Master Thesis in Geoinformatics

Ambulance management system using GIS

By

Imtiyaz Pasha

Supervisor & Examiner: ProF. Dr. ke Sivertun Department of Computer and Information Science Linkping University SE-581 83 Linkping, Sweden

LINKPING 2006

AbstractFor emergency service providers, giving their service in least time shows their best performance. Emergency hospitals will be at their best if the ambulance reaches the site in Golden hour where life of injured persons can be saved. Ambulance uses the road network to reach the accident site. Today there are many GIS based systems being developed for routing of ambulance using GPS and other real-time technologies. These systems are useful and play a major role in solving the routing problem. But now roads are so congested that it difficult for the Ambulance drivers to travel and reach the accident. In this thesis present study area is studied and problems faced by emergency service providers on road network are identified. In this thesis GIS/GPS/GSM based prototype system has been developed for routing of ambulance on road network of Hyderabad city (AMS). This prototype is designed such that it finds the accident location on the road network and locates the nearest ambulance to incident site using the real-time technologies (GPS/GSM). AMS creates the fastest route from nearest ambulance to accident site, and from there to nearest hospital. Congestion on roads during peak hours is considered, and the fastest route on both major and minor roads is created. In this thesis AMS user interface has been developed using VBA, ArcGIS (network analyst). This Ambulance management system has been developed using software engineering model rapid prototyping model and has been evaluated by GIS users. Keywords: GIS, GPS, GSM, Ambulance management system (AMS), Network analyst

Table of Contents

AcknowledgementsIntroduction .............................................................................................. ......................................81.1 Motivation..................................................................................................................... 1.2 Problem ..................................... 8 First of all I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Sivertun, Department of Statement..................................................................................................................... 1. this thesis. I have learnt a lot from computer science (IDA), for all his help with3 .......................8 Purpose/Goal................................................................................................................. 1.4 Dr. Sivertun, how to work hard and getting right results. Dr. Sivertun always .................................... 9 Limitations ................................................................................................................... has time for my questions and his comments on my thesis have been valuable. 1.5 Thesis ...................................... 9 I am also......................................................................................................................... Outline thankful to my course coordinator Jalal Maleki. I would also like to ......................... 10 thank my colleagues for providingTheoretical me good suggestions. I am thankful to

Andhra Pradesh authorities for providing Hyderabad data. Frame........................................................................................................ 2.1 Study I am thankful to Dhanunjaya Reddy for providing the Hyderabad city digital ................11 Area ............................................................................................................................. 2.1.1 data, which I have used in my thesis. I wish to thank my friends for supporting .......................... 11 Population.......................................................................................................................................... 2.1.2 Cause for huge traffic me in many ways. Last but not least, I am deeply grateful to my family12 ................................................................................................................................ and my flow 11 2.1.3 Historical uncles M.A Quyyum and M.A Huyyum who supported me in many ways. fact ............................................................................................................................................ 12 2.1.4 Increaseinpradesh.................................................................................................... 16 Linkoping, May 2006 2.2 Vehicles...................................................................................................................................14 2.1.5 Number of accidents in Andhra GIS................................................................................................................................ 2.2.1 GIS role in 2.2.3 GIS and transport related fields of applications (GIST .............................................................................................................................. 17 T)...........................................................................17 2.3 ArcGIS .......................................................................................................................... 2.3.1 ................................... 19 ArcMap............................................................................................................................................... 2.3.2 Network ....... 19 Analyst........................................................................................................................................20 2.4 Global Positioning SystemFleet 2.4.1 ......................................................................................................................... ..... 22 2.4.2 Data collection and management...................................................................................................................................... mapping ..................................................................................................................... 24 23 2.4.3 Incident management.................................................................................................................................25 2.4.4 Vehicle navigation.....................................................................................................................................26 2.4.5 Transport of hazardous Materials .............................................................................................................. 27 2.4.6 Limitations of GPS .................................................................................................................................... 27 2.5 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) ...................................................................................... 27

.................................... 16 Transport................................................................................................................................. 16 2.2.2 Database role in GISImtiyaz Pasha

Methodology ............................................................................................. ....................................313.1 Ambulance Management System prototype using GIS/GPS/GSM........................................................... 31 3.1.1 Data Collection..........................................................................................................................................3 3.1.2 GIS 3 database............................................................................................................................................. 3.1.3 Analysis .33 AMS information for decision (GIS/GPS/GSM)......................................................................................................................... 37 3.1.4 making......................................................................................................39 3.2 AMS User interface Development................................................................................................................. 3.2.1 . 43 Mechanism ........................................................................................................................................ 3.2.3 Nearest closest ........ 43 facility...............................................................................................................................44 3.2.4 Rapid prototyping model for AMS............................................................................................................ 44 3.2.5 Software development for AMS of Hyderabad City ................................................................................. 45 3.2.6 AMS user interface flow Chart.................................................................................................................. 46 3.2.7 AMS Input Sources ................................................................................................................................... 48

3.2.8 Themes for Analysis..................................................................................................................................48 3.2.9 Designed Interface of AMS ....................................................................................................................... 48 3.2.10 Database Design of AMS user interface.................................................................................................. 52

Usability Test (Evaluation)............................................................................................... 4.1 User ...........54

Test............................................................................................................................... 4.2 Followed ............................ 54 Paradigm....................................................................................................................... 4.2.1 ................... 54 5.2.2 Observations ..................................................................................................................................... Interviews ......... 54 .......................................................................................................................................... 5.2.3 ........ 55 Questionnaires .................................................................................................................................. ......... ..................................................................................................... Results 55

......................................57 Discussion................................................................................................. .....................................706.1 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... ................................... 70 6.2 Future Work ......................................................................................................................

Appendix .................................................................................................. .............................. 71 .....................................78 Bibliography .................................................................................... .............................................72

List of Figures2.1 Road network of Hyderabad city..13 2.2 Hyderabad police and fire station.13 2.3 Traffic jams are a familiar sight in the city...............14 2.4 Functionalities of ArcGIS9.1 network analyst 2.5 Global Positioning System for Vehicle tracking extension.21 2.6 Road map of GPS tracking...24 System.23 2.7 Basic modules (building blocks) for a location and navigation 2.8 Hazmat telegeomonitoring28 system...26 2.9 GSM/GPS/GIS based System Architecture..28 2.10 Modular Mobile Dispatching System (MMDS) .29 3.1 Information flow after 2.11 AMBULANCE system accident occurred on road 3.2 Methodology for AMS using GIS32 network..31 architecture...30 3.3 GIS database for analysis in 3.4 Database use in AMS...36 ArcMap9.1..34 3.5 GIS/GPS/GSM technology..37 3.6 AMS Architecture38 3.7 If accident site didnt find than40 3.8 Telematics Applications...42 3.9 Critical Time/ Space Elements43 3.10 Rapid prototyping model of AMS.45 3.11 AMS flow chart.47 3.12 AMS Interface model....51 3.13 OOGIS architecture of AMS user interface..52 4.1 Result from Evaluation..55 5.1 To identify the accident.58

List of Tables2.1 Population of Hyderabad every decade 2.2 Composition of traffic flow in Major 11 Corridors...15 2.3 Bus Fleet and No. of passengers carried per 2.4 Number of Accidents in Hyderabad.16 day..15 3.1 AMS 2.5 ArcGIS database.33-34 extensions20

5.2 To identify the ambulance locations......59 5.3 To identify fastest route from all ambulances to accident 5.4 To identify fastest routing ambulance to the site.60 accident..61 5.5 To identify fastest route to the 5.6 Multiple accidents Scenario I.63 hospital..62 5.7 Multiple accidents Scenario II.64 5.8 During peak hours situation I......65 5.9 During peak hours situation II.66 5.10 During peak hours situation III..67 5.11 During peak hours situation IV..68 5.12 During peak hours situation V69

