Amateur Radio Technician Class Element 2 Course Presentation

Amateur Radio Technician ClassElement 2 Course Presentation

• ELEMENT 2 SUBELEMENTS

• T1 - FCC Rules, station license responsibilities• T2 - Control operator duties• T3 - Operating practices• T4 - Radio and electronic fundamentals• T5 - Station se11tup and operation• T6 - Communications modes and methods• T7 - Special operations• T8 - Emergency and Public Service Communications• T9 - Radio waves, propagation, and antennas• T0 - Electrical and RF Safety

Choosing an operating frequency You should listen to determine if the frequency is

busy when selecting a frequency on which to transmit.

• Calling CQ You indicate you are looking for any station with

which to make contact by calling CQ followed by your callsign.

The meaning of the procedural signal "CQ" is: Calling any station.

The brief statement, simply saying your call sign, is often used in place of "CQ" to indicate that you are listening for calls on a repeater. Don’t call CQ on the repeater.

Operating practices T3A


Calling another station

• If you know the station's call sign, say the station's call sign then identify your own station when calling another station on a repeater.

• You should transmit the other station’s callsign followed by your callsign when responding to a call of CQ.

• You should avoid using cute phrases or word combinations to identify your station because they are not easily understood by some operators.

• You should use the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) phonetic alphabet when identifying your station because the words are internationally recognized substitutes for letters.

ITU Phonetic Alphabet

A Alpha H Hotel O Oscar V Victor

B Bravo I India P Papa W Whiskey

C Charlie J Juliet Q Quebec X X-ray

D Delta K Kilo R Romeo Y Yankee

E Echo L Lima S Sierra Z Zulu

F Foxtrot M Mike T Tango

G Golf N November U Uniform


Test transmissions

• An illegal unidentified transmission includes a brief test transmission that does not include any station identification.

• An amateur must properly identify the station when making a transmission to test equipment or antennas.

• Station identification is required at least every ten minutes and at the end of every transmission – even test transmissions

Operating practices T3B

Use of minimum power

• An amateur must use the minimum transmitter power necessary to carry out the desired communication.• This is the rule for:

Repeaters Simplex HF ANYTHING ELSE


Band plans

• A band plan is a voluntary guideline, beyond the divisions established by the FCC for using different operating modes within an amateur band.

• Band Plans are voluntary guidelines for efficient use of the radio spectrum.

• The amateur community developed the band plans used by amateur radio operators.

50.000-50.100: CW - No voice modes allowed per FCC section §97.305

50.060-50.080: CW/Beacon Subband50.100-50.300: Phone (SSB), etc. (no FM voice) 50.100-50.125: DX Window50.300-50.600: All modes (simplex)

50.600-50.800: Digital modes (e.g. Packet) 50.800-51.000: Radio Control (R/C) 51.000-51.100: "Pacific DX window" (SSB/CW) 51.120-51.480: 6 Meter FM Repeater Inputs (areas w/500 KHz split) 51.500-51.600: Simplex FM, 6 channels: 51.500, 51.520, 51.540, 51.560, 51.580, and 51.600 51.620-51.980: 6 Meter FM Repeater Outputs (areas w/500 KHz split) 52.000-52.480: 6 Meter FM Repeater Inputs (for 500 KHz and 1 MHz split) Note: 52.525, 52.400, 52.040, and 52.020 are widely used for

simplex operation with 52.525 being the "national simplex" frequency.

52.500-52.980: 6 Meter FM Repeater Outputs 53.000-53.480: 6 Meter FM Repeater Inputs and Repeater Outputs 53.500-53.980: 6 Meter FM Repeater Outputs

A Band Plan is a voluntary guideline for using different operating modes within an amateur band.


Repeater coordination

• The recognized frequency coordination body is in charge of the repeater frequency band plan in your local area.

• The main purpose of repeater coordination is to reduce interference and promote proper use of spectrum.


