Ambalika Book

8/22/2019 Ambalika Book

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.

UNIT - I

ATTACHMENT WITH AGRICULTURE RESEARCHINSTITUTE

(SARS)

1. Introduction

2. Soil testing laboratory

a. Lab reagent preparation for quick method ofestimation

i. For k2O estimation

ii. For P2O

5estimation

iii. For N2

estimation

iv. For P

H

estimationb. Procedure for estimation

i. Organic carbonii. Observation

iii. Phosphorus estimationiv. Observationv. Potassium estimationvi. Observation

vii. Ph estimationviii. Observation

3. True potato seed

(a) What is T.P.S?


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(b) Advantages of T.P.S

(c) Package of practices for production of potato using

T.P.S

i. Raising seedling

ii. Cultivation in the main field

(d) What is tuberlet?

(e) Package of practices for production of tuberlet

Using T.P.S

i. Single row method

ii. Double row method

4. Vermicompost

(a) Introduction

(b) Vermicomposting(c) vermicompost

(d) Vermiwash

(e) Advantages of Vermicompost

(f) Vermicomposting & Vermi technology

(g) Process of Vermicompost preparation

i. Low cost Vermicompost unit

(h) Production process

i. Pre-treatment of composting materials

ii. Formation of bed


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iii. Inoculation and Maintenance of bed

(i)Harvesting of compost, packing & storage

(j)Harvesting of worms

(k) Production process of vermi wash

(m) Use of vermicompost

UNIT - IIATTACHMENT WITH AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT (SRI)

1. Introduction

2. Objective3. Four Novel Practices

4. Nursery Management

5. Seed Rate and choice of varieties

6. Field preparation

7. Transplanting of seedlings.

8. Wide spacing

9. Water Management

10. Weeding

11. Nutrient Schedule

12. Organic Inputs

13. Harvest14. Why does SRI work?

15. Is SRI Sustainable?

16. Table Agronomic Comparisons of SRI data

17. Conclusion


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Unit - IIIMushroom cultivation (oyster) in Tripura

1. Introduction

2. Food value of Mushroom

3. Types of Mushroom

4. Objective

5. What is spawn ?

6. Media preparation

7. Steps of spawn production

8. Hygeine Maintenance

9. Life cycle of Mushroom

10. Mushroom cultivation

11. Chemical sterilization

12. Nutritive value of pleurotus sp.

13. Composition of cultivated Mushroom and common vegetables

14. Disease & Pest

15. Recipies

UNIT - IVAGRO-BASED INDUSTRY


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1. Seed processing plants & industries

(a) Introduction

(b) Advantages of seed processing

(c) Objective of project

(d) Seed processing unit

2. Fruit preservation & processing industries

(a) Introduction

(b) Method of preservation(c) Importance of post harvest management

(d)Preparation of green jackfruit pickle

(e) Preparation of green mango squash


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UNIT - IATTACHMENT WITH

AGRICULTURERESEARCH INSTITUTE

(SARS) ARUNDHUTINAGAR


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ATTACHMENT WITH AGRICULTURE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

(SARS)

1. INTRODUCTION

STATE AGRICULTURE RESEARCH STATION

Arundhuti Nagar / Agartala Tripura. SARS was established in the year 1969 with

the initiation of the Agri director. At the start of the research station only few units were

functioning. The soil testing lab, True Potato Seed,Vermicompost etc. It is the only

Research station in Tripura. Here various trials are performed based on plant breeding,

pest. Management, Agronomic practices etc. Generally at present there are 13 units

they are -

1. Plant breeding unit

2. Soil testing laboratory

3. Agronomy unit

4. Pest management unit

5. State seed testing laboratory

6. Chief seed certification unit

7. Regional Bio-fertilizer production centre

8. Bio-control unit

9. Pesticide testing lab/unit

10. Processing plant unit

11. Agro poly clinic unit / Information unit


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12. True Potato Seed unit

13. Vermicompost unit

2. SOIL TESTING LABORATORY/UNIT

In this laboratory soil analysis is done. Soil samples are brought by the

farmers from different districts for soil testing before cultivation of any crop. These soils

are analysed for the content of the fertilizers or PH present in it. It is estimated on K2o

content, P2

O5

content, PH, organic carbon etc.

(A) METHOD LAB REAGENT PREPARATION FOR QUICK OF ESTIMATION

FOR K2O ESTIMATION

1. Morgan's solution (5 liter) :

500 gm sodium acetate + 150 cc glacial acetic acid (water 5 liter)

2. Alcohol mixture :

Isopropyl alcohol + methylalchohol in 1: 1 ratio

3. Sodium cobalt Nitrate solution :

Cobalt nitrate (50kg) + 300g sodium nitrate (first mix with little water in 1lt

flask) + 25ml glacial acetic acid. Add 500 ml of distilled water, shake it until fumes

comes out & keep it for 24 hours. Next day add more water to make it upto 1lt.

FOR P2

O5

ESTIMATION

1. Bray No. 1 solution (20lt capacity) : Ammonium flourite 20.2 g + 40.4 ml of

concentrated HCL volume it upto 20lt by adding distilled water.

2. Stainer's chloride 5g + 12.5 ml conc. Hcl, Fumes come out after mixing and


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Heating.

3. Ammonium Molybdate solution:

Ammonium Molybdate 15g + 3.0 + 304 ml concentrated Hcl. Ammonium

Molybdate mix with distilled water first and volume it upto 1lt in a measuring flask, them

pour 304 Hcl in the flask, steer constantly.

Dilution of stainer's chloride solution

1ml stainer's chloride + 65ml of distilled water

FOR N2

ESTIMATION

Organic carbon 1(N)

POTASSIUM DICHROMATE SOLUTION

K2

Cr2

O7

49gm mix with distilled H2O and volume it up to 1lt.

PH ESTIMATION

Chlorophenyl red indicator preparation for 250 ml. chlorophenol 0.1 gm + 2.4 ml

sodium hydroxide them mix, volume it up to 250ml. Preparation NaoH : Mix 40gm

NaoH in 1lt of distilled water. NaoH stock solution 1ml + 9ml distilled water.

PROCEDUCER FOR ESTIMATION

1. ORGANIC CARBON

i. Take 1 gm soil in a 50ml beaker

ii. Add 5ml of k2 Cr2 O7 solution

iii. Add 10ml of concentrated H2So4


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iv. Compare the colour in the colour chart.

COLOUR CHART

Organic carbon

1. Light brown - very low

2. Slight greenish - Medium

3. Deep green - High

OBSERVATION

The soil sample is light brown which indicates very low content.

Phosphorus Est imat ion

1. Take 5 gm of soil

2. Add 40 ml of bray's solution

3. Shake and filter

4. Take 2ml filtrate in 25ml volumetric flask.

5. Add 2ml Ammonium Molybdate solution to it.

6. Add 1ml diluted stainer's chloride solution to it.

7. Compare the colour with colour chart.

Colour chart for P2 O5

1. Dark blue - High

2. Medium dark blue - Medium

3. Light blue - Low

4. Colourless - very low

OBSERVATION


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The soil sample in the lab is colourness which indicates very low content of

phosphorus in the soil sample.

PROCEDURE FOR POTASSIUM ESTIMATION

1. Take 5gm of soil

2. Add 25ml of Morgans solution

3. Shake and filter

4. Take 2ml alcohol mixture in a test tube

5. Add 5 drops of cobalt Nitrate solution

6. Add the filtrate up to 10ml mark

7. Shake and allow to stand for few minutes

8. Compare the colour with colour chart.

COLOUR CHART OF K2

O

1. Transparent - low

2. Non - transparent - high

OBSERVATION

The sample of analysis is transparent in colour. It is therefore low in potassium

content.

PROCEDURE FOR PH ESTIMATION

1. Take 1gm soil in a test tube

2. Add a pinch of barium sulphate

3. Add water up to the mark of the tube

4. Add 5 drops of chlorophenol red indicator

5. Shake and allow to stand for few minutes


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6. Take reading in PH meter (lovi bon comparator)

PH COLOUR RANGE

1. Light colour - 6

2. Deep violet - 6.5

OBSERVATION

The soil sample for analysis is light colour. This indicates that the PH is 6. It is

acidic in nature.

The soil samples are sent to the lab from different districts. The samples have

sample lot in it. The samples come from many farmers. These samples are analysed

50-60 samples at a time. At the time of analysis the person working in the lab keeps

records of all the soil samples. After the analysis the respective results are sent to the

farmers. Depending upon the report, necessary fertilizers are applied or given

according to the necessity of the field soil.