Chapter 1

Introduction1.1 MotivationIn todays traffic world, ambulance plays a major role when accident occurs on the road network and need arises to save valuable human life. Transportation of 3.2 AMS Menus49-50 a patient to emergency hospital seems quite simple but in actual it is quite 3.3 AMS Tools..50-51 difficult and gets more difficult during peak hours. Hyderabad is a growing metropolitan city with rapid increase in the number of vehicles, traffic jams, lack of footpaths and unsafe roads for people to walk or to cross. Advanced Traveller Information System (ATIS) by (Kumar .P et al 2003) for Hyderabad city is really a great work indeed, but there is no Advance travelling system for ambulance movement. This ATIS is developed using ArcView3.1, Network Analyst 1.1b and Avenue programming language. It can be re-designed using more advanced GIS technologies and programming languages. National Center of Immediate Assistance (EKAB) [Derekenaris .G 2000] has designed GIS/GPS/GSM (G3) system for the ambulance management. G3 system is used to track low flying aircrafts and vehicles on a digital map in real-time. This G3 system was a combination of GPS, GIS, and GPRS (which is based on GSM technology) [Lin et al 2003]. These technologies really motivated to be implemented in the more densely congested roads of Hyderabad city. In this thesis GIS-based efficient ambulance routing system is developed using ArcGIS9.1 (Network Analyst extension), real-time positioning techniques (GPS/GSM) and Statement 1.2 ProblemVBA. This proposed prototype model will try to solve the routing problem of Ambulance (ambulance- accident location-emergency hospital). Metropolitan areas across India are facing the problem of increase in congestion. Every year due to traffic congestion millions of hours of vehicle delay increases in fuel consumption and environmental pollution. Recurrent congestion is due to two major reasons. High levels of traffic demand during peak travel hours cause reduction in the available roadway capacity. Traffic accidents and other incidents cause an unanticipated reduction in road capacity.

quality of life [Reddy J.S., 2006]. Andhra Pradesh government took loans from World Bank and roads were widened but didnt help in a few places, lack (or disappearance) of footpaths resulted in use of personal vehicles even for short distances by the commuters. It is difficult for people to cross the roads during peak hours because more vehicles are moving on the roads. If a vehicle travels from origin to destination during peak hours it takes longer time compared to normal time. city there are three Emergency service providers of the state In Hyderabad government i.e. police, hospitals and fire bridges. Most of the emergency hospital ambulances are equipped with paramedics, even though they are unable to reach the incident site because of huge traffic at junctions. Once the ambulance gets struck in traffic, it takes more-time to reach the incident and it is obvious what happens to the patient till the ambulance reaches? Due to lack of verification sometimes ambulance driver is unable to find the accident site as reported. Location, identity, time and activity have been identified as primary context types for characterizing the situation of an accident [Arrington& Cahill 2004]. Andhra Pradesh transport authorities have detailed information on current features of the road network such as location, type, width, curvature, altitude, slope etc, and will be stored in databases. This database must be updated frequently so that it should be practically feasible. Dynamic data relevant to route performance includes details such as current traffic flow or speed, weather, road surface conditions and variations in road usage patterns due to events such as accidents, road maintenance or sports fixtures [Arrington& Cahill 2004] should be provided to emergency service providers. This database and GIS together can be helpful in finding the accidents on the 1. 3 Purpose/Goal road networks and the shortest & fastest route to the accident site. The main objective of this thesis is to build a GIS based prototype for the ambulance management when an accident occurs on Hyderabad road networks. This Ambulance Management System (AMS) is an integration of GIS (ArcGIS9.1 network analyst, GPS/GSM) used for solving the routing and accident location problems during normal & peak hours such as. 1) To identify the accident on the road 2) To identify the ambulance locations on the road network in real-time using GPS network. coordinates. 3) To find the fastest routes through which all the ambulances can reach the 4) To find the ambulance which can immediately reach the accident site as accident site. other ambulances is analysed. compared to 5) After finding fastest route from the nearest ambulance to the accident location Trafficfastest route from the accident site to the nearest hospital is incidents are main cause for the problem of recurrent congestion then the especially when they occur during peak hours. the road network, we have to find the 6) If more than one accident occurred on Incidents occur randomly during calculated. peak hour routes may contribute to canincreased occurrence of certain types of through which ambulances an travel to reach all the fastest which traffic accidents.[Maas et al 1998]. Different approaches to solve problem of incidents 7) To find the fastest routes from all the accidents to reach the hospital recurrent congestion have been roads are and are beinghow ambulances as 8) During the peak hours proposed congested, implemented such immediately. road capacity expansion can alleviate congestion problems but may not be a should travel. solution that is sustainable in the long run [Reddy J.S., 2006]. In Hyderabad city 1.4 Limitations many flyovers have been built in the last few years, but didnt help in reducing traffic congestion. Construction of flyovers at Secretariat, Narayanaguda and AMS (Ambulance Management System) to the free flowspeedy Masab Tank were major cause of obstructions will provide of vehicles transportation of a patient when an rate the vehicular population of [Reddy J.S., 2006]. With the present growth Hyderabad is expected to cross 20 lakh (2 million) by 2010, having serious implications on emissions and

accident occurs in Hyderabad city. AMS can be used for city wide, if the whole city street network and hospitals database is available. This prototype for ambulance management is studied on a small geographical area of Hyderabad city due to lack of data. This system can be developed as whole model, but we need sufficient funding from Andhra Pradesh state government. According to (Kumar P et al 2003), Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) should be cost effective, efficient and at the same time it should be compatible with present level of development in the related fields. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) for life saving costs more to government than whom should be responsible. Private sector companies should come forward to have a part in development Outline 1.5 Thesis of the country. The theory on present study area Hyderabad city uses Geographical Information System (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global Communication System (GSM) for vehicle location system is described in Chapter 2(theoretical frame). In this chapter, research work in ambulance location system using GIS is discussed in detail. Methodology of Ambulance Management System (AMS) and its working prototype system design is described in chapter 3. The detailed working design and working of Ambulance Management System (AMS) is also described. Usability of the Ambulance Management System (AMS) user interface is tested by GIS users and their comments are described in chapter 4. The results obtained from AMS are described in chapter 5. In chapter 6, description about the future work related to AMS and what we concluded from the ambulance management system.

Chapter 2

Theoretical Frame2.1 Study AreaHyderabad is a capital city of Andhra Pradesh (India) and also Indias fifth largest city .It has been the capital of the state of Andhra Pradesh since 400 years [Ali Akhter 2004]. It is well known as hub of information technology and the city of the future. It is growing along the highways which connect the city to Mumbai, Delhi, and various cities& district headquarters respectively. Thus urban-industrial-transportation development seems to go hand in hand in these areas and this is a significant post independence phenomenon [Ali Akhter 2004]. Hyderabad city is located in the centre of the Deccan Plateau at an average height of 540 meters (1760 feets) above mean sea level. Hyderabad has Nagpur city on the North, Bangalore city on the South, Vishakhapatnam city on the East, Mumbai city on the West beside many other cities around. The city is located at 17 20 North latitude and 78 30 East longitude, covering an area of 240 SqKms, at present city consists of 35 municipal wards including 12 wards of Secundrabad [Ali Akhter 2004]. Musi River is a tributary of river 2.1.1 Population Krishna and passing through centre of the city dividing the city into north Year Hyderabad and south Hyderabad. Population Hyderabad city was the fifth largest metropolis of India with a population of 1901 5,434,347 according to 2001 census. The gradual increase in population of 0.448 millions Hyderabad is mentioned below [Ali Akhter 2004]. 1911 0.502 millions 1921 0.406 millions 1931 0.447 millions 1941 0.739 millions 1951 1.28 million 1961 1.429 million 1971 1.796 million 1981 2.759 millions 1991 4.34 millions 2001 5.43 millions

