 1Section 1

Imperialism – policy in which Imperialism – policy in which stronger nations extend their stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military economic, political, or military control over weaker territoriescontrol over weaker territories

MotivesMotives• EconomicEconomic• MilitaryMilitary• ReligionReligion• Racial SuperiorityRacial Superiority

Monroe Doctrine-1823Monroe Doctrine-1823

The Western Hemisphere was closed to The Western Hemisphere was closed to any further European colonization.any further European colonization.

The U.S. would not interfere with any The U.S. would not interfere with any European colonies already established.European colonies already established.

Any attempt by an European power to Any attempt by an European power to intervene in Western Hemisphere affairs intervene in Western Hemisphere affairs would be interpreted as a threat to the would be interpreted as a threat to the U.S.U.S.

The U.S. would not interfere in the internal The U.S. would not interfere in the internal affairs of an European country.affairs of an European country.

What is the Message?What is the Message?

Global CompetitionGlobal Competition

European countries had been European countries had been establishing colonies since the 1400establishing colonies since the 1400’’s s all around the world.all around the world.

Late 1900Late 1900’’s through the turn of the s through the turn of the century they focus on competitions century they focus on competitions for Asian and African nations.for Asian and African nations.

World Colonialization 1900World Colonialization 1900

U.S. Motivation for ImperialismU.S. Motivation for Imperialism

Manifest Destiny- Idea that it is the fate of the Manifest Destiny- Idea that it is the fate of the U.S. to expand its boundaries from the East to U.S. to expand its boundaries from the East to West Coast. (By 1890 we had done that)West Coast. (By 1890 we had done that)

New Manifest Destiny- Idea that it is the fate of New Manifest Destiny- Idea that it is the fate of the U.S. to expand it boundaries beyond the seasthe U.S. to expand it boundaries beyond the seas

American Progress by John Gast

3 Factors that Fuel U.S. Imperialism3 Factors that Fuel U.S. Imperialism Desire for Military StrengthDesire for Military Strength

• Adm. Alfred MahanAdm. Alfred Mahan• Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660-1783Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660-1783

Build up NavyBuild up Navy Need Colonies (Hawaii, Caribbean Is., Canal)Need Colonies (Hawaii, Caribbean Is., Canal) Need for refueling stations and raw materialsNeed for refueling stations and raw materials Foreign TradeForeign Trade

Thirst for New Markets (Economic)Thirst for New Markets (Economic)• Too many workers, not enough workToo many workers, not enough work• Need places to sell our productsNeed places to sell our products

Belief in Cultural SuperiorityBelief in Cultural Superiority• Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism• Theory of EugenicsTheory of Eugenics• White ManWhite Man’’s Burdens Burden

White ManWhite Man’’s Burdens Burden

The U.S. Acquires AlaskaThe U.S. Acquires Alaska

William Seward – Sec. of State William Seward – Sec. of State Acquires Alaska in 1867Acquires Alaska in 1867 Purchased from Russia for $7.2 MillionPurchased from Russia for $7.2 Million Known as Known as ““SewardSeward’’s Follys Folly”” or or ““SewardSeward’’s s

IceboxIcebox”” Turned out to be an excellent investment.Turned out to be an excellent investment.

• OilOil• FishFish• TimberTimber• Minerals like goldMinerals like gold• Naval BasesNaval Bases

1959 –Alaska becomes a state.1959 –Alaska becomes a state.

The U.S. Takes HawaiiThe U.S. Takes Hawaii History of Hawaii and the U.S.History of Hawaii and the U.S. Cries for AnnexationCries for Annexation Value of Pearl HarborValue of Pearl Harbor The End of a MonarchyThe End of a Monarchy

• King Kalakaua amends constitution to satisfy King Kalakaua amends constitution to satisfy white sugar growers – limits voting rights to white sugar growers – limits voting rights to wealthy landownerswealthy landowners

• Queen Liliuokalani takes over and wants to Queen Liliuokalani takes over and wants to restore Hawaii for Hawaiians. Landowners plot restore Hawaii for Hawaiians. Landowners plot to remove her.to remove her.

• Growers plans a revolt and with the help of Growers plans a revolt and with the help of U.S. Marines remove Queen and place her U.S. Marines remove Queen and place her under house arrest.under house arrest.

Sanford Dole is Named President of HawaiiSanford Dole is Named President of Hawaii

Annexation of HawaiiAnnexation of Hawaii

President Cleveland directs the Queen to President Cleveland directs the Queen to be restored but Dole refuses. be restored but Dole refuses.