3. True potato seed

Seed production programmes are a major bottle neck in the production and use ofthe potato as a food in tropical countries or even in developing temperate countries(Sawyer, 1984). This constraint had been recognized by potato workers in India andChina way back in the late forties and early fifties. Thus the realization that true potatoseed (T.P.S) could effectively fill the gap as propagule for growing commercial cropmade Dr. S. Ramanujam, first Director of the Indian Potato Programme and Dr. ChangHung Quin, Chinese Agricultural Research Institute in Inner Mongolia, to start researchon T.P.S in 194950 and 1952, respectively. Although this early research showed thepotential of TPS towards significantly increasing potato yields, the India PotatoProgramme was slow in intensifying research till 1976. However, the ChineseGovernment decided to begin a large scale T.P.S production programme in 1972.

The availability of two high yielding, late blight resistant varieties - Kannue (Hungarian)and Schwalbe (German) which produce profuse berries and uniform open pollinatedprogenies, permitted the use of T.P.S in Inner - Mongolia. By 1978, five tons of openpollinated T.P.S were distributed country-wide, with the major portion going to provinces


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in the SW mountainous region. T.P.S from open pollinated berries from these twovarieties were produced by skilled farmers, called cooperators (Li, 1983).

The fresh impetus to the Indian potato programme for T.P.S research came in

1976, and to other countries of these regions in the late seventies following CIP's

committed support to this technology.

(a) WHAT IS T.P.S?

Tiny Botanical name of potato obtained by crossing of two parental lines of

potato, a substitute of

traditional seed tuber.

(b) ADVANTAGES OF T.P.S:

100 grams is sufficient to cover one hectare area instead of planting 2-2.5 tons of

potato seed tuber.

Being hybrid capable of giving more production.

Absolute disease free seed material

No cold storage facility is required for storing T.P.S

Practically no cost is involved for transporting T.P.S unlike seed tuber.

Comparatively more resistance to pests and diseases.

Net profit is more as cost of cultivation is less and also as the per hectareproduction is more.

The seed tuber being utilized could be otherwise used for consumption.

Cost of production of potato using T.P.S is approximately 55% less in comparison to

cost of production of potato using seed tuber. At the same time production may be upto

the level of 35 M.T. Per hectare.


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(c) PACKAGE & PRACTICES FOR PRODUCTION OF POTATO USING T.P.S:-

i. RAISING SEEDLING: Seeds are shown at 0.5 cm depth in raised nursery beds (6 inchesor 15cm) prepared to good tilth with finely powdered dry cowdung in rows at 10 cm

apart and provide shade. Water with fine rosecane. Apply foliar spray 0.1% urea

solution from 15th day after sowing on alternate days till the seedlings are ready for

transplanting (25 to 28 days) with 3 to 4 leaf stage. Care should be taken against pests

and diseases.

ii. CULTIVATION IN THE MAIN FIELD: Prepare the main field to a good tilth after labeling.

Apply F.Y.M 20-25M.T. and 75:100:150 N.P.K per hectare.

Make ridges (6 inches or 15 cm height) and furrows at 50 to 60 cm. apart in

East- West direction. Irrigate the furrows to 3 inches or 7.5cm height. Transplant theseedlings on the next day in the northern side of the ridges at half the height, 15 cm.

apart. On 35th day apply 75 kg. N per hectare after weeding and earthing up is to be

done in such a way that the plants come to the centre of the ridges. Provide irrigation as

and when required. Apply P.P.C on need base.


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(d) WHAT IS TUBERLET?

Small tubers upto 20 gm size used as seed tuber. Requirement of seed tubers

could be brought down to one- third by using tuberlets.

(e) PACKAGES & PRACTICES FOR PRODUCTION OF TUBERLET USING T.P.S:-

i. SINGLE ROW METHOD:Prepare beds of 6 inches or 15 cm height, 1mt. width andaccording to convenient length at 0.75 cm apart. Bring to good tilth mixing with finely

powdered well- rotten dried cowdung. Apply Urea, S.P and M.O.P @ 20gms, 60gms

&25 gms/sq.mt. respectively as basal dose. Sow 2-3 seeds per hole at 0.5 cm depth

with 20cm. X 5 cm. spacing.

Provide shade to avoid scorching sun and irrigate the beds with

fine rosecane as per necessity. Earth up with the mixture of finely prepared soil and

cowdung along with Urea @ 5 gms /sq mt. at 30th, 45th and 60

thday. Cut the haulms

at 85th day. During the whole production period, need base spraying with P.P.C. should

be undertaken. Treat the tuberlets with 3% Boric acid and store in cold storage for next

year after proper drying in shade.

ii. DOUBLE ROW METHOD: Preparation of field and other operation are same as single

row method except sowing of seeds. In double row method seeds are sown 4cm. apart

in a line and row to row distance is 10 cm. In between two double rows distance is 30

cm.

Top dressing with 5 gm. Urea per sq.mt. at 30th

, 45th

and 60th

day followed by

earthing up as practiced in normal crop so that two lines can be covered by a single

furrow.

4. Vermicompost


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(a) Introduction:Natural farming by our ancestors in older days served us harmless food

products without disturbing the soil fertility and sustainability of nature.

In due course of time, pressure on our farming community to grow more food for

the nation compelled us to go for increased intensive farming with improved agricultural

techniques through green revolution, which were attributed to use of high yielding

varieties, more use of inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides etc.

Thus chemicallisation of agriculture has resulted in the deterioration of soil health,

accumulation of chemical residues in food and reduction in bio diversity putting

sustainability of conventional farming in question. Standing on this ground, a necessity

emerged for identifying organic farming as a holistic and potential alternative of

conventional agriculture.

Basic principle of organic farming is to enhance organic matter content of the soil, which

has a profound impact on soil quality by enhancing soil structure and fertility along with

increasing water infiltration and storage. Practical organic farming relies on preparing

the inputs by the farmers themselves and one important component of it is vermin

composting.

(b) What is vermincomposting? Vermin composting is defined as the practice of using

concentration of earth worms to convert any bio degradable organic matter into usable

compost or worm castings.

(c) Vermicompost: Vermi compost (also known as worm compost, vermin cast,

worm casting, worm humus or worm manure) is a stable fine granular nutrient rich

organic end product of the breakdown of organic matters by some species of earthworm during the process ofvermin composting.

(d) VERMI WASH: The dark brown waste liquid that drains out into the bottom of some

vermin composting systems, as water rich food breaks down, is known as vermin wash.

It acts as an excellent liquid fertilizer for the crops.


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Earth worms (Commonly known as Farmers friend or Digestive Canal of soil)

are natures clean-up crew, aiding in the production of humus rich top soil from plant

residues and animal materials. They have important functions by virtue of their general

behavioral activities like burrowing, feeding, digesting, excreting with decomposing by

micro organisms and supporting further decomposition of bio degradable matters.

Because of their upward and downward movement, they promote soil aeration,

drainage facility during rainy season. It also helps to increase the moisture holding

capacity of the soil and decrease soil erosion.

(e) Advantage of Vermicompost:1. Rich in all essential plant nutrients.


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2. Provides excellent effect on overall plant growth, encourages faster growth of new

shoots/leaves, improves quality and shelf life of the produce and increases crop yield.

3. Produces crop with a better taste, luster and lasting quality, without toxic residues for

better market price.

4. Improves soil texture, structure, aeration and increases water holding capacity and

decreases soil erosion.

5. Rich in beneficial microflora such as N-fixers, P-solubilizers, Cellulose decomposing

microflora etc.

6. Enrich soil in biotic activity, adds plant hormones like auxins, cytokinin, Gibberellic

Acid and enzymes like phosphatase and cellulose.

7. Contains earthworm cocoons and increases population and activity of earthworm in

soil

8. Prevents nutrient losses and increases chemical fertilizer use efficiency.

9. Induces resistance against pests and diseases.

10. corrects micro nutrient deficiencies.

11. Controls growth of nematodes.

12. Reduce soil salinity and acidity.

13. East to produce and low in cost.

COMPARISON


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VERMICOMPOSTING AND VERMI TECHNOLOGY

Chemical Fertilizer Vermicompost

1.Expensive

2. Continuous use reduces soil

fertility.

3. Chemicals pollute environment.

4. More water required for irrigation.

5. Use of pesticides required.

6. Taste difference noticed.

1.very cheap

2. increases soil fertility.

