America and the Great Crash Mr. Phipps U.S. History.
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Transcript of America and the Great Crash Mr. Phipps U.S. History.
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America and the Great Crash
Mr. Phipps
U.S. History
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California State Standards• 11.6.1. Describe the monetary issues of the late nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries that gave rise to the establishment of the Federal Reserve and the weaknesses in key sectors of the economy in the late 1920s.
• 11.6.2. Understand the explanations of the principal causes of the Great Depression and the steps taken by the Federal Reserve, Congress, and Presidents Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt to combat the economic crisis.
• 11.6.3. Discuss the human toll of the Depression, natural disasters, and unwise agricultural practices and their effects on the depopulation of rural regions and on political movements of the left and right, with particular attention to the Dust Bowl refugees and their social and economic impacts in California.
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The Era
• Considered the worst economic catastrophe in the U.S.
• The American depression was part of global economic crisis
• The Stock Market crash did not cause the Depression, only made it happen faster
• The American government radically changed to respond to widespread economic and social problems
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Part A:Economic Problems
The Great Depression started as a series of related economic
problems.
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I. The Sick Economy of the 1920s
• The prosperity of the 1920s failed to cover up major economic problems
• Wages dropped, Production dropped, Unemployment increased
• Many important industries affected, including:– Agriculture and Farming– Railroads– Textiles– Steel– Mining– Lumber– Automobiles– Housing Construction– Consumer Goods
At the time of the Great Crash, stock values dropped from $87 to $19 Billion. Steel production dropped 80%, and overall industrial output decreased by 50%
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II. Consumer Spending• Advertising and culture of
1920s emphasized mass consumption
• Excessive spending throughout the 1920s increased debt
• By the end of the 1920s, consumers were purchasing less
• Rising prices, declining wages, and higher interest payments resulted in greater debt
Consumer debt increased from $3 Billion in 1920 to over $7 Billion in 1929.
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III. Distribution of Wealth
• The gap between the rich and the poor widened
• The wealthiest 1% saw their income increase by 75%; the rest of the population increased less than 9%
• 5% of Americans controlled 1/3 of all the wealth; 70% of Americans earned less than a subsistence wage
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IV. Speculation on Wall Street
Stock Speculation --Investors buy risky or unstable stocks and bonds hoping for a quick profit
Buying on Margin --Investors buy risky stocks on loan, hoping that the profit, when sold, would exceed the loan amount
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V. The Laissez-Faire PresidentHerbert Hoover (1929-
1933)• Political Experience
– Graduate from Stanford– Brilliant Engineer– Director of Food Administration
during WWI– Secretary of Commerce (1921-
1928)
• Campaign Promise– Continued economic prosperity Hoover’s campaign promise was to
assure the American people that there would be “a chicken in every pot.”
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Hoover’s Conservatism
• Believed that Americans were self-sufficient -- rugged individualism
• Argued that government intervention would ruin American democracy
• Considered that the “economic down-turn” of 1929 was part of a regular business cycle
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VI. Foreign Loans
• The Dawes Plan (1924) -- American loans to Germany (so that Germany could pay WWI war reparations to Britain and France)
• Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) -- Raised import tariffs on all goods, resulting in higher expense for good and decreased demand
• Reduction in foreign demand for American consumer goods -- world trade decreased by 40%
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Foreign Loans Default
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Part B:The Chain Reaction
Economic problems throughout the 1920s resulted in dangerous economic instability, setting off a chain reaction in October 1929.
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I. The Pieces
Causes• Decrease in consumer
spending• Unequal distribution of
wealth• Overproduction of goods• Huge farm surpluses• Unpaid war debts
• Buying on margin
Effects• Under-consumption of
goods• Families had limited
income to buy goods• Price of goods falls• Drop in farm prices• Banks didn’t get back
money• Stock speculation, buying
on credit, unstable market
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By mid-November, investors had lost over $30 billion.