Recognized the Republic of Hawaii but will Recognized the Republic of Hawaii but will not annex unless the majority votes to do not annex unless the majority votes to do so.so.

William McKinley supported annexation William McKinley supported annexation and Congress proclaims it an American and Congress proclaims it an American territory in 1898 with Hawaiians never territory in 1898 with Hawaiians never voting to do so.voting to do so.

Hawaii becomes a state in 1959. Hawaii becomes a state in 1959.

The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American WarSection 2Section 2

1868- Cubans rebel against Spanish 1868- Cubans rebel against Spanish rule and fought for 10 years but are rule and fought for 10 years but are defeated. Did abolish slavery.defeated. Did abolish slavery.

Prosperity in Cuba due to sugar trade Prosperity in Cuba due to sugar trade with U.S. and McKinley Tariff Act with U.S. and McKinley Tariff Act (1890)removes tariff on Cuban sugar (1890)removes tariff on Cuban sugar

Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894) puts tariff Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894) puts tariff on Cuban sugar and causes economic on Cuban sugar and causes economic hard times, leading to a new revolthard times, leading to a new revolt

22ndnd War for Independence War for Independence

José Martí – Launched the revolt in 1895José Martí – Launched the revolt in 1895• See Key Player Box pg. 347See Key Player Box pg. 347

Tactics usedTactics used• Guerrilla WarfareGuerrilla Warfare• Scorched Earth PolicyScorched Earth Policy

Scorched Earth PolicyScorched Earth Policy

Cuban Rebels burn U.S. owned Cuban Rebels burn U.S. owned plantations in an attempt to receive plantations in an attempt to receive American interventionAmerican intervention

U.S. does not respond until Spanish U.S. does not respond until Spanish start using harsh tactics against the start using harsh tactics against the rebelsrebels

General Weyler, a.k.a. General Weyler, a.k.a. ““The ButcherThe Butcher”” • Reconcentrado / Concentration CampsReconcentrado / Concentration Camps

General Valeriano WeylerGeneral Valeriano Weyler

Reconcentrado Camps Reconcentrado Camps ConditionsConditions

Estimated 300,000 Cubans Estimated 300,000 Cubans InternedInterned

Unsanitary ConditionsUnsanitary Conditions Thousands died of hunger Thousands died of hunger

and disease.and disease. http://chss.montclair.edu/http://chss.montclair.edu/

witness/Reconcentrados.htmlwitness/Reconcentrados.html

Causes of the Spanish American WarCauses of the Spanish American War

Harsh Tactics against the CubansHarsh Tactics against the Cubans Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism De Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter U.S.S. Maine ExplodesU.S.S. Maine Explodes

Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism

Sensational style of writing, which Sensational style of writing, which exaggerates the news to lure and enrage exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readersreaders• Poisoned WellsPoisoned Wells• Children throw to sharksChildren throw to sharks

Publishers of Yellow JournalismPublishers of Yellow Journalism• William Randolph Hearst- New York JournalWilliam Randolph Hearst- New York Journal

““You furnish the pictures and IYou furnish the pictures and I’’ll furnish the War.ll furnish the War.””• Joseph Pulitzer- New York WorldJoseph Pulitzer- New York World

The De Lôme LetterThe De Lôme Letter

Written by the Spanish Minister to Written by the Spanish Minister to the U.S. (De Lôme )the U.S. (De Lôme )

Criticized Pres. McKinleyCriticized Pres. McKinley• Called him Called him ““weakweak”” and and ““a bidder for the a bidder for the

admiration of the crowdadmiration of the crowd”” Major Insult that upset the American Major Insult that upset the American

public.public.

U.S.S. Maine ExplodesU.S.S. Maine Explodes

Who: 260 (plus) U.S.S. Maine Who: 260 (plus) U.S.S. Maine crew killedcrew killed

What: Explodes and Sinks What: Explodes and Sinks Where: Havana Harbor, Where: Havana Harbor,

CubaCuba When: February 15, 1898When: February 15, 1898 Why: Newspapers blame the Why: Newspapers blame the

SpanishSpanish

Public ReactionPublic Reaction

Outrage against SpainOutrage against Spain Hearst and Pulitzer fan the flames Hearst and Pulitzer fan the flames

and call for warand call for war• Offers $50,000 RewardOffers $50,000 Reward

““Remember the MaineRemember the Maine”” Battle Cry of Battle Cry of Spanish American WarSpanish American War

Captain SigsbeeCaptain Sigsbee• http://www.classzone.comhttp://www.classzone.com

What Really HappenedWhat Really Happened

1976 Investigation concluded a 1976 Investigation concluded a massive internal blast had destroyed massive internal blast had destroyed the ship.the ship.