3. Environmental friendly.

4. Water requirement is less.

5. Induce resistance to pests and disease.

6. Natural taste preserved.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF VERMI COMPOST

1. PH6.5 to 7.5

3. Phosphorus-1.3 to 1.9%

5.Organic Carbon- 20.48 to 30.31%

7. Calcium-3 to 4%

9. Sodium-0.02 to 0.3%

11. Iron-0.3 to 0.7%

13. Manganese- Trace to 0.04%

15. Boron-0.0034 to 0.0075%

2.Nitrogen-1.8 to 2.5%

4.Potash 1.28 to 1.50%

6.Carbon to Nitrogen-14 to 15%

8. Magnesium-0.4 to 0.7%

10.Sulphur-Trace up to 0.04%

12. Zinc-0.2 to 0.036%

14. Copper-0.0027 to 0.0123%

16. Aluminium -Traces to 0.071%


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Suitable environment: arth worms prefer warm humid and shad places. he wor

etter in dar areas and reacts negativel to open sunlight. orms used for

composting wor etter in 5 to c. temperature should not drop elow freeing or rise

aove 2c. pH of the organic materials should be between7 to 8.5 and a moisture

content of 40 to 60% is suitable for enhancing earthworm multiplication and quality

vermin compost production.

Sources of Organic wastes and their processing for vermin composting:

All sorts of bio degradable and decomposable organic residues which are half

decomposed should be used as feeding materials during vermin composting. If half

decomposed materials are used, the earth worms can quickly take them as their feed

and start converting them to vermin compost.

Commonly used composting materials are:

a) Agri. Wastes and residues (all items discarded after harvesting and threshing,

stem, leaves, husks, vegetables wastes)

b) Cattle manure,

c) Forestry wastes,

d) Sericulture residues from silk production,

e) Dairy and poultry wastes

f) Municipal solid wastes

g) Bio gas slurry

h) Bagasse from sugarcane factory

i) Waste paper and Cotton cloth

j) Kitchen wastes etc.

Worms to be used for vermin composting: Diversity in earth worm species varies

with different types of soils and hence choice for local native species is important.

Suitable earth worm species have been identified based on their ability to tolerate wide


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range of environmental conditions and fluctuations, handling and disruption to the worm

bed, and their growth and breeding rate.

Species with short re-generation time, i.e. a relatively short life span and rapid

growth and reproductive rate are ideal and effective, as high concentration of juvenile

worms are present in their population. Juvenile worms like human teenager are

voracious consumer, keeping the processing rate of the system high, thus ensuring an

ongoing succession of young worms.

Epigeic phytophagus earthworms which are non-burrowing in nature and dwell in

upper layer of soil are found to be most suitable for commercial vermin composting.

PROCESS OF VERMICOMPOST PREPARATION

LOW COST VERMI COMPOST UNIT:


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HEAP (BED) METHOD: It is suitable for both commercial and small farm unit. Abandoned

cattle shed, poultry shed or any other low cost thatched shed which can protect worms

from sun and rain is sufficient. Size of the shed varies depending upon the availability of

raw materials and production requirement. Length of the bed may vary as desired but

the width should not be more than 1m. and needs to be protected from rain, sunlight

and predators like birds, rodents, ants etc.

PRODUCTION PROCESS:

Pre treatment of composting materials:

Avoid fresh cow dung, green leaves, or any part of living plant which is hard. Also

the non biodegrade materials such as polythene bags, plastics etc. are to be

avoided.

Use partly decaying or partly digested organic matter as substrate for worms.

Add cattle dung up-to- 50% to provide bacterial inoculation for enhancing

decomposition.

Spread in alternate layers of cow dung and leaf-litter or any organic waste.

Partial decomposition in open area, in a peat or heap is strongly recommended.

Periodic watering quickens partial decomposition.

4-5 weeks required for partial decomposition.

Formation of bed:

Spread coarse sand at the base upon soil surface, which helps to absorb soil

moisture and protects the worms from escaping.

Spread 10 cm thick layer of decomposable organic matter such as grasses,

coconut fiber, sugarcane waste etc. as bedding materials.

Spread partially decomposed cow dung and organic waste or dry bio-gas slurry

on top of the edding laer in an inverted U shape till a height of .75m.

Water regularly to keep it moist all the time.

Inoculation and maintenance of bed:


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Inoculate the worms in the compost bed when it is properly cooled.

Release worms on top of the bed at 1000 per sq.mt. of bed space by spreading

on top of the bed.

water regularly to keep the surface of the bed moist but not soggy.

Excess water flooding will be harmful.

Cover the heap with a moist gunny cloth on top of the bed and protect it from

sunlight.

Maintain favorale moisture-5 and cool condition 25- .

HARVESTING OF COMPOST, PACKING AND STORAGE:

Initially the first lot or cycle of compost processing may take 75-90 days.

Subsequent cycles may take only 60-70 days depending on the increased

density of earthworms.

Stop watering the vermin bed 2-3 days before harvesting.

The finished compost is heaped in conical shaped piles on the surface of the bed

(preferably under bright lights inside) which allows the earthworms to burrow into

the bottom of the bed.

Collect the finished compost from the top portion of the pile in stages using hand

or spade in the following ways-

a) Make conical piles of the prepared compost and leave over night.

b) The worms will burrow down.

c) Remove the top portion of the piled compost next day.

d) Again make conical piles of the left over compost and let the worms

burrow down again

f) Remove another layer of the compost.

g) Repeat the process till 75% of the compost has been removed

Sieve the removed compost and pack it in air tight container to protect from

further drying and loss of nutrients.


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HARVESTING WORMS: The process of vermin compost harvesting eventually ends

up with a pole of finished compost and a ball of worms. The worms thus obtained can

be added back to a new bed. If number of worms is more, they can be divided and used

in separate beds simultaneously.

Production of Vermin compost in cemented pit/tank

Protecting earth worms from escaping, safeguarding them from different predators

and to collect vermin wash easily, it is proposed to go for cemented concrete pit/tank for

vermin composting.

STEPS:

There is no fixed shape and size of vermin composting pit or tank. Size

generally depends upon the requirement of vermin compost and availability of raw

materials. But keeping in view the operations and management, generally we can

prepare a concrete cemented tank of 2mX 1mX0.75m keeping a slight slope at the

bottom of the tank at one side. One or two outlet pipe is fixed at the lower side of the

slope to drain away the excess water from the tank and a small cemented pit is

prepared outside to collect the washed out excess water which is generally known as

vermin wash. A water channel (5cm depth and 3cm width) is prepared at top of the side

wall and kept filled with water always to check the attack of ants and other predators on

worms.

PROCESS TO BE FOLLWOED:

The feeding materials i.e. the organic wastes are mixed, watered and allowed to

ferment for about 2-3 weeks. During this period the materials are over turned 3-4 times

to bring down the temperature and to assist in uniform decomposition and kept

prepared as feed materials.

First a vermin bed is to be prepared at the bottom of the tank by placing a 15-20 cm

thick layer of good moist loamy soil upon 3-5 cm thick layer of broken bricks and 3cm

thick layer of coarse sand. This sand layer will facilitate absorption of excess water.


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Upon this vermin bed, the feeding materials are to be added layer by layer to fill up the

tank.

The other processes of inoculation, maintenance, harvesting of

compost as well as worms, packing and storage are to be followed same like

low cost bed method.

PRODUCTION PROCESS OF VERMI-WASH:

Take a mud pot provided with a hole.

Bottom portion of the pot should be filled with gravel mixed sand to a height of

5cm.

The remaining portion of the pot should be filled with decomposed waste.

In this100-150 earthworms are let in.

Over this water is poured inside drop by drop.

A bucket is placed below the mud pot.

The water will was earthworms and at the same time collect hormones present

over their body surface and will come down to the bucket.

Collected water resembles tea decoction.

This solution can be sprayed to all crops as such or by preparing solution, mixing

with water.

It supplies various nutrients to crops and acts as a growth promoter.

USE OF VERMI COMPOST:

Crops to which can be used: Can be used for all crops (agricultural, horticultural,

ornamental and vegetable) at any stage of crop development.

When and how to apply:


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Agricultural crops: Apply by broadcasting when the seedlings are 12-15cm in

height.

Flowers, vegetables and fruit trees: Apply around the base of the plant, at any

stage of development, and cover with soil. water regularly.

Quantity necessary:

a) General agricultural use: 3-4 t/ha.

b) Vegetables: 3-4t/ha.

c) Fruit trees: 5-10kg/tree.

d) Flowers:500-750kg/h.


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UNIT - IIATTACHMENT WITH AGRICULTUREDEPARTMENT ON SYSTEM OF RICE

INTENSIFICATION (SRI)


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System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

1. INTRODUCTION

SRI, A method of raising rice that produces substantially higher yields with the

planting of far fewer seedlings and the use of fewer inputs than either traditional

method or more modern method with more water, chemical fertilizer or agro chemicals.

It involves using different practices for plant, soil, water and nutrient management.