Mode restricted sub-bands

• The 6-meter, 2-meter, and 1-1/4-meter bands available to Technician class licensees have mode restricted sub-bands.

The only emission mode that is permitted in the restricted sub-band at 50.0-50.1 MHz is CW.

The only emission mode that is permitted in the restricted sub-band at 144.0-144.1 MHz is CW.

The emission modes that are permitted in the restricted portion of the 1-1/4-meter band are CW and Data.

FCC Rules and Station Licensee Responsibilities T1C

Authorized frequencies (Technician)

• The frequency, 52.525 MHz, is within the 6-meter band.

• The frequency, 146.52 MHz, is within the 2-meter band

• The frequency, 223.50 MHz is within the 1.25 meter band.

• The frequency, 443.350 MHz, is within 70-centimeter band

• The frequency, 1296 MHz, is within the 23 Centimeter band

• A good way to figure this out is 300/f=Band


Accountability

• The transmitting station is accountable if a repeater station inadvertently retransmits communications that violate FCC rules.

Obscene Ciphers not permitted Unidentified communications

Operating practices T3C

Courtesy and respect for others

• The proper way to break into a conversation between two stations that are using the frequency is to say your call sign between their transmissions.

• Proper repeater operating practice:

Monitor before transmitting and keep transmissions short

Identify legally

Use the minimum amount of transmitter power necessary

Operating practices T3C

Courtesy and respect for others (cont)

• Before responding to another stations call, make sure you are operating on a permissible frequency for your license class.

• No frequency will be assigned for the exclusive use of any station and neither has priority. This rule applies when two amateur stations want to use the same frequency.

• If you hear a newly licensed operator that is having trouble with their station you should contact them and offer to help with the problem.

• When circumstances are not specifically covered by FCC rules the general operating standard of good engineering and good amateur practices must be applied to amateur station operation.

Sensitive subject areas• Amateur radio operators should avoid the use of

racial or ethnic slurs when talking to other stations because it is offensive to some people and reflects a poor public image on all amateur radio operators.

• These types of subjects are not prohibited communications while using amateur radio: Political discussions Jokes and stories Religious preferences



Obscene and indecent language

• Indecent and obscene language is prohibited in the Amateur Service.

Because it is offensive to some individuals

Because young children may intercept amateur communications with readily available receiving equipment

Because such language is specifically prohibited by FCC Rules

• There is no official list of prohibited obscene and indecent words that should not be used in amateur radio.

Operating practices T3D

Interference to and from consumer devices

• Receiver front-end overload is the result of interference caused by strong signals from a nearby source.

• The owner of the television receiver is responsible for taking care of the interference if signals from your transmitter are causing front end overload in your neighbor's television receiver.

• A break in (or bad connection to) a cable television transmission line may result in TV interference when the amateur station is transmitting, or interference may occur to the amateur receiver.

• The major cause of telephone interference is the telephone was not equipped with adequate interference protection when manufactured.


Interference to and from consumer devices (cont)

• Receiver front-end overload is the result of interference caused by strong signals from a nearby source.


Intentional and unintentional interference

• You should check your transmitter for off frequency operation or spurious emissions if you receive a report that your transmissions are causing splatter or interference on nearby frequencies.

• The proper course of action if you unintentionally interfere with another station is to properly identify your station and move to a different frequency.


Intentional and unintentional interference (cont)

• You may never deliberately interfere with another station's communications.

• No station has exclusive use of any specific frequency when the FCC has not declared a communication emergency.

• The best way to reduce on the air interference when testing your transmitter is to use a dummy load when testing.


Public relations

• RACES and ARES have in common the fact that both organizations provide communications during emergencies.

• FCC rules apply to your station when using amateur radio at the request of public service officials or at the scene of an emergency.