Most likely cause was a spontaneous Most likely cause was a spontaneous fire in a coal bunker that ignited a fire in a coal bunker that ignited a nearby supply of weapons.nearby supply of weapons.

Faulty designFaulty design

War with SpainWar with Spain

Although the Spanish gave in to all Although the Spanish gave in to all demands the U.S. declared war April demands the U.S. declared war April 20,1898.20,1898.

Philippines Theater of WarPhilippines Theater of War• 11stst battle took place in Manila Bay battle took place in Manila Bay• Commodore Dewey sailed into the bay Commodore Dewey sailed into the bay

and destroyed all the Spanish ships.and destroyed all the Spanish ships.• U.S. forces landed and joined with U.S. forces landed and joined with

Filipino revolutionaries lead by Emilio Filipino revolutionaries lead by Emilio AguinaldoAguinaldo

• Spain surrendersSpain surrenders

War in the CaribbeanWar in the Caribbean

Naval Blockade of CubaNaval Blockade of Cuba• Victory in Philippines and success of blockade Victory in Philippines and success of blockade

show the superiority of the U.S. Navy.show the superiority of the U.S. Navy. U.S. Army is only a small professional force, U.S. Army is only a small professional force,

with inexperienced volunteerswith inexperienced volunteers• Lack of trainingLack of training• Lack of weaponsLack of weapons• Lack of suppliesLack of supplies• Wool Uniforms for a tropical climateWool Uniforms for a tropical climate• Lack of experienced leadership and old Civil War Lack of experienced leadership and old Civil War

leaders were more interested in sitting around leaders were more interested in sitting around and talking about the old days.and talking about the old days.

Rough RidersRough Riders

A volunteer cavalry unit commanded A volunteer cavalry unit commanded by Leonard Wood and Theodore by Leonard Wood and Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt• Made up of men from all walks of lifeMade up of men from all walks of life• Dramatic uphill charge at Kettle Hill led Dramatic uphill charge at Kettle Hill led

by the Rough Riders led to the more by the Rough Riders led to the more significant taking of San Juan Hillsignificant taking of San Juan Hill

Myths about the Rough RidersMyths about the Rough Riders Myth: They charged Myth: They charged

up the battlefield on up the battlefield on horses as depicted in horses as depicted in newspapers and newspapers and pictures painted pictures painted about the event.about the event.

Reality: Horses had Reality: Horses had been left in Florida. been left in Florida. They were They were dismounted Cavalry.dismounted Cavalry.

(From the Painting by Frederic (From the Painting by Frederic Remington.)Remington.) http://www.bartleby.com/51/10.htmlhttp://www.bartleby.com/51/10.html

Myths about the Rough RidersMyths about the Rough Riders

Myth: Roosevelt lead the main Myth: Roosevelt lead the main charge up San Juan Hill.charge up San Juan Hill.

Reality: He had led the charge up Reality: He had led the charge up Kettle Hill and the Rough Riders had Kettle Hill and the Rough Riders had assisted in taking San Juan Hill. assisted in taking San Juan Hill. http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/roughriders.htmroughriders.htm

Roosevelt and the Rough Riders Roosevelt and the Rough Riders atop San Juan Heights, 1898 atop San Juan Heights, 1898

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill

Roosevelt Posthumously Awarded Roosevelt Posthumously Awarded Medal of HonorMedal of Honor

Though two Medal of Honor recipients Though two Medal of Honor recipients who had witnessed Roosevelt's actions who had witnessed Roosevelt's actions at Kettle and San Juan Hills (Generals at Kettle and San Juan Hills (Generals Shafter and Wood) recommended the Shafter and Wood) recommended the intrepid leader of the Rough Riders, his intrepid leader of the Rough Riders, his political enemies succeeded in denying it political enemies succeeded in denying it to him during his lifetime.  Beyond to him during his lifetime.  Beyond Roosevelt's death, his actions were Roosevelt's death, his actions were debated for decades and finally, more debated for decades and finally, more than 100 years after his famous charge than 100 years after his famous charge during the Spanish-American War, during the Spanish-American War, Congress approved the award.  On Congress approved the award.  On January 16, 2001 President William January 16, 2001 President William Clinton presented Theodore Roosevelt's Clinton presented Theodore Roosevelt's Medal of Honor to his great-grandson Medal of Honor to his great-grandson Tweed Roosevelt, in ceremonies at the Tweed Roosevelt, in ceremonies at the White House.  His award brought the White House.  His award brought the total of awards earned in the July 1, total of awards earned in the July 1, 1898 battles at El Caney, Kettle Hill and 1898 battles at El Caney, Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill to an even two-dozen.  San Juan Hill to an even two-dozen.  Ironically, Roosevelt's long-sought Medal Ironically, Roosevelt's long-sought Medal of Honor would be the ONLY posthumous of Honor would be the ONLY posthumous award of the entire Spanish-American award of the entire Spanish-American War.War.