SRI involves the use of certain management practices which together provide

better growing conditions for rice plants, particularly in the root zone, than those for

plants grown under traditional practices. SRI was developed in Madagascar in the

early 1980s

by father Henri de laulanie, a Jesuit priest who spent over 30 years in that

country working with farmers. In 1990 Association tefy saina (ATS) was formed as a

Malagasy NGO to promote SRI. Four years, later, the cornell International Institute for

food, Agriculture and development (CIIFAD), began cooperating with Tefy saina to

introduce SRI around the Ranomafana National Park in eastern Madagascar,

supported by the U.S. Agency for International Development. It has since been tested

in China, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Srilanka and Bangladesh with positive

results.

The results with SRI methods are remarkable. In, Madagascar, on some of the

poorest soil to be found and where yields of 2 tons/ha were the norm, farmers using

SRI are now averaging over 8tons/ha, with some getting 10 to 15 tons/ha. A farmers

have even got over 20 tons/ha. In other parts of the country, over a five year period,

hundreds of farmers averaged 8 to 9 tons/ha.


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SRI methods have at least doubled the yield of any variety of rice that has

been tried No external inputs are necessary for a farmer to benefit from SRI. The

methods

should work with any seeds that are now being used. However we do need to have an

open mind about new methods and a willingness to experiment. With SRI, plants are

treated as the living organisms that they are, rather than as machines to be

manipulated. The potential within plants is drawn out by giving them the best possible

conditions for their growth.

At first, the practices that constitute SRI seem somewhat counterintuitive. SRI

challenges assumption and practices that have been in place for hundreds, even

thousands of years. Most rice farmers plant fairly mature seedlings (20-30 days old) in

clumps, fairly close together, with standing water maintained on the field for as much of

the season as possible. These practices seem to reduce the risk of crop failure. It

seems logical that more mature plants should survive. better, that planting in clumps.

Will ensure that some plants will survive transplanting that planting more seedlings

should result in more yield and that planting in standing water means the plants will

never lack water and weeds will have little opportunity to grow.

2. OBJECTIVE

Tripura has been striving hard to attain self sufficiency in food grains and food

security Adoption of modern seed - Fertilizer irrigation technology. Popularly known as

HYV technology has more than doubled the production of food grains during the last

there decades. However the yield growth of rice has levelled out. Yield response to

modern inputs like chemical fertilizers and to water has declined soil and

environmental, degradation is accelerating. Profitability of rice growing for farmers has

declined due to increasing prices of inputs and relatively stable produces price for rice.

As an alternative technology to attain a breakthrough and increase rice yields, hybrid


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seeds are being tried. But this technology is heavily dependent on high cost modern

inputs and has the associated problems of soil and environmental degradation.

Another alternative may be to explore the potential of biotechnology for evolving new

higher yielding rice variety by overcoming the complex problem of disease and pest

incidence increasing tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and also improving rice

quality. But this technology will also be heavily dependent upon costly modern inputs

while at the same time it is a debatable technology with apprehensions about possible

health and environmental hazards.

The objectives / aims of the initiatives are as below.

Substantial and sustainable increase in rice yield, and the release of

surplus land for production of higher value crops.

Reduction in costs of production and rise in profitability of rice production.

Reduced need for high cost modern inputs like fertilizer, irrigation water

and insecticides.

Promotion of environment friendly sustainable agriculture.

3. FOUR 'NOVEL' PRACTICES IN PARTICULAR ARE KEY IN SRI THEY ARE

. i. Seedlings are transplanted early

ii. Less seed rate.

iii. Seedlings are planted singly

iv. Wide spacing (25m x 25m)

SRI method can be followed both in Kharif & Rabi season.

4. NURSERY MANAGEMENT

Rice seed is sparsely sown in beds prepared by mixing soil, cow dung, rice

hull/burned husk mixture forming 1.5 to 2 cm thick layer at the top of the nursery

bed. The rate of seedling should not exceed 20gm/m2.Immediately after sowing of


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the sprouted seeds the seed beds should be covered by the thin layer of the soil

mixture prepared by mixing soil, cow dung rice hull/burned husk. Nursery beds

should be covered by paddy straw at least for 2days to keep the moist condition of

the beds which needs removal from the bed after emergence of the seedling

Usually the seedlings get ready for transplanting within 8-10 days after sowing.

5. SEED RATE AND CHOICE OF VARIETIES

The rate of seed is 5kg per hectare. In case of the finer grains the rate is lowered

down depending upon the grain type. All the paddy varieties i.e traditional, HYV,

Hybrids can be adopted with SRI. At least 50% yield advantage over tradition method

is observed in all the varieties in the farmers field.

6. FIELD PREPARATION

The field should be ploughed 3-4 times before transplantation. At first ploughing

biofertilizers / cow dung may be used. At 2nd ploughing the soil should be incorporated

with chemical fertilizers in the recommended dose (N: P: K: 20: 10: 10kg/ha) Again

during 3rd plough biofertilizer may be applied. Then the field should be well leveled


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With plunker. For easy transplanting the field should be carefully prepared with proper

planting space. We can place sticks at appropriate intervals along the edge of the field,

then stretch strings between them. The strings should be marked at the same intervals

so that we can plant in a square pattern.

Water channels 25 cm wide should be made after 10-13 rows of seedlings. This

is to drain out excess water when not needed and to bring the water to the field when

needed.

7. TRANSPLANTING OF SEEDLINGS

Rice seedlings are transplanted early-when only the first two leaves have

emerged from the initial tiller or stalk, usually when they are between 8 to 15 days old.

The seedlings are carefully removed from the nursery bed with a trowel and keep them

moist. Do not let them dry out. The seed sac should be kept attached to the infant root,

because it is an important energy source for the young seedling. Seedlings should be

to transplanted as soon as possible after being removed from the nursery within half an


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hour and preferably within 15 minutes. When placing seedlings in the field carefully lay

the roots sideways in the soil with a horizontal motion, so that the root tip is not in

advertently left pointing upward. Careful transplanting of seedlings when they are

young reduces shock and increases the plant's ability to produce numerous tillers and

roots during their vegetative growth stage.

SEEDLINGS ARE TRANSPLANTED SINGLY RATHER

Than in clumps of two or three or more. This means that individual plants have

room to spread and to send down roots. They do not compete as much with other rice

plants for space, for light, or for nutrients in the soil. Root systems become altogether

different when plants are set out singly

8. WIDE SPACING

Rather than in tight rows, in SRI seedlings ar e planted in a square pattern with

plenty of space between them in all directions usually at a spacing of 25cm x 25cm.

The general rule is that plants should have plenty of room to grow. Leaving wide.

Spaces between each plant ensure that roots have adequate room to grow and the

plant will be exposed to more sunlight, air and nutrients. The result is more root growth

and more tillering. The square pattern also facilitates weeding.

9. WATER MENAGEMENT

With SRI, farmers use less than half of the water they would use if they kept their

paddies constantly flooded. Soil is kept moist but not saturated during the vegetative

growth period ensuring that more oxygen is available in the soil for the roots.


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Occasionally the soil should be allowed to dry to the point of cracking. This will allow

oxygen to enter the soil and will also induce the roots to grow and "SEARCH" for water.

After all. When the soil is flooded roots have no need to grow and spread and they lack

enough oxygen to grow vigorously. Unflooded conditions, combined with mechanical

weeding result in more air in the soil, and greater root growth means that the rest of the

plant will have access to more nutrients. When the soil is saturated air pockets

(parenchyma) form in the roots of submerged plants in order to transport oxygen.

These air pockets take up to 30 - 40% of the root's cortex and probably impede the

transport of nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant. More water may be applied

before weeding to make the process of weeding easier. Otherwise, water is best

applied in the evening, and any water remaining on the surface is drained in the

morning. This leaves the field open to both. air and warmth during the day, flooded

fields will reflect a good part of the solar radiation reaching them and absorb less of the

warmth which helps plants grow. With SRI, un flooded conditions are only maintained

during the period of vegetative growth. Later, after flowering 1-3 centimeters of water

can be kept standing on the field considering possibility of acute moisture stress at

grain filling stage as is done with traditional practices. The field is drained completely 25

days before harvesting.

10. WEEDING

Weeding is done by hand or with a simple mechanical tool. Farmers have been

supplied with thousands of Japanese paddy weeder and they find it advantageous

both in terms of reducing labour and of increase yield to use a mechanical hand

weeder It has vertical rotating toothed wheels that churn up the soil as the weeder is

pushed down and across the alleys formed by the square formation of planting.


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Weeding is labours intensive, it may take upto 25 days of labour to weed one hectare

but the increase in yield and ultimately greater income to the farmer.