Loss of productive agricultural lands. Loss of green open spaces. of surface water Loss bodies. Depletion of groundwater aquifers zones.Causing air pollution. Contamination of water. Health hazards Micro-climatic changes. To solve this problem we need accurate data at regular intervals about urban land use, environment, sprawl, infrastructure and resources. 2.1.2 Cause for huge traffic flow Hyderabad city is divided into two parts (old city and new city). A large number of research and training institutions of national importance are located mostly outside the old city, and though the Osmania general hospital is located in old city, there is a gross inadequacy of health facilities [Ali Akhter 2004]. Hospitals and educational institutions located outside old city results in movement of people between old and new city to get these facilities, and due to which traffic flow on roads increase. During peak hours 9AM-11AM in morning and 4PM-8PM Figure 2.1: Road network of Hyderabad evening there is a huge traffic movement on road networks. Not only traffic city increases but also inhabitants living in old city also facing difficulties. 2.1.3 Historical fact Old city being unplanned and oldest due to which roads are narrow and most of the road side rules are violated. Police & Fire stations are not properly located in the Hyderabad city as shown in figure 2.2. Hyderabad city was founded by Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah in 1591 AD. Historical aspects and geography of the urban development Hyderabad city has been such that rapid development has taken place in a few areas on one hand and on the other hand few areas have declined since decades, especially the old city area [Ali Akhter 2004]. City was built to provide shelter for about 5 lakh population but now it is increased to 50 lakhs. In the present situation emergency service providers were unable to provide services to current population.

Table 2.1: Population of Hyderabad every decade Due to rapid growth of urban sprawl and increase of population resulted in the following Deterioration of infrastructure facts. facilities.

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100da00da0000ffe20c5849434 35f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74 725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d 534654000000004945432073524742000000000000000000000 0000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000001163707274000001500000003 364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626 b707400000204000000147258595a0000021800000014675859 5a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6400 00025400000070646d6464000002c40000008876756564000003 4c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f800 0000146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000430000000 0c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c62 5452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967 6874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b6172 6420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247 422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000001 2735247422049454336313936362d322e310000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100da00da0000ffe20c 584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f 021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090 00600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207 35247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100 000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000011637072740000015000 00003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f 000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a000 00218000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a 0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d 6464000002c400000088767565640000034c000000867 6696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000 146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000430000 0000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c 0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000 000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865 776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e79000 Figure 2.2: Hyderabad police and fire station [Ali 06465736300000000000000127352474220494543363 Akhter 2004] 13936362d322e3100000000000000000000001273524 7422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000

2.1.4 Increase in Vehicles Hyderabad is a metropolitan city with vast increase in the number of vehicles, traffic jams and lack of footpaths. In Hyderabad, roads are unsafe for people who would like to walk or to cross roads. The transport authorities have given more importance to flyovers rather than to give more importance to efficient public transport. Due to unplanned growth of the city and migration of people from rural areas, districts and inefficient public transport system has resulted in an unpleasant situation for traffic in the city. In the last two decades the number of vehicles has grown enormously [Reddy J.S., 2006]. In Hyderabad most of the people depend on personal vehicles for transport due to these traffic jams andffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006300530000ffe20c5 choking of streets has become quite common. 84943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f02 1000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006 00310000616373704d534654000000004945432073524 7420000000000000000000000000000f6d600010000000 0d32d4850202000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000001163707274000001500000003364 657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014 626b707400000204000000147258595a0000021800000 0146758595a0000022c000000146258595a00000240000 00014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c4 00000088767565640000034c000000867669657700000 3d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d656173000 0040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452430 000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6254524 30000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f707972696 76874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061 Figure636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000 Reddy 2.3: Traffic jams are a familiar sight in the city [Dr. 00000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000 S. J -2006] 000000000000000000012735247422049454336313936 362d322e3100000000000000000000000000000000000 At present there are about 11 lakhs (1.1 million) vehicles in the city [Reddy J.S., 0000000000000000000 2006]. There is a high growth rate in two-wheelers and cars during the last five years of the last decade with an increase rate of about 10% per year. In Hyderabad more than 80% of the vehicles are two-wheelers (mostly 2-stroke engines) producing a bulk amount of unborn hydrocarbons and carbonmonoxide. About 10% vehicles comprises of trucks, buses, taxis and 3-wheeler, which are mostly used for daily transportation. The transport vehicles used for commercial purposes (about 90000) normally runs for more than 100 kms per day and most of them are using diesel as fuel. More than 50% of these vehicles are reported to be not eligible or unfit for PUC (Pollution under Control) certificate, as they are older than 15 years. The average life span of a vehicle is six years, which travels about 300 km per day and there is no way to use these kinds of vehicles after they travel for 500,000 kms. Average number of vehicles travel on roads contributes a major change to mode of travel on city roads. Travelling modes of last two decade are shown in below table.

Mode of Travel Composition of traffic flows During-1986(%) Composition of traffic flows during-1998(%) Buses 2 3 Scooters/ Motor cycles 18 50 Cars 4 Sl.No 14 Year Auto rickshaws Bus Fleet 6 Occupancy 18 No of passengers carried per day in Millions Bicycles 1 42 1995-96 10 2018 Andhra Pradesh State Road Transportation (APSRTC) buses are the major Others 74 transportation mode for regular education trips and work. Table below shows 28 that buses remain 2.981 over the years though the bus fleet continuously static 5 increases from time2 time. to 1996-97 Table 2.2: Composition of traffic flow in major Corridors [HATS DB I-2002I] 2122 75 3.177 3 1997-98 2217 69 3.054 4 1998-99 2328 70 3.253 5 1999-2000 2425 63 3.050 6 2000-2001 2480 58 2.872 7 2001-2002 2605 59 3.068

2.1.5 Number of accidents in Andhra pradeshGOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT Road Accidents Particulars Name of the Number of Accidents Number of Persons Killed Number of Persons injured District / City 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 Hyderabad 3042 3802 3526 3062 2609 344 448 496 420 404 3448 3958 3361 2785 2307 Rangareddy 569 479 984 2839 2531 181 143 318 810 692 879 767 1289 3595 3044 Cyberabad 3107 3078 2453 0 0 852 875 711 0 0 2734 3208 2728 0 0 Mahaboobnagar 1355 1420 1180 1256 1095 599 592 480 515 504 2103 2230 1830 2007 1915 Nalgonda 1958 1770 1519 1558 1426 717 835 515 572 500 3309 2707 2291 2422 2264 Nizamabad 1367 1346 1564 1520 1216 317 323 290 309 251 2330 2255 2862 2512 1606 Medak 1276 1490 1430 1252 1093 535 497 554 501 398 2317 2710 2426 2208 1780 Warangal 1591 1661 1251 1582 1350 397 421 366 380 317 2423 2606 2301 2432 1992 Khammam 1663 1743 1316 1386 1135 448 419 360 386 252 2456 2909 1889 2180 1785 Karimnagar 1522 1584 1477 1450 1136 416 403 406 427 340 2208 4061 2088 2016 1501 Adilabad 1344 1487 1406 1365 1056 331 307 267 296 198 2203 2492 2202 2399 1746 Kurnool 1400 1438 1145 1167 965 423 373 328 406 362 2299 2429 1649 1770 1331 Cuddapah 1357 1243 973 1100 853 420 387 294 327 235 2166 1869 1425 1652 1085 Anathapur 1127 1126 1001 1066 841 399 417 341 371 317 1878 1942 1773 1743 1442 Chittoor 1909 2018 1809 1830 1485 653 660 545 502 433 2710 2938 2344 2413 1883 Guntur 1727 1668 1438 1301 1078 555 749 476 432 388 2238 1966 1719 1672 1324 Nellore 1033 1284 849 1137 984 394 384 316 303 308 1613 1952 1624 1687 1222 Prakasham 998 845 751 693 605 349 355 296 303 291 1207 966 957 1034 779 West Godavari 1607 1493 1345 1302 1017 511 517 499 513 427 2149 1915 1594 1566 1200 East Godavari 2304 2033 1854 1989 1716 634 487 450 517 477 2713 2471 2298 2317 1947 Krishna 1180 1109 868 860 826 343 302 307 284 292 1830 1605 1183 1074 1059 Vijayawada 1172 1306 1239 1081 743 282 214 241 267 174 1136 1346 1261 1191 796 Visakhapatnam 994 912 1079 1106 1054 221 239 203 168 181 1149 1158 1139 1055 1026 Visakhapatnam 1067 981 846 837 774 338 280 202 189 183 1611 1476 1163 1123 1069 Rural Vizayanagaram 908 883 776 810 714 207 207 199 161 160 1329 1421 1079 1179 1057 Srikakulam 762 738 747 584 600 210 212 219 164 164 1228 1082 1002 776 771 Total 38339 38937 34826 34133 28902 11076 11046 9679 9523 8248 per day [HATS DB IITable 2.3: Bus fleet and No. of passengers carried 53666 56439 47477 46808 37931 2002, APSRTC]