http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/11_crowdedhour.html

Spanish American War EndsSpanish American War Ends

War lasted only 16 WeeksWar lasted only 16 Weeks Called a Called a ““Splendid Little WarSplendid Little War”” 300,000 Americans served300,000 Americans served 5,400 lost their lives5,400 lost their lives 379 battle causalities379 battle causalities 5,000 died of diseases and other causes5,000 died of diseases and other causes

• Yellow feverYellow fever• MalariaMalaria

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

Spain surrendered all rights to Cuba Spain surrendered all rights to Cuba and assumed Cuban Debtand assumed Cuban Debt

Puerto Rico and Guam are given to Puerto Rico and Guam are given to U.S.U.S.

The U.S. will pay $20 million for the The U.S. will pay $20 million for the annexation of the Philippinesannexation of the Philippines

Debate over the TreatyDebate over the Treaty

Imperialism vs. DemocracyImperialism vs. Democracy McKinley tried to imply it was for the McKinley tried to imply it was for the

betterment of the Filipino peoplebetterment of the Filipino people• ““that there was nothing left for us to do that there was nothing left for us to do

but take them all and to educate the but take them all and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and Christianize Filipinos, and uplift and Christianize them.them.””

What is faulty about that argument?What is faulty about that argument? Anti-imperialist would argue Anti-imperialist would argue ““you doyou do

nn ’’t have to own people to trade with t have to own people to trade with themthem””

Acquiring New LandAcquiring New LandSection 3Section 3

Ruling Puerto RicoRuling Puerto Rico Cuba and the U.S.Cuba and the U.S. Filipinos RebelFilipinos Rebel Foreign Influence in ChinaForeign Influence in China Impact of ImperialismImpact of Imperialism

Ruling Puerto RicoRuling Puerto Rico

Fairly smooth transitionFairly smooth transition Military Rule establishedMilitary Rule established U.S. wished to maintain island as a U.S. wished to maintain island as a

territory for a naval base.territory for a naval base. Foraker ActForaker Act – 1900 – 1900

• Ends military ruleEnds military rule• Set up civil governmentSet up civil government• Pres. Power to appoint governor and upper Pres. Power to appoint governor and upper

house to legislaturehouse to legislature• Denied U.S. citizenshipDenied U.S. citizenship

1917 Granted Citizenship1917 Granted Citizenship and Right to and Right to elect both houses of legislatureelect both houses of legislature

Puerto Rico Commonwealth of U.S.Puerto Rico Commonwealth of U.S.

Make their own lawsMake their own laws Handle their own financesHandle their own finances U.S. controls defense and set tariffsU.S. controls defense and set tariffs Citizens of U.S.Citizens of U.S. Move freely between island and mainlandMove freely between island and mainland Enjoy tax exempt statusEnjoy tax exempt status Do not vote for PresidentDo not vote for President Do not have voting members in CongressDo not have voting members in Congress Do not receive federal aidDo not receive federal aid Subject to military draftSubject to military draft

Puerto Rico DebatePuerto Rico Debate

Some want to be independentSome want to be independent Some want to be a stateSome want to be a state Some want to maintain commonwealth Some want to maintain commonwealth

statusstatus

Voted in 1967, 1993, and 1998Voted in 1967, 1993, and 1998

What are the proWhat are the pro’’s and cons and con’’s of each?s of each?

GuamGuam

Smooth TransitionSmooth Transition U.S. Territory U.S. Territory Naval & Air Force Naval & Air Force

BasesBases U.S. CitizensU.S. Citizens Guam is the largest Guam is the largest

and southernmost and southernmost of the Mariana of the Mariana Islands.Islands.

Cuba and the U.S.Cuba and the U.S.

Teller Amendment: The U.S. will not Teller Amendment: The U.S. will not seek control of Cuba.seek control of Cuba.