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The first weeding should be done 10-12 days after transplanting and the second

weeding within of 14 days. At least 2-3 weeding are recommended, but another 1or 2

weeding can significantly increase the yield, adding 1-2 tons/ha. Probably more

important than removing weeds, this practice of churning the soil seems to improve soil

structure and increase aeration of the soil.

11. NUTRIENT SCHEDULE

In SRI, 70% of chemical fertilizer is replaced by organic fertilizer. Rice can be

cultivated with or without chemical fertilizer. But the field trials and demonstrative

experiments in the farmers field shows that SRI performs under organic source of

fertilizer. FYM, Bio fertilizer, green manure, bay manure etc are the organic fertilizess

used in SRI practice. But the availability or organic fertilizer is a problem for farmers of

Tripura. Considering this problem we have recommended the nutrient management

schedule blending chemical and organic fertilizer Nutrient schedule for Tripura

condition.

N: P: K: 20: 10: 10 kg / ha as basal dose during kharif.

N: P: K: 20: 10: 10 kg / ha as basal dose during Rabi

Bio Fertilizer:

Azospirilum @ 4 kg / ha

Azoto bacter @ 4 kg / ha

Phosphate solubilizing bacteria @ 4 kg / ha

Fym : cow dung / FYM / Neem oil / compost etc @ 10-15 mt/ha.

Biofertilizers are applied either before or after chemical fertilizer as it does not

. work together.(12-15) days of interval during field preparation or after transplanting.


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12. ORGANIC INPUTS

Initially SRI was developed with chemical fertilizer to increase field on the every poor

soils of Madagascar. But subcidies were removed in the later 1980s and

recommendations switched to use of compost and even better results were observed.

The compost made from any biomass (e.g.-rice straw, plant trimmings and other plant

materials) with some animal manure added is used. Banana leaves also add

potassium, cuttings from leguminous shrubs add nitrogen and other plants such as

Tithonia and afromomum angustifolium increase the phosphorus content. Compost

adds nutrients to the soil slowly and can also contribute to a better soil structure. It

seems fairly intuitive that some form of nutrient input is necessary on poor soils if

chemical fertilizer is not added.

Applying organic manure during initial land preparation along with th

of the

recommended dose of chemical fertilizer increases the yield of following SRI)

TABLE: Showing response to organic manure

Variety organic manure No. of panicle yield of paddy

ton ha-1 per hill (ton ha-1)

NDR-359 5 42 6.75

Do Nil 38 6.25

13. HARVEST

In SRI method, rice is harvested normally as in the case of conventional method.

When the grains become golden yellow, they are harvested by sickles or by harvesting


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machine. 1-2vecks before harvest the water should be removed from the field. The

moisture content of the rice grains should be 20-25% during harvesting.

14. WHY DOES SRI WORK?

The concept of synergy appears to help explain why SRI works so well. Here

synergy means that practices used in SRI interact in positive, reinforcing ways so that

the whole is more than the total of its parts. Each of the management practices used in

SRI makes a positive difference in the field, but the real potential of SRI is seen only

when the practices are used together.

Rice plants under SRI have many more tillers, greater root development and

more grains per panicle. In order to tiller, plants need to have enough root growth to

support new growth. above ground. But roots require certain conditions of soil, water,

nutrient, temperature and space for growth. Roots also need energy from the

photosynthesis that occurs in tillers and leaves above the ground. Thus, the roots and

shoots depend on each other.

SRI fields look terrible for a month or more after transplanting because the plants

are so thin and small and widely spaced. In the first month, the plant is preparing to

tiller. During the second month, serious tillering begins. In the third month, the field

seems to explode with rapid tiller growth. To understand why, we need to understand

the concept of PHYLLOCHRONS, a concept that applies to members of the grass

family including cereals like rice, wheat and barley.

It is the period of time between the emergence of one phytoner (a set of tiller,

leaf and root which emerges from the base of the plant) and the emergence of the

next. The length of phyllochrons is determined particularly by temperature but it is also

affected by things like day length, humidity, soil quality, exposure to light and air and

nutrient availability.

If conditions are good, phyllochrons in rice are five to seven days long, though

they may be shorter at higher temperatures. Under very good conditions, the


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vegetative growth phase of a rice plant may last as long s 12 phyllochrons before the

plant begins initiating panicles and starts its reproductive phase. This is possible and

when the rate of biological growth is speeded up, so that many growth intervals are

completed before panicle initiations.

This is why it is best to transplant seedlings during the second and third phyllochrons,

so as not to disrupt the rapid growth which begins in the fourth phyllochrons.

15. IS SRI SUSTAINABLE ? HOW CAN WE GET SUCH HIGH YIELDS

Little systematic evaluation has yet been done by plant or soil scientists.

However, here are few proposed explanations for :

I. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION (BNF)

Free living bacteria and others microbes around the roots of rice may fix nitrogen

for the plants. The presence of such bacteria has been documented for sugar cane,

which is in the grass family along with rice where nitrogen feritlizer had not been

applied, microbial action fix 150 - 200 kg of nitrogen / ha for the cane. However, less

nitrogen fixing occurs where chemical fertilizers have previously been applied. It is

known that about 80% of the bacteria in and around rice roots have nitrogen fixing

capability, but this potential will not be realized where inorganic 'N' has been applied or

possibly in anaerobic, water logged soils.

i i . OTHER RESEARCH

Suggest that plants can grow very well with extremely low concentrations ofnutrients, as long as those nutrients are supplied evently & consistently over

time. We know that compost furnishes a low, steady supply of nutrients.

i i i . PLANTS WITH EXTENSIVE


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Root growths have better access to whatever nutrients exist in the

soil. Extensive root growth can result when the roots of young seedlings

have lots of space and oxygen, and when the water and nutrient are

scarce enough that roots need to "go looking" for them. Such extensive

roots may be able to extract more balanced nutrients from the soil,

including some scarce but necessary micro nutrients.

16. AGRONOMIC COMPARISONS: SRI TRIALS VS FARMERS PRATICE (RABI

SEASON) 2001-2004-05

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Average

SRI Practice

Tillers per hill 43 58 52 58 52.75

Effective tillers 28 39 32 37 34.00

Length of Panicle(cm) 21 22 20 22 21.25

Weight of 1000 grains(g) 22 23 24 23 23.00


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1cm filled grains 12 11 13 10 11.50

Yield (tons the) 6.12 6.95 7.89 8.10 -

Farmers practice

Tillers per hill 17 21 16 18 18.00

Effective tillers 09 12 08 07 9.00

Length of panicle (cm) 21 18 16 20 18.00

Weight of 1000 grain (g) 21 21 26 20 22.00

% unfilled grains 20 15 19 25 20.50

Yield (tons/ha) 4.07 4.31 4.82 4.49 -


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17. CONCLUSION

The system of rice intensification SRI offers an interesting alternative to improve

rice productivity. It is a system of practices that can bring about improvements in total

factors of productivity of land, capital, water and labour simultaneously.

At first SRI can take 50-100% more labour but over time it may even require less

labour. Once techniques are mastered and confident is gained. Since yields can be two,

three and even four times more than with current practices, the returns to both labour

andto land are much higher, justifying the greater investment of labour. Farmers are

skeptical of SRI's benefit. It seems almost like magic at first, though there are good

scientific reasons to explain each part of the process.


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UNIT IIIMUSHROOM CULTIVATION

(OYSTER)

IN TRIPURA CONDITION


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MUSHROOM CULTIVATION

1. INTRODUCTION

Mushrooms are a group of fleshy, macroscopic fungi or edible fungus. They are

very unlike green plants because they lack chlorophyll and therefore depend on the

performed food for their nutrition. Toadstool is poisonous mushroom that cannot be

eaten.

From the earliest times mushroom have been used for food and have always

been considered a delicacy. Among the many novel sources of protein to bridge the

protein gap, mushrooms offer themselves as potential sources. In the modern world

today mushroom consumption is gaining popularity rapidly because of the growing

consciousness of the food value of this unique item of food. Today the mushroom is no

longer wrapped in the mystery and superstition of the days gone by and through long

and fruitful work of scientists. Down the ages we are now in a position to cultivate

mushroom artificially.

As stated, mushroom is a good source of protein and amino acid. Its protein

content varies between 19 to 40% on dry weight basis. Mushroom protein contains

most of the essential amino acids. Mushrooms are an excellent source of folic acid

which is given when treating various forms of anaemia.


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Mushroom is reported to be excellent source of riboflavin (B2) and nicotinic acid (niacin)

and a good source of pantothenic acid (vit-B complex). It also contains appreciable

amount of thiamine and ascorbic acid.

The presence of different mineral elements like calcium, iron, copper,

phosphorus, increases the food value. The carbohydrate, content and fat content of

edible mushroom is quite low. The absence of strach in mushroom makes it an ideal

food for diabetic patients and for persons not wishing to put weight.