Amateur Radio Technician ClassElement 2Course Presentation

• ELEMENT 2 SUBELEMENTS

• T1 - FCC Rules, station license responsibilities• T2 - Control operator duties• T3 - Operating practices• T4 - Radio and electronic fundamentals• T5 - Station setup and operation• T6 - Communications modes and methods• T7 - Special operations• T8 - Emergency and Public Service Communications• T9 - Radio waves, propagation, and antennas• T0 - Electrical and RF Safety

Radio and electronic fundamentals T4A

Names of electrical units: DC and AC

• Electrical current is measured in the following units: Amperes

• The name for the flow of electrons in an electric circuit is: Current

• The name for a current that flows only in one direction is: Direct Current (DC)


Names of electrical units: DC and AC

• Electrical Power is measured in the following units: Watt

• The standard unit of frequency is: Hertz

• The basic unit of resistance is: Ohm

• The name for current that reverses direction on a regular basis is: Alternating Current (AC)

Multimeter(s)

Multimeters will measure Voltage, Current and Resistance.

Be sure it is set properly to read what is being measured.

If it is set to the ohms setting and voltage is measured the meter could be damaged!


Conductors and insulators (cont)

• Copper is a good electrical conductor.

• Glass is a good electrical insulator.

• The term used to describe opposition to current flow in ordinary conductors such as wires is: Resistance.


Conductors and insulators

• Conductors Gold Silver Copper Aluminum (Most Metals)

• Insulators Air Rubber Plastic Ceramic


Two types of electricity:• Direct Current - flows in 1 direction

Battery 1.5 to 2.5 volts per cell Car battery nominally 12 volts

Measured strictly by amplitude

• Alternating Current - alternates direction Household Measured by

Average Amplitude Frequency (cycles per second)(Hertz)

Alternating & Direct Current

time

V+

V-

0V

AC

DC


Electrical components• An automobile battery usually supplies

about 12 volts [DC].• An Ammeter is an instrument used to

measure the flow of current in an electrical circuit.

• A Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure Electromotive Force (EMF) between two points such as the poles of a

battery.


Power Supply

Transceiver

Ammeter


Ohmmeter


Power Supply

Transceiver

Voltmeter

Meter Excercise

+

Meter A

Meter BR

What circuit quantity would meter A indicate?

Battery voltage

What circuit quantity would meter B indicate?

The current flowing through the resistor

Radio and electronic fundamentals T4B

Relationship between frequency and wavelength

• Wavelength is the term used for the distance a radio wave travels during one complete cycle.

• The term Frequency describes the number of times that an alternating current flows back and forth per second.

• Hertz is the unit of Frequency

• Sixty (60) hertz (Hz) means 60 cycles per second.

The Relationship of Frequency and Wavelength

The distance a radio wave travels in one cycle is called wavelength.

One Wavelength

time

V+

V-

0V

One Cycle


Relationship between frequency and wavelength

• The wavelength gets shorter as the frequency increases.

• Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by frequency in megahertz.

• A radio wave travels through space at the speed of light.


Identification of bands

• The property of a radio wave often used to identify the different bands amateur radio operators use is the physical length of the wave.

• The frequency range of the 2-meter band in the United States is 144 to 148 MHz.

• The frequency range of the 6-meter band in the United States is 50 to 54 MHz.

• The frequency range of the 70-centimeter band in the United States is 420 to 450 MHz.


Names of frequency ranges, types of waves

• Voice frequencies are sound waves in the range between 300 and 3000 Hertz.

• Electromagnetic waves that oscillate more than 20,000 times per second as they travel through space are generally referred to as Radio waves.

Radio and electronic fundamentals T4C

How radio works: receivers, transmitters, transceivers, amplifiers, power supplies, types of batteries, service life

A Receiver is used to convert radio signals into sounds we can hear.

A Transmitter is used to convert sounds from our voice into radio signals.

A Receiver and Transmitter are two devices combined into one unit in a transceiver.


How radio works: receivers, transmitters, transceivers, amplifiers, power supplies, types of batteries, service life (cont)

A Power Supply is the device used to convert the alternating current from a wall outlet into low-voltage direct current.

An Amplifier is a device used to increase the output of a 10 watt radio to 100 watts.