Cuba is officially independent but will Cuba is officially independent but will become an United States Protectoratebecome an United States Protectorate• A country whose affairs are partially A country whose affairs are partially

controlled by a stronger power.controlled by a stronger power. U.S. military would occupy CubaU.S. military would occupy Cuba Provide food, clothing, schools, Provide food, clothing, schools,

hospitals, and help with malaria and hospitals, and help with malaria and yellow fever.yellow fever.

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment

Condition of U.S. withdrawal Condition of U.S. withdrawal • Cubans must have Constitution and sign Cubans must have Constitution and sign

the Platt Amendmentthe Platt Amendment Cuba could not make treaties that might Cuba could not make treaties that might

limit its independence or permit foreign limit its independence or permit foreign powers to control any part of its territorypowers to control any part of its territory

The U.S. reserved the right to intervene in The U.S. reserved the right to intervene in CubaCuba

Cuba was not to go into debt that its Cuba was not to go into debt that its government could not repaygovernment could not repay

The U.S. could buy or lease land on the The U.S. could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling island for naval stations and refueling stations stations

Protecting American Business InterestsProtecting American Business Interests

Main reason for staying involved in Main reason for staying involved in Cuba and other places around the Cuba and other places around the world was to protect American world was to protect American businesses with investments in Cuba businesses with investments in Cuba and other countries.and other countries.

Critics argue it is not necessary.Critics argue it is not necessary.• See Page 355 Personal VoiceSee Page 355 Personal Voice

Filipinos RebelFilipinos Rebel

Emilio Aguinaldo- Leader of RebellionEmilio Aguinaldo- Leader of Rebellion U.S. is faced with the same situation as U.S. is faced with the same situation as

Spain in Cuba of a people fighting for Spain in Cuba of a people fighting for independence from a colonial powerindependence from a colonial power

Aguinaldo uses guerilla warfareAguinaldo uses guerilla warfare U.S. Forces citizens to designated zones U.S. Forces citizens to designated zones

like the reconcentrado camps in Cubalike the reconcentrado camps in Cuba• Poor sanitation, starvation, diseasePoor sanitation, starvation, disease• Thousands dieThousands die

African Americans in the Philippines African Americans in the Philippines

Many of the 70,000 U.S. troops in the Many of the 70,000 U.S. troops in the Philippines were African American Philippines were African American

Some deserted to the Filipino side in Some deserted to the Filipino side in solidarity for racial prejudicesolidarity for racial prejudice

ThomasitesThomasites

540 young Americans who sailed to 540 young Americans who sailed to Manila aboard the U.S.S. ThomasManila aboard the U.S.S. Thomas• Trained Filipino teachersTrained Filipino teachers• Conducted classesConducted classes• Set up schoolsSet up schools

ImpactImpact• 1898 – 5,000 elementary students1898 – 5,000 elementary students• 1920 – more than 1 million students1920 – more than 1 million students

Cost of the WarCost of the War

Philippine – American War lasted 3 Philippine – American War lasted 3 yearsyears

Human CostHuman Cost• 20,000 Filipino rebels died20,000 Filipino rebels died• 4,000 U.S. troops died4,000 U.S. troops died

Monetary CostMonetary Cost• $400 million – 20 times the price we $400 million – 20 times the price we

paid for annexationpaid for annexation

AftermathAftermath

U.S. set up a similar government to U.S. set up a similar government to Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

President appointed a governorPresident appointed a governor• William Howard Taft 1901-1904William Howard Taft 1901-1904

Build schools and hospitalsBuild schools and hospitals Improved Sanitation for the Improved Sanitation for the

prevention of disease.prevention of disease. Independence granted July 4Independence granted July 4thth, 1946, 1946

China and the Open Door PolicyChina and the Open Door Policy

Because of the Sino-Japanese War Because of the Sino-Japanese War China was weakened and vulnerable China was weakened and vulnerable to imperialistic countries like Britain, to imperialistic countries like Britain, Germany, France, Russia, and Japan.Germany, France, Russia, and Japan.

Each country had carved out a Each country had carved out a sphere-of-influence- an area where sphere-of-influence- an area where that country has exclusive rights to that country has exclusive rights to control trade and industry.control trade and industry.

This interfered with U.S. business This interfered with U.S. business interests.interests.

John HayJohn Hay’’s Open Door Notess Open Door Notes

Sec. of State Hay issued a series of Sec. of State Hay issued a series of statements to protect American statements to protect American interests in China.interests in China.

Sent to Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Sent to Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Germany, and Japan.Germany, and Japan.

Statements are known as the Open Statements are known as the Open Door Notes.Door Notes.

Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy

Called for open access to ChinaCalled for open access to China’’s coastal s coastal ports and trading rights of all nations ports and trading rights of all nations would be respectedwould be respected

Elimination of special privileges for any Elimination of special privileges for any trading nationtrading nation

Existing tariffs would be collected by Existing tariffs would be collected by Chinese officialsChinese officials

Railroad rates and harbor duties would not Railroad rates and harbor duties would not discriminate against people of other discriminate against people of other countriescountries

China would maintain its independenceChina would maintain its independence

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

1900 Chinese patriots called Boxers 1900 Chinese patriots called Boxers rebelled, which threatened the Open rebelled, which threatened the Open Door Policy Door Policy

Boxers wanted to rid their country of Boxers wanted to rid their country of ““foreign devilsforeign devils””

Boxers killed 200 missionaries, other Boxers killed 200 missionaries, other foreigners, and converted Christian foreigners, and converted Christian Chinese and also took over the Chinese and also took over the embassies.embassies.

22ndnd Open Door Note Open Door Note

Hay responded by sending the 2Hay responded by sending the 2ndnd Open Door Note to propose the great Open Door Note to propose the great powers unit to put down the rebellion powers unit to put down the rebellion and reinforced the idea of an Open and reinforced the idea of an Open Door in China after the rebellionDoor in China after the rebellion

The International Force, including The International Force, including 2,500 American soldiers, squashed 2,500 American soldiers, squashed the rebellion.the rebellion.

Boxer ProtocolBoxer Protocol

Treaty signed by the great powers and Treaty signed by the great powers and China after the Boxer RebellionChina after the Boxer Rebellion

Powers agreed to accept money ($332 Powers agreed to accept money ($332 million) rather than land from China.million) rather than land from China.• U.S. part was $24.5 million.U.S. part was $24.5 million.• In 1908 the U.S. returned about $20 million to In 1908 the U.S. returned about $20 million to

China for the education of Chinese studentsChina for the education of Chinese students• Why do this?????????Why do this?????????

Chinese agreed to execute some Chinese Chinese agreed to execute some Chinese officials and punish others.officials and punish others.

Three Deeply Held Beliefs About Three Deeply Held Beliefs About U.S. Industrial Capitalist EconomyU.S. Industrial Capitalist Economy

Americans believe that the growth of Americans believe that the growth of the U.S. economy depends on the U.S. economy depends on exportsexports

Americans feel they have a right to Americans feel they have a right to intervene abroad to keep foreign intervene abroad to keep foreign markets openmarkets open

Americans fear that the closing of an Americans fear that the closing of an area to American products, citizens, area to American products, citizens, or ideas threatens U.S. survivalor ideas threatens U.S. survival

America as a World PowerAmerica as a World PowerSection 4Section 4

Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt’’s Big Stick Policys Big Stick Policy William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft’’s Dollar Diplomacys Dollar Diplomacy Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson’’s Missionary Diplomacys Missionary Diplomacy

Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt’’s Foreign Policys Foreign Policy Roosevelt the Peace MakerRoosevelt the Peace Maker

• Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War Russia and Japan were competing for Korea and ManchuriaRussia and Japan were competing for Korea and Manchuria Japan wins and Roosevelt steps in to offer to negotiate the Japan wins and Roosevelt steps in to offer to negotiate the

peace agreementpeace agreement Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Portsmouth

• Southern ½ of Sakhalin IslandSouthern ½ of Sakhalin Island• Japan gave up the cash paymentJapan gave up the cash payment• Japan took over Russian interests in Manchuria and KoreaJapan took over Russian interests in Manchuria and Korea• Both countries agreed to the Open Door in ChinaBoth countries agreed to the Open Door in China

Aftermath of Treaty of PortsmouthAftermath of Treaty of Portsmouth• Japan upset about not receiving the moneyJapan upset about not receiving the money• Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace PrizeRoosevelt wins the Nobel Peace Prize• GentlemanGentleman’’s Agreement over segregated schools in Californias Agreement over segregated schools in California

The Great White FleetThe Great White Fleet

Roosevelt sends 16 battleships (10 Roosevelt sends 16 battleships (10 brand new) on a world cruise to show brand new) on a world cruise to show the power of the U.S. and its Navy.the power of the U.S. and its Navy.

Fleet puts into ports around the Fleet puts into ports around the world, including Japanworld, including Japan

U.S. and Japan will pledge to respect U.S. and Japan will pledge to respect each othereach other’’s possessions and s possessions and interests in East Asia and the Pacific interests in East Asia and the Pacific in various treaties.in various treaties.