Table 2.4: Number of accident A.P [Misra Ajay 2005]

2.2 GIS2.2.1 GIS role in Transport Geographical Information System (GIS) is used for the storage and analysis of spatial information. GIS gives more emphasis on analysis of geographic information, in contrast with other graphic or management systems more directed at the representation of geographic data or its storage [Cowen, D.J 1988]. Today different disciplines use Information Technology(IT) to

process the geographic information (remote sensing, geography, civil engineering, cartography, topology, geodesy, photogrammetry, ecology, architecture, computer science etc) [Pons & Perez 2003].Transport networks are used for movement of people, goods, and energy. The features such as form, efficiency and capacity of these networks make an impact on our quality of life and improve our perception of the world. When GIS is applied to transport, this is more than just a sphere of application of their generic functionality [Thill 2000]. L.Downey, Deputy Secretary for Transportation said We see the geographical Information Systems as a real opportunity to unify transportation planning with the vast data processing capabilities inherent to todays technology and also Xu(2000) said telematic products and services for individual means of transport are based on the integration of digital maps, RDS/TMC ( radio data systems/ traffic message channels) for the transmission of traffic data, GPS(Global Positioning Systems) and GSM( Global System for Mobile Communications) for the transmission of travel data, and mobile telephone communications and other additional sensors are needed to collect 2.2.2 Database role in GIS-T travelling information in real-time. Creating spatial databases for GIS based transportation is one of the most costly tasks from perspective of economy and time. The steps are followed to create geographic database [Pons & Perez 2003]. Topographic base maps have to be created for the transport infrastructure. Thematic attributes are compiled, Providing information on the traffic flows and on the transport infrastructure carried by the latter. Large scale information is needed for transport and the real-world object attributes vary continuously over the course of time.

Geographical Information System (GIS) is applied to three major fields of transport [Pons & Perez 2003]: 1) transport planning : Geographical Information System (GIS) is used in accessibility studies, multimodal transport analyses, integral transport planning, assessing the environmental impact of new infrastructure policies, pollution control, risk planning and management, construction of new roads 2) fleet and logistical management: Geographical Information System (GIS) is used in route planning of car navigation system, metrological hazard control, traffic control, passenger assistance system, vehicle fleet control, emergency management 3) management of infrastructure: Geographical Information System (GIS) is used in road and motorway management, railway network management, airport management. Geographical Information System (GIS) is used for modelling of road networks offering algorithms to analyze and find the shortest or minimum route through a network. GIS can be used to calculate distance between sets of origin and destination, whereas location-allocation functions determine site locations and assign demand to sites. Street addresses can be converted to map coordinates (address geocoding) [G.DereKeneris et al 2000]. These capabilities of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to analyze spatial networks enable them to be used as Decision is collected from different sources such as GPS, GIS based transportation data Support Systems for directing and routing of vehicles [M.D Crossland et al 1995 & etc. The three important components are topography, photos, remote sensors, Keenan, P., 1996, 1997]. Data regarding Spatial position of ambulances, the distribution of incidents occurring in the used for processing of information [Pons & Perez 2003], and any delay in its past and distribution in complex matter. development results concerning road traffic will be very useful for the routing of ambulances component: Data concernedofto the datasuch as road works or in future. the position events Locational within a political/public demonstration also affects road traffic will be available from the geographic space municipality or the police. Furthermore, data concerning hospitals, ambulances, Thematic component: the type of geographic attributes to be found in a and is mostly employed today in operationaland used as a one way data feeder GIS their personnel will be stored in DBMS research by the GIS whenever it is certain place necessary.component: the thematic aspect successfully provides distance and for mathematical models [Erkut E 2001] and of a location at a Temporal time for their emergency services districting and location problems. The given time complexity of Arc routing problems can Positioning using bettervideo logging, With the incorporation of GPS (Global be solved Systems), integration of the mathematical formulation and resolution intoand cellular telephones model. remote sensors, signal communication systems, the available GIS data (GSM, The increase of GIS usage in transportation(GIS-T) has brought new paradigms VHF) into GIS, geo-localization techniques are undergoing a big revolution in transportation planning such as the desegregation of the spatial locations but [Farrell & Barth 1999]. some GIS and transport related storage of the temporal 2.2.3 challenges remain about the fields of applications data as the within applications[Goodchild MF allows displaying and manipulating graphical objects; A graphical user interface 2000]. (GIS-T) data storage and processing allows an eased interaction with the mathematical optimizers. Different object-oriented modelling languages provide libraries of .dll files (tools) for efficient interaction of

different geographical data processing for the vehicle routing. However, the efficiency of a combined use of GIS, GPS, and a modelling language relies on the capacity to handle the huge amount of data related to the problem [Marzolf Fabien et al 2005]. Usually roads are monitored by patrol vehicles of police and Road Transportation Corporation (RTC). The aim of this road network monitoring is to detect various incidents occurring on it immediately so this activity could be planned very carefully. However, due to numerous incidents that call for the patrol to quit its planned route and move to the incidents location, most of the monitoring routes are not completed and the following ones have to be replanned constantly [Marzolf Fabien et al 2005]. A bridge has been built between two distinct fields which allowed the use of operational data within robust and powerful mathematical algorithm to produce solutions and satisfies the operational constraints and the including historical profile approaches, neural Various forecasting methods human requirements. networks, non- time-series models, traffic simulation models, parametric regression models and dynamic traffic assignment models are being developed by researchers of intelligent transportation system (ITS). One of the most critical elements of intelligent transportation system (ITS) is forecasting the travel time. In fact noble idea is extremely difficult to accomplish due to the complex nature of traffic networks [Keenan, P., 1998]. Detecting future travel time depends on features of the traffic networks including, speed, traffic flow, incident and queue.

2.3 ArcGIS

Organisation uses Geographical Information System (GIS) to obtain better information for better decision making. GIS presents the real-world objects on map and easy to use spatial tools for performing the most complicated task. In our real-world spatial objects are presented in different ways. In Geographical Information System, spatial objects are represented as point, line and polygon. ArcGIS is GIS software which belongs to ESRI software solutions. In ArcGIS desktop, there are three main applications of our interest ArcMap, ArcCatlog and ArcToolbox. ArcMap: This application is used to explore, analyze both spatial and nonspatial data. ArcCatlog: This application is used to manage spatial data ArcToolbox: This application contains tools to perform GIS tasks. 2.3.1 ArcMap ArcMap is the ArcGIS application used to perform the following task with To perform analysis geographical data. Explore and edit Create maps, graphs and reports, etc

users to expand the functional capabilities of ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo with specialized GIS tools for raster geoprocessing, three-dimensional visualization, geostatistical analysis, etc.