In addition to its food value there is nothing to waste since the entire

mushroom can be consumed.

2. FOOD VALUE OF MUSHROOM

Mushroom provides a rich addition to the diet in the form of protein,

carbohydrates, valuable salts and vitamins. As food the nutritional value of mushroom

lies between meat and vegetable. Investigation indicates that 100-200 gm of

mushrooms (dry wt basis) are required to maintain nutritional balance in a normal

human being weighing 70 kg.

Experiments prove that mushrooms are well suited to subliment diets which lack

protein and rightly been called "VEGETABLE MEAT"

3. TYPES OF MUSHROOM

There are several types of Mushroom, they are :


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1. Button Mushroom (Agaricus sp)

2. Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus sp)

3. Paddy straw Mushroom (Volvariella sp)

4. Dhingri Mushroom (Pleurotus sp)

5. Milky Mushroom (Calocybe sp)

6. Wood ear Mushroom (Auricularia sp)

7. Sitakii Mushroom (Lentinulla sp)

With the success in artificial cultivation of various types of

mushroom especially oyster (Pleurotus sp) and white milky mushroom (calocybe)

indica demand for fresh mushroom more among general message of Tripura, many

growers are growing mushroom in scattered way all over Tripura, collecting their spawn

from State Govt. lab. So it becomes difficult for individual growers to collect spawn from

far distance from their place of cultivation. Moreover, as fresh mushroom is highly

perishable in nature, so its quick marketing and continous supply in their locality or

nearby market will be possible if cultivation is done in cluster (15-20) growers.

Keeping these in view an integrated scheme has been prepared to establish

a low cost spawn production unit in place of cultivation itself ensuring continuous

availability of the spawn to the growers.

4. OBJECTIVE

As there is fairly good demand for fresh mushroom in various parts of the

state, jobs hard to come by the unemployed youths and cultivators of the state may be

encouraged to venture into entrepreneurship by way of mushroom cultivation as well as

spawn production which may emerge as one of the best method of self employment in


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the state. To develop entrepreneurship on production of spawn and cultivation of

mushroom in an integrated way, the scheme has been formulated :-

a. Low cost small spawn production unit (10,000 spawn / annum

b. Annual profit from cultivation of mushroom.

a. LOW COST SMALL SPAWN PRODUCTION UNIT

Materials Required for establishment of low cost lab for 10,000 spawn / annum :

NON - RECURRING METARIALS

Sl no Materials No Rate Approx Cost

1. Pressure cooker (22 lt capacity) 3 3500/- 10,500/-

2. Kerosine stub 3 1200/- 3600/-

3. Aluminium ring (3cm dia x 2cm depth) 1000 5/- 5000/-

4. UV lamp germicidal 1 2000/- 2000/-

5. Spirit lamp 2 50/- 100/-

6. Inoculation needle 2 50/- 100/-

7. Wooden / Steel table with 1 5000/- 5000/-

laminated top & overhead wood with

3sides glass board upto 2/4th

(used as inoculation table)

8. Wooden table with aluminium 1 2500/-2500/-sheet top 8 x 3 x

3ft


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9. Plastic tray (grilled) 8 90/- 720/-

10. Wooden Rag white painted for 6 1000/- 6000/-

Keeping spawn (5shelf)

11. Wooden Rag (3 shelf) white painted 2 750/- 1500/-

for inoculation room

12. Milk bottle 50 5/- 250/-

13. Hand balance weight 1 500/- 500/-

14. Plastic bucket (50 lt) 4 75/- 300/-

15. Plastic bucket (100lt) 2 500/- 100/-

16. Jerry can for storing kerosine 1 300/- 300/-

17. Wooden stole for lab worker 4 300/- 1200/-

18. Lab table laminated with 2 3000/- 6000/-

big drawer (4 fect x 2-5 fect)

19. Construction of 1 inoculation 1 7500/- 7500/-

Chamber with phywood

20. Miscellineous itmes like 3330/-

glass apparatus, beakers etc

Total = 57400/-

Recurring items :- (200gm each packet) for 10,000/annum

Sl Items Quantity Rate(Rs) Cost(Rs)


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1. Paddy grain 1500 kg 8/- 12000/-

2. Calcium carbonate 50kg 80/- 40,000/0

3. Calcium sulphate 15kg 80/- 1200/-

4. Spirit Methylalcohol 10lt 40/- 400/-

5. Savlon (liquid) 10kg 20/- 200/-

6. Non - absorbent cotton 50kg 160/- 800/-

7. Rubber band 10kg 20/- 200/-

8. Marker pen 50 20/- 100/-

9. Kerosine 500lt 10/- 5000/-

10. Phenyl 10lt 80/- 800/-

11. Potassium Permanganate 2kg 150/- 300/-

12. Poly propylene bag 50kg 120/- 600/-

13. Formaline 10lt 100/- 1000/-

14. Miscellineous unseen 60,00/-

Item

Total = 49000/-

Construction of lab house with 30 feet x 20 feet pacca floor half wall, tin roofing with 1

cubical for inoculation = Rs. 119,000/-

b. ANNUAL PROFIT FROM CULTIVATION OF MUSHROOM:


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A small size Mushroom production unit :- 8 crops / yr / 1600 cude / bage each.

I. NON RECURRING EXPENDITURE Cost

i) Bamboo structure for keeping bag or cube 6000/-

ii) Sprayer / bucket / chopper 2000/-

II. RECURRING EXPENDITURE

i) Rented house 600/-

ii) Paddy straw (2.5 tonnes) 5000/-

iii) Spawn (1600 x 8) 12,800/-

iv) Polythene sheet / bag (1600 x 2) 3200/-

v) Chemicals etc 1300/-

Total cost = 36300/-

PRODUCTION

1600 bag x 0.75 kg / bag = 1200 kg

Annual total income (Rs) = 1200 x 100(Rs) / kg

= 1,20,000/-

Net Profit = Rs. 120000 - 36300

= Rs. 83700/year

= Rs. 6975/month approx.

5. WHAT IS SPAWN?


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The Propagating materials used by the mushroom growers for planting beds is

called spawn. The spawn is equivalent to the vegetative seed of higher plant. Quality of

spawn is basic for the successful mushroom cultivation.

6. MEDIA PREPARATION

PDA media preparation with sterilization

INGREDIENTS

Peel potato 200gm

Dextrose - 20 gm

Agar Agar - 20 gm

Distilled water 1lt

PREPARATIONAt first reel the potato and cut it into small pieces, then boil it for 20-25

minutes in water and filter the potato boil water by a piece of cloth. Add dextrose and

agar-agar in it. Stir it continuously and boil it for another 10-15 minutes. Then take the

media in a beaker and then pour 10ml of PDA media in 20-25 cm long test tube. Steal

it with nonabsorbent cotton and sterilize it in autoclave at 15psi at a temperature of

1210 c for 15-20 minutes. In absence of autoclave, pressure cooker can also be used

for sterilization. In pressure cooker it is done for 2 days. First day for 1hour and

Second day again for 2 hours.

After completion of sterilization bring it out and keep at a slanting position,

so that the media inside gets condensed. These condensed media is used for the


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inoculation of the mushroom mycelia. The inoculation is done from the culture with the

help of lode. It is kept in BOD with required temperature From media, the culture is

again inoculated to spawn for making mother spawn

7. STEPS OF SPAWN PRODUCTION

Preparat ion of sp awn

i. Take healthy and clean cereal grains (rice grain)

ii. Boil grains in water for 30 minutes

iii. Remove excess water on sieve

iv. Dry grains in shade under the fan (12-16 hours) .

v. Mix CaCO3

and CaSO4

at a ratio of 3:1

vi. Fill 200 gm treated grains in polypropylene bag (heat resistant)

vii. Plug the bags with the help of PP Neck or aluminium rings with non-

absorbent cotton.

viii. Sterilize the bags in autoclave at 15 psi/sq inch at a temperature of 1210c

for 1.30 to 2 hours.

ix. On next day shake the bags

x. Keep the bags on laminar flow under uv tube for 20 minutes.

. xi. Inoculate the bags by pouring 20 gm mother spawn to each bag.

xii. Incubate the bags in incubation room

xiii. Spawn is ready in 10-20 days.


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8. HYGEING MAINTAINING OF SPAWN PRODUCTION

i. During spawn production hygiene is maintained in the incubation room

by potassium permanganate or by fumigation Formalin + potassium

permanganate.

ii. 2% Formalin is used for sterilization of materials used for mushroom

cultivation.

iii. Washing of feet with potassium permanganate before entering the

cultivation room at door.

iv. If any infection is observed in the incubation room or cultivation, a gap

should be maintained in the following year.

v. Clean the room with savlon or phenol.