Roosevelt and the Panama CanalRoosevelt and the Panama Canal

Why do we need the Panama Canal?Why do we need the Panama Canal?• Eliminate the trip around South AmericaEliminate the trip around South America• Lower cost for shippingLower cost for shipping• Lower cost for maintenance of separate Lower cost for maintenance of separate

fleetsfleets• Improved defense of the Western Improved defense of the Western

HemisphereHemisphere http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20IIhttp://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II

Possible LocationsPossible Locations

NicaraguaNicaragua• Problem: VolcanoesProblem: Volcanoes

MexicoMexico• Problem: DistanceProblem: Distance

PanamaPanama• Problem: Rights owned by FranceProblem: Rights owned by France

Hay-Herrán TreatyHay-Herrán Treaty

Treaty between U.S. and ColumbiaTreaty between U.S. and Columbia• 6 mile zone6 mile zone• 99 year lease with renewal privileges99 year lease with renewal privileges• U.S. pays 10 million in cashU.S. pays 10 million in cash• Plus $250,000 a year starting in 1912Plus $250,000 a year starting in 1912

Columbia rejects treatyColumbia rejects treaty

Panamanian RevoltPanamanian Revolt

Instigated by French Company Instigated by French Company official- official- Philippe Bunau-VarillaPhilippe Bunau-Varilla and and wealth U.S. business interestswealth U.S. business interests

U.S. (Teddy Roosevelt) sent the U.S. (Teddy Roosevelt) sent the U.S.S. Nashville and other ships off U.S.S. Nashville and other ships off the coast of Panama and Columbia to the coast of Panama and Columbia to keep Columbia from interfering keep Columbia from interfering

Hay / Bunau-Varilla TreatyHay / Bunau-Varilla Treaty

Treaty between U.S. and PanamaTreaty between U.S. and Panama• 10 mile zone10 mile zone• U.S. pays 10 millionU.S. pays 10 million• Plus $250,000 a year to begin in 1913Plus $250,000 a year to begin in 1913

Ratified in 1904Ratified in 1904

Building the CanalBuilding the Canal

Digging began in 1904 but stopped a Digging began in 1904 but stopped a year later due to the high death rates year later due to the high death rates in the Canal Zonein the Canal Zone

Same problems the French hadSame problems the French had• MalariaMalaria• Yellow FeverYellow Fever• PlaguePlague

Cleaning up the Canal ZoneCleaning up the Canal Zone

Colonel William Gorgas in charge of Colonel William Gorgas in charge of sanitation programsanitation program• Drained SwampsDrained Swamps• Installed SewersInstalled Sewers• Screened BuildingsScreened Buildings• Paved RoadsPaved Roads

Building Resumes in 1907Building Resumes in 1907

Greatest Engineering Feat of the TimeGreatest Engineering Feat of the Time

5 or 6 Lock System for raising and 5 or 6 Lock System for raising and lowering ships through the canal.lowering ships through the canal.

Total Cost – $380,000,000Total Cost – $380,000,000 Employed thousands of workersEmployed thousands of workers

• 5,600 died from accident and disease5,600 died from accident and disease Opened in 1914Opened in 1914 Damaged U.S. – Latin American Damaged U.S. – Latin American

RelationsRelations

Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt argued European powers Roosevelt argued European powers must not intervene in the Western must not intervene in the Western Hemisphere as put forth in the Monroe Hemisphere as put forth in the Monroe Doctrine, but also warned that disorder Doctrine, but also warned that disorder in Latin America might in Latin America might ““force the U.S. to force the U.S. to exercise an international police powerexercise an international police power”” in order to protect U.S. economic in order to protect U.S. economic interests.interests.

http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20IIhttp://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II

Roosevelt argued European powers Roosevelt argued European powers must not intervene in the Western must not intervene in the Western Hemisphere as put forth in the Monroe Hemisphere as put forth in the Monroe Doctrine, but also warned that disorder Doctrine, but also warned that disorder in Latin America might in Latin America might ““force the U.S. to force the U.S. to exercise an international police powerexercise an international police power”” in order to protect U.S. economic in order to protect U.S. economic interests.interests.

http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20IIhttp://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II

Dollar Diplomacy under TaftDollar Diplomacy under Taft

Dollars for BulletsDollars for Bullets Policy of using the U.S. Government to Policy of using the U.S. Government to

guarantee loans made to foreign guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeoplecountries by American businesspeople