Extension Use ArcGIS 3D Analyst 3-dimensional visualization and analysis ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst Statistical tools and models for data exploration, modelling and probabilistic mapping ArcGIS Network Analyst Routing closest facility, and service area analysis ArcGIS Schematics Automatic schematics generation for ArcGIS ArcGIS spatial Analyst Advanced raster GIS analysis ArcGIS Survey Analyst Integrated survey management for ArcGIS ArcGIS Tracking Analyst Time-based data visualization and analysis Table 2.5: ArcGIS extensions 2.3.2 Network Analyst ArcGIS Network Analyst is a powerful extension for routing purpose and used for making network-based spatial analysis such as [Elizabeth Shafer 2005]. Point-to-point routing Drive-time Analysis Route directions Shortest path Optimum route Origin destination Closest facility Service area definition

The ArcMap working model consists of the map display area, table of contents, number of toolbars and menus for working with map and its attribute data. ArcGIS extensions allows GIS

ArcGIS 9.1 contain some of the improved functionalities, which are note available in old versions [Elizabeth Shafer 2005]. To create multipart turns and global turn impedances To create dynamic barrier (where vehicle cant pass) To create Complex (multimodal) network. Time windows to show stop duration on stops within routes To create u-turn restrictions and curb approaches for stops To create large network Network data sets can be geodatabase, shape file or SDC (smart data compressed) Provide OD (Origin-destination) matrix functionality To solve Custom problem (customer solver) More advanced attribute data model for network impedances Capability of geoprocessing tools, scripting and models User specified directions setup wizards and their own customization Network analysis for optimal path routing and finding the best route between two or more points is based on distance, effort, time, or another measure. Optimal path routing is often used for routing emergency response vehicles [Allan & Gifford 1997]. Network Analysis extension of GIS is used to build an immediate, rapid and efficient emergency medical transport system for Middle East Technical University (METU) Emergency Service, Ankara, Turkey. It is called as AML (Ambulance Management Logistic) [Glden et al 2004]. This study shows that Emergency transport system with a GIS extension Network Analysis shortens the delivering time and reduces the harm to patient to the lowest level. To avoid terrorist attack at Ericsson Stadium, ArcViews extension Network Analyst is used to examine, plan and response of emergency resources in the California to locate the emergency hospital and fire station Closest Facility function city. Some of the results from ArcViews extension Network Analyst are as fallows [Elizabeth Shafer 2005]. closest to the stadium Best Route function to model the best route from each trauma hospital to the stadium Best Route function to model the best route from Charlotte Fire Station #13 located at 4337 Glenwood Drive to Ericsson Stadium and an alternate route that avoids Thrift Road

The main key features are routing (Multipoint routing, time windows supported on stops and travelling salesperson), service areas (Complex polygon generation, allocation across networks), closest facility (fixed and mobile asset routing, emergency response) and driving directions (expandable inset maps, Auto generation capability). Network Analyst will benefit the organisations like transport, public safety, local government, business and health care.

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100df00df0000ffe20 c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c69 6e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000 20009000600310000616373704d534654000000004 945432073524742000000000000000000000000000 0f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000116 370727400000150000000336465736300000184000 0006c77747074000001f000000014626b707400000 204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595 a0000022c000000146258595a00000240000000146 46d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c4000 00088767565640000034c000000867669657700000 3d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d65617 30000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c7 Figure 2.4 Functionalities of ArcGIS9.1 Network Analyst Extension [Elizabeth Shafer 2005] 25452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c000 0080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000 2.4 Global Positioning 000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204 System 865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616 Global Positioning System (GPS) is a developing technology used to locate an e79000064657363000000000000001273524742204 accurate position on earth using satellite signals. Today GPS is used in different 9454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000 industries as a decision making tool. The development of GPS technology was 00012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000 started with TRANSIT system, the first satellite-based system was called transit, 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 which came into existence in 1964. TRANSIT system had no timing devices on 000000000 the satellites and the time took by the receiver to calculate its position was about 15 minutes. In the early 70's, the United States military began a program that would later be known as the NAVSTAR (Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging System) GPS program [Mintsis. G et al, 2004]. NAVSTAR was actually used in military positioning, navigation and weapons aiming system. The information regarding the speed (dx/dt, dy/dt, and dz/dt) of vehicle, ship etc. is also obtained all over the world at any time, and in any climatic conditions [Mintsis. G et al, 2004]. The life span of each GPS satellite is 7.5 years. GPS receiver can be hand carried or installed on airplane, ship, buses, submarines, car and trucks. Global positioning system (GPS) receivers detect, decode, and process satellite signals to know the real-time position. The typical hand-held receiver is about the size of a cellular telephone, and the newer models are even smaller weighed only 28 ounces [Jason Dykes] Global Positioning System (GPS) applications are nowadays widely used in different scientific fields such as India use of geodesy, technology in road and railway transportation can etc In topography, GPS/GIS hydrography, photogrammetry, [Mintsis. G et efficiency Transportation while at the same time it can make improve the al, 2004]. of operations of people and goods from one place to another playsto vital rolenatural disasters and countrys economy. contribution a safety in every aspect of the man-made disasters. GPS/GIS applications in the land transportation system are divided into four main categories that are as follows [Mintsis. G et al, 2004]. 1. Vehicle fleet 2. How GPS management use in Data collection and 3. mapping. Incident management

4. Vehicle navigation systems 2.4.1 Fleet management GPS is used to provide information such as 1. Locating the nearest ambulance to the accident area. nearest Police jeep to the crime 2. Locating the 3. How much accord area. time a bus or train take to reach the station and how far it is from the station

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45 00010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002000900 0600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000 00000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000 000014626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a00000 22c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464 000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c7 56d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000430000000 0c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c00 These kinds of systems are known as AVL (Automatic Vehicle Location) systems 00080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c [Mintsis. G et al, 2004]. The real time data collected from GPS was spatially 6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000000127 analysed using GIS. The accurate position of each vehicle is known by using 35247422049454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000127352474220 spatial information. There are some problems with GPS based AVL, such as in 49454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 urban areas big buildings obstruct the satellite signals. The GPS receivers 00000000000 receive poor quality of signals. Adding additional sensors with GPS devices can solve this problem. The three taxi companies in Singapore implemented the GPS-based Automatic Vehicle Location and Dispatching Systems (AVLDS) [Liao Ziqi 2003]. Each taxi is installed with a GPS receiver, antennae and a transmitter. The AVLD identifies the nearest taxi to a customer and also determine its route and location with coordinates of longitude and latitude. All taxis which were near to a customer offered a job via mobile data communications. When one of the drivers accepts the job, he gives response by pressing a button on a display unit installed in his taxi. Strategic Analytics estimates that byffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe2 Bangalore the year Transport System was developed by the A GIS/GPS based Intelligent 2007, up to 55% of new cars produced in the U.S., Europe, and Japan will have built-in telematics function [SAN JOSE,movement of Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) for monitoring the Calif 2002]. 0c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c6 their vehicles at an affordable cost [Kharola1 S.P et al]. This system was 96e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0 designed to convert the latitude and the longitude given by the GPS device into 0020009000600310000616373704d5346540000000 the nearest location and then the system will generate a log-sheet giving the 049454320735247420000000000000000000000000 location of the bus on the road network at certain periodic intervals in the form 000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000 of location on a map. A sample output is shown below 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 163707274000001500000003364657363000001840 000006c77747074000001f000000014626b7074000 00204000000147258595a000002180000001467585 95a0000022c000000146258595a000002400000001 4646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c40 Figure 2.6: Road map of GPS tracking [Kharola1 S.P 0000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000 et al] 003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d656 2.4.2 Data 1730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000 collection and mapping c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0 000080c625452430000043c0000080c74657874000 The data collection and mapping are the important tasks done using GPS technology. GPS00000436f707972696768742028632920313939382 technology is spatially used in mapping of transportation 04865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d706 network to complete the work quickly and reduces the cost. Each and every 16e790000646573630000000000000012735247422 GPS data file contains data such as time trample, speed, longitude, latitude and 049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000 satellite navigational data at regular time intervals. In Greece, Faculty of Civil 0000012735247422049454336313936362d322e310 Engineering of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki carried out a project named 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 pilot project 00000000000