9. LIFE CYCLE OF MUSHROOM

Mature Mushroom Cap Gills


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Hyminium

Immature mushroom

button stage immature basidium

(n+n) (karyogamy meiosis)

Mycellium with

button stage

Germination of basidiospore

(n)

Secondary Germ tube

mycellium

Primary mycellium

Clamydosphore

10. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION

Generally in Tripura, Pleurotus Sp is cultivated as it can be grown at 350c.

Mushroom can be cultivated in two ways


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CULTIVATION TECHNIQUE OF OYSTER MUSHROOM IN TRANSPARENT

POLYPROPYLENE BAG

Materials Requ ired

1. Spawn = 1 no

2. Polypropylene bag = 1no

(size = 18 x 22cm)

3. Straw = 1kg

4. Jute sutli = 6"

The fresh well dried golden yellow coloured chopped (5cm) paddy straw

soaked in cool water for 24 hours and subsequently 2 hours in hot water (80 0c). After

soaking in hot water allow excess water to run off. Place 15cm layer of presoaked straw

inside bottom of the poly propylene bag and spread one part of spawn uniformly. Place

another 10cm layer of presoaked straw above the spawn layer and spread another part

of spawn, like this way place rest 3 layers straw and 2 part of spawn. Press the straw

from upper side. Tie the month of P.P. bag by jute sutli or thread and make 3-4 holes

into the P.P. bag. Keep the bag in the dark and shady room and sprinkle water

(250ml/bag) on every alternative day if necessary. In about 15-20 days, the straw will

be covered with white mycellial growth, then open the P.P bag completely. The first

flush of pin heads appears in about 20-25 days of spawning. At this stage sprinkle

water twice daily and harvest when the tiny pin heads grow into full sized mushroom 3

to 4 days later.


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A third harvest is also possible from the same bag if proper care and management

practice are as followed.

An average yield totals to around 600-900gm from each bag.

CULTIVATION TECHNIQUE OF OYSTER MUSHROOM IN WOODEN CUDE

METHOD

Materials Required

1. Wooden would (size 45 x 22cm x 15cm)

2. Polythene sheet (1sq. meter)

3. Nylon rope

4. Fresh golden yellow coloured paddy straw

5. Press wooden board (42 x 20 cm)

Procedure

Select a protected shady place, chop straw into 1" long and dip in cold water for

12-24 hours.


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Drain out excess water and dip in hot water (800c) for 2 hours and drain out

excess water and let it cool.

Place the wooden mould on smooth, clean surface, put nylon rope criss cross

inside the wood.

Place the nylon sheet over the nylon rope.

Divide one bottle / Packet of spawn into 5 parts and six kg. wet straw into

6 parts. Now place one part of straw and broadcast one part of spawn over the straw

layer and then place another layer of straw. Over the spawn layer inside the wooden

mould and press with the press board to make it compact. Continue the placement of

alternate layer of spawn and straw and press with the board. The final layer will be of

straw.

Wrap the material with polythene sheet previously placed and tie with the nylon

rope tightly.

Now take out the straw cube from the wooden mould thus prepared and place

on a rake.

After 10-15 days when the straw is completely covered with white mycelial

growth, remove nylon rope and the polythene sheet carefully and place the

straw cude in a shady place but never under direct sun and water regularly so

as to keep the straw cube always moist (avoid excess watering)


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Depending upon the species of mushroom and ambient temperature, the first

flush of pin head will appear from all sides of the cube in about 3-5 days after

removing the polythene sheet

Sprinkle water 2-3 times a day (but care should be taken so that pin heads are

not damaged.

With 2-3 days of appearance of pin heads the mushroom will be ready for

harvest.

After first harvest sprinkle water regularly to keep the straw cube just moist.

Second flush of rope appears in all out 10-12 days after 1st harvest. A third

harvest is also possible if proper care and management practices are followed.

11. CHEMICAL STERILIZATION OF PADDY STRAW

Ingredients

i. 10 kg paddy straw

ii. 100 lt. water

iii. 12 ml formalin

iv. 5-7-5 mg Bavistin

i. 200 lit capacity water tank or any container (except iron)

METHOD


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First take 10kg chopped (5cm) straw in the container. Four 90 litre water in this

container. Rest 10 lit water has to be divided into two parts, in one part 5 litre water

mixed with 125ml formalin & another part 5 litre water mixed with 5-7.5 gm Bavistin

thoroughly. Pour both the water along with chemicals slowly above the presoaked

straw. Cover the straw with clean polythene sheet for 12-16 hours. After 16 hours allow

excess water to run off and dry the straw for half an hour in sunlight. Divide this soaked

straw in 10 parts, every past will contain 1kg straw. Then cultivate mushroom by using

each past, either in poly propylene bag or wooden cube.

12. NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PLEUROTUS SAJOR CAJU IS GIVEN ON DRY

WEIGHT BASIS

Ascorbic acid - 0.06%

Fat - 2.26%

Protein - 47.93%

Reducing sugar - 0.285%

Starch - 0.120%


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13. COMPOSITION OF CULTIVATION MUSHROOM AND SOME COMMON

VEGETABLES / 100G.

Name calories moisture fat carbohydrate protein%dry wt basis

Beet root 42 87.6 0.1 96 (129)

cabbage 24 92.4 0.2 5.3 18.4

cauliflower 25 91.7 0.2 4.9 28.8

Green peas 98 74.3 0.4 17.7 26.1

Mushroom 16 91.1 0.3 4.4 26.9

Potato 83 73.8 0.1 19.1 7.6

14.DISEASE AND PEST OF MUSHROOM

i) Aspergillus sp.

Symptoms : Powdery mass like charcoal

ii) Penicillicum sp :

Symptoms : Green colour dustry

iii) Rhizopus sp -

Symptoms: Spider net like structure

iv) Coprinus sp -

symptom : The stalk becomes longer than usual and the cap becomes

Black.


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MANAGEMENT

Discard the infected mushroom. It is because mushroom is a highly

perishable, it has to be consumed very soon, therefore it is not wise to

use the pesticides for controlling the diseases.

Pest

1. Sciarids

2. Phorids

3. Cecides

REMEDY : 1ml Endosulfan 35EC or Malathion 50EC 2 ml/It water should be

sprayed. For Rodents zinc phosphate can be used.

15. RECIPIES

Mushroom is a nutriteous, delicious and tasty dish. A number of tasty dishes can

be prepared out of mushroom. We can use mushroom by preparing mushroom snacks,

also by preparing different types of curry.

Some of the mush room s nacks are --

1. Mushroom ommellete

2. Mushroom pakora

3. Mushroom chop

4. Sauted Mushroom


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Some other mu shroom recipies l ike curry, soup are given below

1. Mushroom gravee

2. Mushroom and paneer

3. Mushroom matar masala

4. Palak Mushroom

5. Mushroom polao

6. Mushroom dry fish

7. Mushroom porridge

8. Mushroom soup.


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UNIT - IV

AGRO-BASED INDUSTRY: SEEDPROCESSING & PLANT INDUSTRY

FRUIT PRESERVATION

INDUSTRIES

FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIES


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AGRO-BASED INDUSTRY

As is known, Tripura's economy is predominantly agricultural.

A large section of our tribal people still practice-shifting cultivation. Because of the

influx in population and tremendous pressure on the plain land, there is massive

unemployment in the agricultural sector. To overcome this, modern horticultural

practices-under the Rehabilitation programme for providing productive employment

to the marginal farmers and shifting cultivators-will be continued vigorously. Tripura

grows one of the finest varieties of pineapple, jackfruit, orange, guava etc. Recently,

the tribal population has taken up vegetable cultivation also. The food and fruit

products have a very wide market, provided these are scientifically preserved and

processed. With adequate training programme, with the active assistance of

nutrition experts from the Government of India, food and fruit processing and

ventures will be given all encouragement. The existing training centres will be

strengthened and training facilities at new places will be created. In consultation

with the Agriculture, Horticulture, Fisheries and Forest Departments, Special

projects will be formulated for production of more foodstuff for canning purposes.

Preservation of fruits, fish, bamboo shoots and other fruit products will be taken up

under this programme.


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Raw seed

Inert material common weed seed

Noxious weed seed other crop seed


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Deteriorated seed other variety seed

Damage seed off size seed

Cleaned, graded, treated,

Packed, Tested seed

Fig:-Undesirable materials removed during processing of seed

An important factor to consider is the moisture content of the seed prior to processing.

Seed with moisture content above 15% are subject to excessive damage in the

processing line. In this case natural or artificial drying may be necessary.Physical

characteristics used to separate seed include size, length, weight, shape, surface

texture, colour, affinity for liquids and electrical conductivity.