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II. The Chain• Investors call brokers--they want their money • Brokers call investors/speculators to collect
money (to pay back loans)• Investors sell stock at any price, flooding the
market with stocks• Brokers go under -- stocks are
worthless/Investors lose their savings• American public panics -- they go to their
banks to withdraw their money• Banks run out of money and close down
permanently
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The Bank Runs
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III. The Crash• September 1929
– Stock Market witnesses unusual ups/downs
• October 24, 1929– Stock Market takes major
plunge
• October 29, 1929– “Black Tuesday”– Stock Market bottoms out– 16.4 million shares sold,
causing stock prices to plummet
– The Stock Market fails to rally through November, compounding the economic problems
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IV. The Failure
• Total of 11,000 (of 25,000) banks failed by 1933– Panicked, individuals went to
banks to withdraw savings– Banks loaned out money and had
no reserve savings– Banks closed permanently,
leaving people stranded
• Over 9 million people lost their savings
• 25,355 Business fail• 1/3 of employees laid-off,
unemployment increases to 25%
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Great Great CrashCrash
Investors
Businesses and WorkersInvestors lose
millions.
Businesses lose profits.
Consumer spending drops.
Workers are laid
off.
Businesses cut investment and
production Some fail.
Banks
Businesses and workers cannot repay bank loans.
Savings accounts are wiped
out.
Bank runs
occur.
Banks run out of money
and fail.
World Payments
Overall U.S. production plummets.
U.S. investors
have little or no money to
invest.
U.S. investments in Germany
decline.
German war payments to Allies fall off.
Europeans cannot afford
American goods.
Allies cannot pay debts to
United States.
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Part C: The Hoover Response
Blamed for the Crash, Hoover adopted small-scale measures and indirect aid to deal with the
Depression.
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Stage 1: Reassurance
• “Any lack of confidence in the economic future…is foolish.”
• Recommends business as usual
• Contends that the Stock Market “crash” is a correction…just part of the regular business cycle
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Stage 2: Business as Usual
• Hoover asks:– Industry to keep factories open and keep
wages high (pledge lasts less than a year)– The Federal Reserve Board to pump
more money in circulation (results in inflation)
– Private industrialists to loan money to the banks and community
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Stage 3: Too Little, Too Late• Hoover establishes:
– Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932) in indirect aid to banks--lends $238 million to banks, $500 million to insurance corporations, farmer groups, railroads, and individual governments
– Indirect Aid associations--intended to trickle down from the top (the rich buy stuff, creating jobs, etc)
• Major Problems:– Hoover strongly opposed to federal intervention--
thought it would ruin feelings of independence– Government was running out of money– Indirect aid was not helping those who most needed it
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Hoover’s Dam
Construction Boulder Dam (now called Hoover Dam)– Was world’s tallest dam (726
ft.)– Was second largest (1,244
ft. long)
• Intended to create jobs and money flow
• $700 million project• Provided electricity,
water, irrigation, and flood control to 7 western states
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Stage 4: The Bonus Army
Washington, D.C., Spring, 1932
• 17,000 World War I veterans march to the capital to demand that they get paid their bonus for service in the war
• The bonus was scheduled to be paid in 1945, but rising unemployment and desperation forced the government to response
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Bonus Army encampment at Washington, D.C. The process to get one’s bonus required someone to find their file, bound in red tape and review it. Thus, to review the file required the government worker to “cut the red tape.”
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The Response
Hoover’s Response• Called “Bonus
Marchers” communists and criminals
• Congress voted to deny veterans their bonus
• Ordered the U.S. army to forcibly remove the protestors from Washington, D.C.
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The Clash August 1932• 2,000 veterans and
their families refused to leave
• U.S. Army, under command of Douglas MacArthur and Dwight Eisenhower attack more than half with tanks and gas– One baby died, two
vets shot, scores injured, and many burned by attack
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Hoover’s End
• Americans shocked by treatment of veterans
• People felt that Hoover had no compassion
• Failure to deal with Depression and the Bonus Army ends Hoover’s hope for re-election
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Part D: The Social Impact of the Great Depression
The Great Depression defined an entire generation: poverty, unemployment, migrations,
hunger--affected all levels of society.