for mapping the road network with GPS [Tokmakidis & Tziavos 2000]. The mapping was carried out on National Highway road, which connects two cities Thessaloniki and Athens. The important method used in this road mapping is pseudo-kinematics. The result of this project shows that GPS/GIS are appropriate for both small scale and large scale road network mapping, and also cost effective. In June 1990, a special Differential GPS (DGPS) project was carried out [Byman & Koskelo 1991]. In this project a vehicle equipped with a GPS receiver and Dead Reckoning devices (DR) was used to collect numerical road location information and the attribute data while driving along the roads of Finland. The result of this project shows that the information obtained was 1-3 m of accuracy and at the vehicle speed of 60 km/hr. Faculty of Rural & Surveying Engineering of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki for Hellenic Railway Organisation carried out a project [G. Mintsis et al 2000]. Aim of this 2.4.3 Incident project to develop a tool for mapping and monitoring the railway network management In todays busy life everyone wants to live in urban areas due to which population as well as traffic congestions increased also resulted in increased accidents. GPS technology can be used for incident management and for monitoring the road networks. GPS technology is used in incident management (monitoring of the emergency vehicles and minimisation of their journey time in urban areas) has been proposed in the framework of research in Greece [Lakakis .K, 2000]. GPS technology is very much useful in determining the accurate position of an accident on the road network. GPS/GIS technology has the ability to produce accurate thematic maps with black spots (spots where a statistically significant number of road incidents occurred during certain time period) [Mintsis. G et al, 2004]. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) provides three major elements of incident management system: Traffic Inspection (incident detection and verification), Clearance and Motorist Information. The GPS/GIS technology is implemented in the case of dangerous good transportation (e.g., fuels, chemicals etc.) where the positioning of vehicle provides useful information to the user (e.g., company,management system; The GPS will be used in Indian railways for incident organisation) for the safe routingrail accidents many people [Tzinieris .G their lives. Indian railway is because of and scheduling of the fleet were losing & Delikaraoglou .D, 1992]. the one network that connects the billion people living in the broad country. Nearly 13 million people travel by train every day. Indias vast rail network is set to get hi-tech solutions to prevent the recurring major crashes that blight its reputation [Monica .C 2003]. The main purpose of this hi-tech solution is If any problem by way of derailment or any other danger on the tracks will be picked up by the GPS and a warning will be conveyed via this device to the driver inside the engine cabin. Driver will be kept alert by a vigilance control device that will make sure they do not fall asleep while operating a train. If the driver performs no action for 20 seconds at a stretch, then the device gives out an audio-visual signal for the driver to move controls. If the driver fails to do anything, then the brakes come on automatically within the next 30 seconds.

2.4.4 Vehicle navigation Vehicle navigation system was used to guide the drivers on roads to reach their destination where as vehicle location systems (VLS) are used for managing a fleet of vehicle. The vehicles of a fleet are fitted with GPS, which usually transmit the positional data of the vehicle to a central station. Public transportation have been improved by implementing a GPS-based vehicle location system, as in Paris (Ampelas & Daguerregaray, 1999) passengers are better informed about the intervals between buses and display information on Light Emitting Diode display and increasing the security of the service [Zarazaga-Soria et al,2000]. An over-the-head study of visual-manual destination entry using an originally equipment GPS-based navigation system was used in traffic on urban streets and motorways [Chiang .P, 2004]. In 1993, TravTek test [V. Inman et al 1996] was conducted in Orlando, Florida. The aim of this test is to provide in-vehicle navigation and dynamic route guidance ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c system with real time traffic information 4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200 09000600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000 00000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000001163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c777470 74000001f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a000002180000001 46758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6400000254 00000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000086766965770 00003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474 656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c000 0080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967687420 2863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e790 000646573630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e310000 00000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

A digital map database contains digitised map information with a predefined format, which can be processed by a computer for map-related functions such as identifying and giving locations, road classifications, traffic regulations, and travel information. A positioning module focuses on different sensor outputs or a mobile device to identify the road travelled and each intersection approached. A typical stand-alone technique is dead reckoning, and a typical radio-signal based technique uses a GPS receivers. Map matching is a method of matching the position measured (or) received by a positioning module to a position associated with a location (or route) on a map provided by the map database module. Route Planning is the process of helping vehicle driver to plan a route prior to (or) during their journey, based on a given map provided by the map database module, if available, along with real-time traffic information received via a wireless communications network. Route guidance is the process of guiding the driver along the route

generated by the route planning module and it requires the help of an accurate positioning and map databases in order to determine current vehicle position and generate proper real-time guidance instructions, often turn by turn. A human-machine interface allows users to interact with the location and navigation computer and devices. A wireless communication module further improves the performance and increases the functionality of 2.4.5 Transport of hazardous the system Materials Global Positioning System satellites are used to locate position of a vehicle accurately. After September 11 2001, terrorist attacks on America. The project named Hazardous Material Safety and Security Technology Operation Test carried out by the Department of Transportations, Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration [Joseph P. DeLorenzo et al 2004]. In this project U.S. DOT was asked to find out the different areas in transportation that were susceptible of terrorist attack. In U.S.A ships transport daily 800,000 of hazardous materials, which may be explosive, toxic and other less flammable materials. The petroleum products are about 300,000 of the daily transported in U.S.A, which was transported by truck, ships etc. In this project GPS is used to locate load/cargo accurately and also provide a display unit, which is installed within a vehicle. Through this display unit drivers can have two-text communications system. The positions of a truck, ship etc are automatically transmitted to dispatcher center. The Chemical manufacturer BASF Corp. planned to start testing a GPS system with real-time computer interface on 200 of its tank cars [Marybeth Luczak 2004]. These tank cars carry poisons products. This GPS system provides security and fleet efficiency to tank car drivers. Lat-Lon Inc. and Star Track LLC offer tracking and tracing devices for tank cars, which in known as Lat-Lons RailRider. In this system GPS is combined with the chlorine detection sensor. The different information about tank cars is transmitted from GPS to appropriate authority. Then the GIS operator uses this information to 2.4.6 address on city digital map. If any emergency occurs the GIS operator locate Limitationsaof GPS tries to find out the schools, colleges nearest to that location for evacuating area. May 2000 Selective Availability (SA) has been removed, thispurpose. main After During this data transmission data is encrypted for security was the cause for errors during positioning. There are some problems with GPS based AVL such as in urban areas, there are big building that abstract the satellite signals. The GPS device receives poor quality of signals. Adding additional sensors with GPS devices can solve this problem. A GPS receiver takes several minutes to start (cold start) to achieve the MS location fix. In emergency services, it is considered to be major delay for many applications. Also the question of size, cost and power consumption are main cause of limitation