Used to keep European powers from Used to keep European powers from intervening in Latin Americaintervening in Latin America

http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20IIhttp://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II

Taft and the Monroe DoctrineTaft and the Monroe Doctrine

Japan attempted to purchase Baja Japan attempted to purchase Baja California from MexicoCalifornia from Mexico

Why is that not good for the U.S.???Why is that not good for the U.S.??? U.S. expresses its concern to Japan and U.S. expresses its concern to Japan and

they back off.they back off. Lodge CorollaryLodge Corollary

• Any attempt to sell strategic land located Any attempt to sell strategic land located in the Americas to a nation or company in the Americas to a nation or company outside the Western Hemisphere would be outside the Western Hemisphere would be opposed by the U.S.opposed by the U.S.

Missionary Diplomacy and WilsonMissionary Diplomacy and Wilson

Purpose is to help other nationsPurpose is to help other nations Cooling Off Treaties – international Cooling Off Treaties – international

disputes were to be referred to a disputes were to be referred to a commission that would investigate commission that would investigate and make a report. The parties of and make a report. The parties of the dispute must refrain from war in the dispute must refrain from war in the year it took to compile the reportthe year it took to compile the report

Wilson and MexicoWilson and Mexico

U.S. has a moral responsibility to deny U.S. has a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests.interests.

This policy on non-recognition will be This policy on non-recognition will be tested in Mexico.tested in Mexico.

http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20IIhttp://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II

Important PeopleImportant People President DiazPresident Diaz –1876 to 1911 was –1876 to 1911 was

MexicoMexico’’s military dictators military dictator Francisco MaderoFrancisco Madero – Leader of rebellion – Leader of rebellion

and new President in 1911and new President in 1911 General HuertaGeneral Huerta – Killed Madero and took – Killed Madero and took

over the government in 1913over the government in 1913 Venustiano CarranzaVenustiano Carranza – Leader of – Leader of

Constitutionalists fighting HuertaConstitutionalists fighting Huerta Francisco Francisco ““PanchoPancho”” Villa Villa – Leader of – Leader of

revolt against first Huerta and then revolt against first Huerta and then Carranza. Attacks U.S.Carranza. Attacks U.S.

Dolphin IncidentDolphin Incident

American whale boat puts into TampicoAmerican whale boat puts into Tampico Crew arrested by HuertaCrew arrested by Huerta’’s mens men Released with apologyReleased with apology Admiral Mayo demands a 21 gun saluteAdmiral Mayo demands a 21 gun salute Huerta insulted and demands on in returnHuerta insulted and demands on in return Incident leads to the invasion of Vera Cruz Incident leads to the invasion of Vera Cruz

by the U.S. Navy resulting in 19 U.S. by the U.S. Navy resulting in 19 U.S. deaths and around 200 Mexican. deaths and around 200 Mexican.

U.S. close to war with MexicoU.S. close to war with Mexico

ABC Powers Step InABC Powers Step In

Argentina, Brazil and Chile offer to Argentina, Brazil and Chile offer to negotiate a settlement to the conflict negotiate a settlement to the conflict and a grateful Wilson acceptsand a grateful Wilson accepts

In the meantime Huerta is In the meantime Huerta is overthrown by Carranzaoverthrown by Carranza

Villa breaks with CarranzaVilla breaks with Carranza

Pancho Villa on a RampagePancho Villa on a Rampage

Angry at U.S. for WilsonAngry at U.S. for Wilson’’s recognition s recognition of Carranzaof Carranza’’s Governments Government

Kills 16 American Engineers in MexicoKills 16 American Engineers in Mexico Crosses U.S. border and conducts a Crosses U.S. border and conducts a

raid on Columbus, New Mexico, killing raid on Columbus, New Mexico, killing 17 Americans17 Americans

Wilson Sends TroopsWilson Sends Troops

General John J. Pershing – led 15,000 General John J. Pershing – led 15,000 troops deep into Mexico to catch troops deep into Mexico to catch Pancho Villa.Pancho Villa.

Caused much stress between the Caused much stress between the U.S. and Mexico, almost to the point U.S. and Mexico, almost to the point of war.of war.

Pancho Villa never captured.Pancho Villa never captured.

U.S. Troops WithdrawU.S. Troops Withdraw

Wilson is up for reelection and so Wilson is up for reelection and so does not withdraw troops until does not withdraw troops until January of 1917.January of 1917.

Problems in Europe are worsening Problems in Europe are worsening and Wilson sees we will soon be in and Wilson sees we will soon be in another war.another war.