Seed processing can broadly be divided into various steps As the seed is

received into the processing plant, it goes either directly into the cleaning process or

into storage to await processing. Drying may be necessary. As processing begins, the

first phase (conditioning and pre-cleaning) consists of scalping, debearding, shelling or

any other operation necessary to make the seed flow easily. The second phase

(cleaning and grading) includes the removal of inert materials, weed seed, other crop

seed, and broken seed that are larger or smaller than the crop seed and obtain the seed

mass in the uniform size range of perforations of top and bottom screen.


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After the desired purity is obtained, seed enters the final processing

phase of separation based on specific characteristics like length, weight etc and treating

and packaging. Processed seed is stored for later sale.

Receiving Conditioning & Cleaning Separating

Pre-cleaning & upgrading

Bulk storage Treating & bagging

Storage

Fig: Basic flow & essential steps in see

(b) Advantages of seed processing

Make possible more uniform planting rates by proper sizing

Improve seed marketing by improving seed quality

Prevent spread of weed seed

Prevent crops from disease by applying chemical protectants

Reduces seed losses by drying

Facilitate uniform marketing by providing storage from harvest time until the seed is

needed for planting.


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(c) Objectives

The State Government has accorded high priority to the upliftment of rural

economy through the development of agricultural sector. Seed being vital input to

agriculture, continuous efforts are being made to ensure availability of quality seeds to

farmers in order to sustain the agricultural development.

In the present situation the demand of quality seeds is so high that any

government agency alone cannot meet the demand of quality seeds, which would be

required to fill by the private seed projects.

In view of above, the project has been formulated with the objective to produce

quality seed of paddy through scientific methods and adopting appropriate processingthrough establishment of seed processing plant.

(d) Seed processing unit

i. Cleaning unit

ii. Grading unit

iii. Air separator unit

iv. Bagging unit

v. Electronic balance/weighing/ stitching unit

2. Fruit processing & preservation industries

(a) Introduction: Tripura fruit processing industry is one of the principal small

scale industries that have mushroomed in the northeast Indian state. The climatic

conditions and topographical factors are conducive to the growth of myriads of

horticulturalcrops.

Several sweet and succulent fruits grow aplenty in the trees and bushes of


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the orchards in Tripura. The state is famed for the production of pineapples, particularly

the "Queen" and "Kew" varieties. Oranges, cashew nuts and litchis are also found in

plenitude in the state. The fruits are fresh and juice and devoid of any toxic chemicals.

In order to increase the state's revenue, fruit processing units are being set up. These

units, quite naturally will augment the net production of fruits. Although the industry is

not a very old one, it is rapidly burgeoning into one of the state's major small scale units.

The Government of India's NERAMAC has set up a pineapple juice concentration plant

at Nalkata in North Tripura District. The plant is said to have an estimated capacity of

5760 TPA. The Tripura State Government's venture, TSIC is also venturing into the fruit

processing industry. In fact, TSIC has opened up a fruit canning plant that produces

fresh pineapple juice and other pineapple plants with a net capacity of 400 TPA. Thestate has also embarked into the dry fruit industry and set up units to process cashew

nuts and other dry fruit. In short, fruit processing is one of the major imminent industries

in Tripura that has tremendous potential for growth and development.

The present estimated annual production level of major horticultural crops is as under:

Pineapple 82,000 MT

Litchi 3000 MT

Orange 16,000 MT

Cashew 1,800 MT

Jackfruit 2,20,000 MT

Coconut 1,250 MT


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Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw

ingredients into food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by humans or

animals either in the home or by the food processing industry. Food processing typically

takes clean, harvested crops or butchered animal products and uses these to produce

attractive, marketable and often long shelf-life food products. Similar processes are

used to produce animal feed

Food preservation is the process of treating and handling food to stop or slow

down spoilage (loss of quality, edibility or nutritional value) and thus allow for longer

storage.

Preservation usually involves preventing the growth of bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and

other micro-organisms (although some methods work by introducing benign bacteria, or

fungi to the food), as well as retarding the oxidation of fats which cause rancidity. Food

preservation can also include processes which inhibit visual deterioration that can occur

during food preparation; such as the enzymatic browning reaction in apples after they

are cut.

Many processes designed to preserve food will involve a number of food

preservation methods. Preserving fruit, by turning it into jam, for example, involvesoiling to reduce the fruits moisture content and to illbacteria, yeasts, etc),sugaring

(to prevent their re-growth) and sealing within an airtight jar (to prevent

recontamination). There are many traditional methods of preserving food that limit the

energy inputs and reduce carbon footprint.

Maintaining or creating nutritional value, texture and flavor is an important

aspect of food preservation, although, historically, some methods drastically altered the

character of the food being preserved. In many cases these changes have now come to

be seen as desirable qualities cheese, yoghurt and pickled onions being common

examples.

(b) Method of preservation:


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Heating to kill or denature micro-organisms (e.g., boiling)

Oxidation (e.g., use of sulfur dioxide)

Ozonation(e.g., use of ozone [O3] or ozonated water to kill undesired

microbes)

Toxic inhibition (e.g., smoking, use of carbon dioxide, vinegar, alcohol etc.)

Dehydration (drying)

Osmotic inhibition (e.g., use of syrups)

Low temperature inactivation (e.g., freezing)

Ultra high water pressure e.g. Fresheried a tpe of cold pasteuriation;

intense water pressure kills microbes which cause food deterioration and

affect food safety)

(c) Importance of post harvest management

The importances of post harvest management are as follows:-

To protect the crops from spoilage after harvest.

To add the values to the product for better economic return.

To make the produce available during off seasion.

Even distributions of food among the mankind.

(c) Preparation of Jack fruit oil Pickle:-

Jack fruit contains many vitamins as well as minerals .It gives numerous health

benefits.green jack fruit pickle can be served with rice, chapati and having a good taste

and it can be stored for many days.

Ingredients:

1.green jack fruit-500gm

2.Mustard oil-250ml


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3.Hing-5gm

4.onion-100gm

5.Ginger-50gm

6.Garlic-30gm

7.Cumin powder-30gm

8.Full methi-20gm

9.Mustard seed-100gm

10.Salt as per necessity.

11.Turmeric powder- 10gm

12.Chilli powder-20gm

13.Glacial Acetic Acid-5ml

14.Citric acid-5gm


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Preparation method:

First of all cut jack fruit into small pieces into 5-7cubic cm..This quantity of Jack

fruit dipped into boiling water and keep it for 20-25mins.after boiling the jack fruit

will be kept into cold water.then after boiling the jack fruit shoud be properly

mixed with the spices. With this mixture methi paste and mustard should be

mixed vigorously. And then add 5ml Glacial acetic acid and put it into the

jar..After that we filled up the jar with mustard oil.

(e) Preparation of Green mango Squash:


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Ingredient:-

1.Green mango juice--250ml

2.Sugar-400gm

3.Water-350ml

4.Citric acid-5gm

5.Additive colour as per necessity

6.Essence-2ml

7.kmspreevativeo- 750mg

Procedure:-

1.First of all cut the .mango into small pieces and boil it in to water1.5 lt(if the

weight of mango is 1 kg).


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2.After completion of boiling to separate the juice by separator.

3.Mix water plus sugar plus citric acid and boil it to prepare sugar syrup.

4.Filter the sugar syrup and remove all the dust particles and cool it by

continuous stirring.

5.Now mix 1 liter of sugar syrup ang mango juice together.

6.Allow it to cool down by continuous stirring.

7.Now add KMS as a preservative.

8.Now fill it in bottle and seal it.

CONCLUSION

RAWE programme has been a very good experience for me.I have personally

learned many new indigeneous techniques from the farmers which they adopt from

their own experience.In the Research Station we have seen how the trials are been

done in different patterns. Trials are usually made after the order from RRD

Hyderabad. At present the trials are done on SRI method.

It was a very exciting thing to know about SRI (System of Rice Intensification)

where only a single seedling is planted and about 64-72 tillers develop from it. It was


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hard to believe for everyone although there were many reasons to explain it. The

ultimate result was extremely very BIG.

Agro-based industry was another very interesting topic. Here the seeds are

tested, certified. Different fruits and vegetable are processed and send to the market

for commercial purpose.

Mushroom itself is a very cute thing, so it was very pleasant & interesting

work. We had done the entire process /steps involved in mushroom cultivation right

from media preparation, spawn production to ultimate cultivation of mushroom. This

RAWE Programme was very much helpful. It improves our confidence, sharpens our

skills and makes us aware of the problems in the agricultural field before we serve the

people.

Ambalika Book

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