2.5 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) In present commercial society cellular communication system has become a new trend for many different applications. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is developed by European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI). GSM (Global System for mobile telecommunication) comprises the CEFT-defined standardization of the services,

functional/subsystem interfaces, and protocol architecture based on the use of worldwide standards produced by CCITT and CCIR for a pan European digital land mobile system primarily intended to serve users in motor vehicles [Rahnema Moe 1993]. GSM provides powerful messaging service that enhances and facilitate roaming through automatic network location detection and registration. Most popular technology for real-time communication in transport industry is telegeomonitoring. Telegeomonitoring system is a combination of geographical information system and telecommunication. Telegeomonitoring system is used for monitoring the transportation of hazardous materials [Boulmakoul Azedine 2005]. In the field of transportation, for environmental monitoring (e.g., population monitoring, Hazmat monitoring) main focus is on GIS. For environmental monitoring use of telecommunications and positioning system is highly important. Telegeomonitoring is also widely used in dynamic guidance and fleet ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100ee00ee0000f 2.8. management of vehicles as shown in below figure fe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c [Qimin Figure 2.9: GSM/GPS/GIS based System Architecture 484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a et al, 2003] 2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346 540000000049454320735247420000000000000 000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d48502 020000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000011637072740000015000 00003364657363000001840000006c777470740 00001f000000014626b707400000204000000147 258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0 00000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e64 0000025400000070646d6464000002c40000008 8767565640000034c0000008676696577000003 d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561 730000040c00000024746563680000043000000 Figure 2.8: Hazmat telegeomonitoring [Boulmakoul 00c725452430000043c0000080c6754524300000 Azedine 2005] The integration of43c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c74657 GIS, GPS, and GSM technologies are applied in different fields such as logistic 87400000000436f7079726967687420286329203 management, intelligent transportation, defence security, 1393938204865776c6574742d5061636b6172642 electric power distribution and urban planning etc to provide location based 0436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000 information on digital map. A Web GIS-based GPS Vehicle Monitoring System 012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100 [Qimin et al, 2003] with three-tier architecture has been developed to monitor real-time location000000000000000000001273524742204945433 information of certain moving vehicles on electrical map 6313936362d322e310000000000000000000000 online. In this system GSM is used as a communication platform in GPS-based 00000000000000000000000000000000 vehicle monitoring systems because of its high frequency, capability, reliability, wide coverage, open interface and so on. How Web-based GPS vehicle 2.9. monitoring is developed based on GSM is shown in below figure

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100b900b90000ffe20c58494343 5f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e7472 5247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d53 4654000000004945432073524742000000000000000000000000 0000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000116370727400000150000000336465 7363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b7074 00000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000 022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6400000254 00000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c0000 008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f800000014 6d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c7254 52430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c62545243 0000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874202 863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436 f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000000127352474220494 Another example of GIS/GPS/GSM is Modular Mobile Dispatching System (MMDS), 54336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000127352474 as which consist of a GIS database, a GPS receiver, a GSM 22049454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000000 communication module and other I/O devices for dispatching of vehicles. A 00000000000000000000000000000 vehicle driver in emergency uses MMDS [Hsiung et al 2003] and get help within 4 minutes from the time a call made from the vehicles to the call center through GSM communication, then the call centre operator plot the drivers location on a map using GIS, locating and dispatching the ambulance towards the location by informing the target help through GSM, and route navigation is provided using GIS database. This example is shown in below figure 2.10. ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100b900b90000f fe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c 484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a 2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346 5400000000494543207352474200000000000000 00000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020 2000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000116370727400000150000000 3364657363000001840000006c77747074000001 f000000014626b70740000020400000014725859 5a00000218000000146758595a0000022c000000 146258595a0000024000000014646d6e64000002 5400000070646d6464000002c400000088767565 640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000 246c756d69000003f8000000146d656173000004 0c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452 430000043c0000080c675452430000043c000008 Figure 2.10: Modular Mobile Dispatching System (MMDS) [Hsiung 0c625452430000043c0000080c74657874000000 et al 2003] 00436f7079726967687420286329203139393820 An AMBULANCE project (R & D project) was developed in corporation with 4865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70 European Commission within the framework of the Health telematics program 616e790000646573630000000000000012735247 [Pavlopoulos et al 1998]. 422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000 000000000012735247422049454336313936362d 322e310000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000

This system uses the GSM to have over 95% of the coverage. This system consists of two modules such as. The mobile unit(ambulance site) The consultation unit(hospital site) The working of mobile and consultation unit are shown in figure 2.11. ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201008d00860000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c450 0010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006 00310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000000 00000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000116370 7274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014 626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0000 00146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c4 00000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d690000 03f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452430 000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c746578 7400000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061 636b61726420436f6d70616e79000064657363000000000000001273524742204945 4336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313936 362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Figure 2.11: AMBULANCE system architecture [Pavlopoulos et al 1998]

Chapter 3 path from nearest ambulance location to accident site & from accident Fastest site to nearest Hospital

Methodology3.1 Ambulance GIS/GPS/GSM Management System prototype using

The proposed Ambulance Management System (AMS) follows a step by step process. If an accident occurs on the road network, information will be sent to nearest traffic control room which is then forwarded to nearest emergency hospital, fire station and police station [Kowtanapanich et al 2003] from telephone booth or mobile phone. ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201007b007b0000ffe20c584943435 f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725 247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346 54000000004945432073524742000000000000000000000000000 0f6d6000100000000d32d48502020000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000116370727400000150000000336465736300 0001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b70740000020 4000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0000 00146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6400000254000000706 46d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000086766965 77000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d656173000 0040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452430000043c 0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c00000 80c7465787400000000436f707972696768742028632920313939 38204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e79000 0646573630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d 322e3100000000000000000000001273524742204945433631393 6362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000 Information flow after accident occurred on Figure 3.1: road network When a call comes from accident site to traffic control room, the controller informs this information to nearest emergency hospital, police station and fire station (if any fire occurs on the spot). Emergency hospitals will use Ambulance management system (AMS) to find the accident site on the road network (nearest road segment and landmark) and find nearest ambulance to accident site and allocate that ambulance to accident site. AMS tools are used to find the fastest path from nearest ambulance location to accident site; from accident site to nearest hospital; route map and directions are sent to ambulance driver. Also some other information is also provided to ambulance driver such as. If accident occurs during peak hours different alternative fastest paths are provided other than the normal fastest paths on major roads but this time ambulance driver should follow

fastest path on both major & minor roads to avoid congestion and time delay to save the life. If once ambulance is struck in congestion it takes more time to reach the accident area

3.1.1 Data Collection The main aim is to help the ambulance in reaching the accident area as fast Ambulance management system (AMS) data is collected from three sources as map data, real-time datadelay due to the congestion on road network. of possible without getting and police/transport authorities ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006a006a0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c450 Map data: Map data is collected from GIS professionals of Hyderabad city. 0010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006 Map data consist of major roads, minor roads, hospitals, fire stations, 00310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000000 landmarks and police stations. 00000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000000000000000 Spatial data: In AMS real-time location of an ambulance can be tracked using 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000116370 GPS/GSM (Global Positioning System). 7274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014 626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0000 Police/Transport Authority reports: When an incident occurs on road network 00146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c4 information about incident is recorded by police authority in the form of 00000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d690000 reports. Transport authoritys record the information about the major/minor 03f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c72545243 road networks 0000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465 3.1.2 GIS database 787400000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d50 61636b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247422049 GIS database is developed combing these three map, spatial and police/ 454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000127352474220494543363139 transport data. 36362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

rive time Category of one-way road Speed limits on that road segment Length of the road Drive time calculated based on

pital Category key number for private and govt hospitals

rive time Category of one-way road Speed limits on that road segment Length of the road Drive time calculated based on

es for telemedicine , including driver(locating using GPS) Figure 3.2: Methodology for AMS using GIS

Theme Fields Description Accident Amb_ID Nearest_La A_cause Date Time Hospital_T Identity number Nearest landmark Accident cause Accident date Accident time Hospital where patient i Police Station ID Name Label Identity number Name of the police station Label of the police station Fire station ID Name Label Identity number Name of the police station Label of the police station Table 3.2: AMS database