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A Lithium-ion battery offers the longest life when used with a hand-held radio, when comparing battery types of the same physical size.

The nominal voltage per cell of a fully charged nickel-cadmium battery is 1.2 volts.

A Carbon-zinc battery is not designed to be re-charged.



• In order to keep rechargeable batteries in good condition and ready for emergencies:

They must be inspected for physical damage and replaced if necessary

They should be stored in a cool and dry location They must be given a maintenance recharge at least every 6

months

All of these answers are correct• The best way to get the most amount of energy from

a battery is to draw current from the battery at the slowest rate needed.

Ohms Law

Resistanceto current flow,

OHMS

The flow ofElectrons,AMPERES

Electromotive Force, VOLTS

EI R

Radio and electronic fundamentals T4D

Ohms law relationships

• The formula, Voltage (E) equals current (I) multiplied by resistance (R). E = I*R

• The formula, Current (I) equals voltage (E) divided by resistance (R). I = E/R

• The formula, Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) divided by current (I). R = E/I


Ohms law relationships (cont)

• If I=3 amperes and E=90 volts. R = E/I = R = 90/3= 30

• If E=12 volts and I=1.5 amperes. R = E/I = R = 12/1.5= 8

• If E=120 volts and R=80 ohms. I = E/R = I = 120/80= 1.5


Ohms law relationships (cont)

• If a current of 0.5 amperes flows through a 2 ohm resistor. E=I*R E = 0.5 * 2 = 1 volt

• If a current of 1 ampere flows through a 10 ohm resistor. E=I*R E = 1 * 10 = 10 volts

• If a current of 2 amperes flows through a 10 ohm resistor. E=I*R E = 2 * 10 = 20 volts

• Current through a 100 ohm resistor across 200 volts. I=E/R I = 200/100 = 2 amperes

• Current through a 24 ohm resistor across 240 volts. I=E/R I = 240/24 = 10 amperes

Power

+

Meter A

Meter BR

P = E x I

Power is measured in Watts

Ohms law states E= I x R

Substituting I x R for E in the power equation gives:

P = I x R x I = R x 2 x I = R x I2

So, for this circuit, the power consumed in the resistor can be calculated by multiplying the value of the resistor times the square of the reading of Meter B.

Radio and electronic fundamentals T4E

Power calculations

• The unit used to describe electrical

power is the Watt.

• The formula: Power (P) equals voltage

(E) multiplied by current (I). P = I * E


• Power calculations (cont)

• How much power is represented by a voltage of 13.8 volts DC and a current of 10 amperes. P = I * E P = 10 * 13.8 = 138 watts

• How much power is being used in a circuit when the voltage is 120 volts DC and the current is 2.5 amperes. P = I * E P = 2.5 * 120 = 300 watts


Power calculations (cont)

• You can you determine how many watts are being drawn [consumed] by your transceiver when you are transmitting by measuring the DC voltage at the transceiver and multiplying by the current drawn when you transmit.

• How many amperes is flowing in a circuit when the applied voltage is 120 volts DC and the load is 1200 watts.• I = P/E I = 1200/120 = 10 amperes.

Metric Prefixes

Metric Exponent EnglishTera 1012 TrillionGiga 109 BillionMega 106 Million

Kilo 103 Thousand

Centi 10-2 HundredthMilli 10-3 ThousandthMicro 10-6 MillionthNano 10-9 BillionthPico 10-12 Trillionth

Radio and electronic fundamentals T4

Units, kilo, mega, milli, micro

• One thousand volts is equal to one kilovolt.

• Another way to specify the frequency of a radio signal that is oscillating at 1,500,000 Hertz is 1500 kHz

[or 1.5 megahertz]

• 1500 milliamperes is the same as 1.5 amperes.

• A hand-held transceiver that has an output power of 500 milliwatts can otherwise be said to output 0.5 watts.

• One one-millionth of a volt is equal to one microvolt.

Amateur Radio Technician Class Element 2 Course Presentation

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