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I. Foreclosures
• Job losses resulted in defaulted loans and mortgages
• Banks would take property--thousands lost their homes including all personal property
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II. Hoovervilles• Foreclosures resulted in
homelessness• Homelessness resulted
in development of migrant towns
• Usually outside large cities, made from scraps, junk
• Considered crime-ridden slums
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III. Families
Taken by famous photographer Dorothea Lange, this picture of a migrant mother and her children became the iconic photo of the Depression. The poverty of this family is evident, as is the mother’s endurance, strength, and pride. Many husbands left their families in search of jobs. Consequently, while many women were already jobless (and homeless), they were also abandoned by men who, sometimes, never returned.
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Tennessee pea picker family. The intense poverty of the Depression put an enormous stress on families. In most cases, poor families either had to farm out their children to relatives, go on welfare, have their kids work, or abandon them to an orphanage.
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IV. Migration
Forced to move in search of a job and because they
had lost their homes to foreclosure, many families lived out of their jalopies.
Migrating westward, many of these families were
seen as a threat to local workers, particularly in
California. Okies, migrants from the
Oklahoma dust bowl, and Arkies from Arkansas were
particularly discriminated as dirty bums.
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V. BreadlinesAs a local source for aid, breadlines distributed foods within the community. Although some of these were funded by the federal government, most were subsidized by local charities. Most breadlines focused on working men, providing much needed nourishment before they found a job. Women, children, and minorities were typically barred from eating at breadlines and soup-kitchens. This photo, taken in San Francisco, underscores the poverty and desperation these men felt.
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Feeling the Strain• Impact on Health
– Starvation and hunger– Child malnutrition (rickets and other diseases)– Suicide rate rises 30%– Admission to mental health hospitals triple
• Impact on Family– Living conditions deteriorate, living in smaller houses or on the road– Men feel the failure of providing for their family– Working women accused of job-stealing
• Impact on Minorities– Competition for jobs increases, producing increased hostility between African-
Americans, Hispanics, and Asian-Americans– Lynching increased– Aid and relief programs discriminate against minorities– Mexican-Americans and Americans of Mexican descent deported
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The Dust Bowl
Persistent dust storms and drought in the Midwest
exacerbated the poverty of regional farmers.
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Years of Drought
• Starting in 1930s, the Great Plains were gripped by severe drought and windstorms
• Causes– Over-farming– Mechanized Farming– Dry irrigation– Single crop
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The Dust Bowl
• Areas hardest hit– Kansas, Oklahoma, New
Mexico, and Colorado
• Many farmers migrated to the West, particularly California
• Dust storms powerful enough to send dust to NYC, D.C., and other East coast cities
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“Black Sunday”, April 14, 1935 is widely considered to be one of the worst dust storms in history. Clogging radiators and minimizing visibility, cars were unable to drive safely. Dust storms like these would completely remove the topsoil and deposit as far as Canada. Any new seedlings would be uprooted by severe winds, choked by dust, or zapped by the constant electrical charges of the waterless storms.
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The Drought Ends
• Federal education program: how-to-farm films emphasize proper techniques to save soil
• Decreased demand for staple crops
• Drought cycle ends in some areas
• Parts of Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma never recover from Dust Bowl
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Summary
• The Great Depression was caused by many factors: – Overproduction – Credit debt– Rampant consumerism– Stock speculation– Increased gap between the rich and the
poor– Political philosophy of laissez-faire
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The Crash
• Stock Market crash was a chain reaction– Investors sell watered down stocks quickly– Investors cash out sell tickets– Run on banks– Banks close– Credit not granted to businesses– Businesses close– Unemployment
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Hoover
• Hoover fails to economically or politically address the crisis– Emphasized indirect aid, small federal
relief efforts, isolated construction projects– Considered it a part of a regular economic
cycle– Harshly treated the Bonus Army– Fails to be re-elected in 1932