Map Data: Major roads are connected together to form road network of Hyderabad city. This road network is used by vehicles for transport where the traffic flow is steady and cause for traffic congestion. These major roads are represented as chain of lines in Ambulance Management System (AMS) user interface. Minor road networks are small streets in-between buildings. These are used for walking, cycling and even ambulance can use if there is a congestion on major roads. Minor road is represented as line feature in Ambulance Management System (AMS) user interface. Emergency hospitals in the city are responsible for allocating ambulances to accident area and take it back for providing medical care. Emergency Hospital is represented as point feature in Ambulance management system (AMS) user interface. Police & fire stations in the city are responsible for recording incidents on the road networks and providing the safety to public. Police & fire station is represented Spatial Data: as point feature in Ambulance Management System (AMS) user interface. In AMS real-time location of an ambulance will be tracked using GPS (Global Positioning System).GPS technology is spatially used in mapping of ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100d500e20000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c transportation network to complete the work quickly and reduces the cost. A 4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200 GPS device will be installed on each and every ambulance, and signals of this 09000600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000 GPS will be sent to control room (Emergency hospital). The data collected from 00000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000 GPS will be stored in database as x, y co-ordinates of the ambulance location 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 on the earth surface. The location of the ambulance is represented as point (x, 0000000001163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c777470 y co-ordinates) feature on the road map. 74000001f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a000002180000001 46758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6400000254 Police/ Transport Authority reports: 00000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000086766965770 00003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474 When an incident occurs on road network, following information about 656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c000 incident will be recorded by police authority such as. 0080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874202 Patient details. 863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900 Incident type. 00646573630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000 Location information. 0000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000 Hospital to which patient has been 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 transported. Using these records we can find out where and on which road network accidents occur frequently and cause of the accident. Transport authorities record the information about the major/minor road networks such as, Demographic data Road network Speed limits Length of road segments Junctions Figure 3.3: GIS database for analysis in ArcMap9.1

3.1.2.1 Database Design and Analysis Below figure shows how data is stored in a database and accessed by the emergency service providers. Database regarding the roads, incidents and facilities are available at police stations, hospitals and fire stations. In our AMS user interface database is collected from these emergency service providers (police, fire and hospitals) and from the real-time (GPS/GSM) movement of ambulances on the road network. When there is a call for service (ambulance) GIS operator at dispatch centre uses AMS user interface to inform the ambulance regarding the work it has to perform. This same prototype can be used by the police and fire authorities to perform the following functionalities. Find fastest route from nearest police vehicle to crime area and finding the crime occurred area on the city digital map and also back to nearest police station Find the fire spot on digital map and allocating the fire vehicles on fastest route to reach the fire spot.

3.1.3 Analysis (GIS/GPS/GSM) The effective management of ambulance in order to achieve immediate transportation of patients from incident site to the nearest & appropriate emergency hospital plays a vital role in health services offered to citizens. An effective routing and districting of ambulances will minimize their response time and thus improve the way emergency incidents are being handled [Derekenaris .G 2000]. AMS architecture is an integration of ArcGIS9.1, GPS and GSM technologies. In Each ambulance a GPS receiver is installed to determine its real-time position (x, y co-ordinates) based on the signal transmitted by satellite and information will be forwarded to emergency hospital via GSM modem, this can be achieved by GSM network. Through GSM network useful data such as route map, directs and voice messages can be transmitted. Each ambulance is also equipped with a computer or a mobile data terminal (PDA) to display the route computed by the AMS (Ambulance Management System) operating in the emergency hospital. ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201008f00900000ffe20c58494 3435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006 d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006003100006 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c450 16373704d534654000000004945432073524742000000000 0010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006 0000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000 00310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000f6d6000100000000d32d48502020000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001163 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001163707 707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77 274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f00000001462 747074000001f000000014626b70740000020400000014725 6b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c000000 8595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c00000014625 146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c400 8595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646 000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c000000867669 8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c72545243000 6577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d656 0043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c74657874 1730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452 00000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636 430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6254524 b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247422049454336 30000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f707972696768 313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d 74202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61 322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000000127 35247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000 Figure 3.5: GIS/GPS/GSM 000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000 technology 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Emergency 0 hospital (base station) will exchange data with the ambulance through the GSM network [Derekenaris .G 2000]. In the emergency hospital (base station) there will be a computer dedicated to communicate with the ambulance and other one for the operation of the AMS user interface. The primary functions performed by the GIS (AMS) operating in emergency hospital are as follows [Derekenaris .G 2000]. Finding the site of the incident & ambulance location Depiction of accident & ambulance on city road map Choosing the nearest ambulance to handle an emergency incident

Routing an ambulance to the incident site and from there to the closest emergency hospital. If accident occurs during peak hours ambulance will be directed to fallow the minor & major road fastest path other than regular fastest path on major roads One of the most important responsibilities of public safety is efficient and effective emergency transport and care system. Middle East Technical University (METU) Emergency services, Ankara Turkey build an immediate, rapid and efficient medical transport system prototype called AML [Glden et al 2004]. Emergency Hospitals are important as police and fire stations. Emergency hospitals provide immediate care for victims of sudden and serious injuries. When an incident occur patient transportation to Emergency hospital seems quite simple. Ambulance Management System (AMS) preferably combines technology, strategic planning and clinical proficiency to ensure an immediate efficient response to each and every call for help [Altnta & Nakil 1997]. In AMS time ambulance location is role starting point and nearest hospital In AMS for routing, plays most important the to save human lives. is the final destination respectively. The accident site address, ambulance location, major & minor roads and hospital location information is co-ordinated to obtain results using the AMS. ffd8ffe000104a464946000102010075007e0000ffe20c58494343 5f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e7472 5247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d53 4654000000004945432073524742000000000000000000000000 0000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000116370727400000150000000336465 7363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b70740 0000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a00000 22c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e64000002540 0000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000 08676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d 6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452 430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6254524300 00043c0000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967687420286 3292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d 70616e7900006465736300000000000000127352474220494543 36313936362d322e310000000000000000000000127352474220 49454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000

3.1.4 AMS information for decision making AMS performs chain of events which leads to the intervention of an ambulance to the scene of an accident. The following four steps are performed by AMS. (1) Incident location (2) Call finding screening (3) Ambulance (4) During peak hours, routing of dispatching Ambulance

When call is received

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80 000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010 100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247 back Call Finding 422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000 to Emergency Number the 616373704d53465400000000494543207352 informer ambulanc 47420000000000000000000000000000f6d60 When you witness an accident at Charminar road and victim is bleeding first e you want to help 00100000000d32d485020200000000000000 him and save his life. The first question arises what do you 000000000000000000000000000000000000 do? first you want to call the emergency number. Although there are various 000000000000000000000000000000000000 numbers for different emergency services, but the number 108 is a centralised 000000000116370727400000150000000336 one. Let the emergency may be of any kind police, fire and medical just dial Some examples of call screening methods such as HNIT Limited., one of the 4657363000001840000006c7774707400000 108. In Hyderabad city emergency service providing company EMRI developed leading GIS consulting in Iceland, joined hands for the development of an 1f000000014626b7074000002040000001472 sensereach-care paradigm for emergency management [Changavalli Venkat, emergency response computing system, which includes computer telephony, 2005] on August 58595a00000218000000146758595a000002 foundation on 15, 2005. The call centre of 108 at Byrraju RDMS, GIS and different protocols for SMS and pagers. When anyone needs 2c000000146258595a000002400000001464 Medchal road receives on an average 2,200 calls per day from twin cities. emergency service just need to dial 112 in Iceland, then the telephone 6d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002 3.1.4.1 Incident location finding operators dispatch service from more than 200 different response agencies c400000088767565640000034c00000086766 (fire, police, and96577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8 ambulance) across country (GIS for Telecommunication Most important details about the accident should hasconfirmed i.