Amaninder deep singh

Plant Growth Regulators and Plant Growth Regulators and Their Role in Crop Their Role in Crop

ImprovementImprovement

Submitted to : Dr. K.P. SinghSubmitted to : Dr. K.P. Singh

By: Amaninder Deep Singh A-2013-40-10

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Contents

• Introduction

• Types of hormones

• Phytohormones

• Case studies

• Conclusion

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PLANT GROWTH REGULATORSPLANT GROWTH REGULATORS(PLANT HORMONES)(PLANT HORMONES)

Internal and external signals that regulate plant growth are mediated, at least in part, by plant growth-regulating substances, or hormones (from the Greek word hormaein, meaning "to excite").

Plant hormones differ from animal hormones in that:

No evidence that the fundamental actions of plant and animal hormones are the same.

Unlike animal hormones, plant hormones are not made in tissues specialized for hormone production. (e.g., sex hormones made in the gonads, human growth hormone - pituitary gland)

Unlike animal hormones, plant hormones do not have definite target areas (e.g., auxins can stimulate adventitious root development in a cut shoot, or shoot elongation or apical dominance, or differentiation of vascular tissue, etc.).

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PLANT GROWTH REGULATORSPLANT GROWTH REGULATORS

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ARE NECESSARY FOR, BUT DO NOT CONTROL, MANY ASPECTS OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. - BETTER NAME IS GROWTH REGULATOR.

THE EFFECT ON PLANT PHYSIOLOGY IS DEPENDENT

ON THE AMOUNT OF HORMONE PRESENT AND TISSUE SENSITIVITY TO THE PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR

substances produced in small quantities by a plant, and then transported elsewhere for use

have capacity to stimulate and/or inhibit physiological processes

at least five major plant hormones or plant growth regulators:auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acidauxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acid

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General plant hormonesGeneral plant hormones AuxinsAuxins (cell elongation)

GibberellinsGibberellins (cell elongation + cell division - translated into growth)

CytokininsCytokinins (cell division + inhibits senescence)

Abscisic acidAbscisic acid (abscission of leaves and fruits + dormancy induction of buds andseeds)

EthyleneEthylene (promotes senescence, epinasty, and fruit ripening)

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Plant hormone class, associated function and practical uses

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Some of plant growth regulators used in agriculture

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Source: http://www.nda.agric.za/act36/AR/PGRs.htm

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EARLY EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTROPISM SHOWED EARLY EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTROPISM SHOWED THAT A STIMULUS (LIGHT) RELEASED CHEMICALS THAT A STIMULUS (LIGHT) RELEASED CHEMICALS THAT INFLUENCED GROWTHTHAT INFLUENCED GROWTH

Results on growth of coleoptiles of canary grass and Results on growth of coleoptiles of canary grass and oats suggested that the reception of light in the tip of oats suggested that the reception of light in the tip of the shoot stimulated a bending toward light source.the shoot stimulated a bending toward light source. 10

AuxinAuxin• Auxin increases the plasticity of plant cell walls and is involved in

stem elongation.• Arpad Paál (1919) - Asymmetrical placement of cut tips on

coleoptiles resulted in a bending of the coleoptile away from the side onto which the tips were placed (response mimicked the response seen in phototropism).

• Frits Went (1926) determined auxin enhanced cell elongation.

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Demonstration of transported chemicalDemonstration of transported chemical

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AuxinAuxin

Discovered as substance associated with phototropic response.

Occurs in very low concentrations.Isolated from human urine, (40mg 33

gals-1)In coleoptiles (1g 20,000 tons-1)

Differential response depending on dose.

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AuxinsAuxins

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AuxinAuxin

• Auxin promotes activity of the vascular cambium and vascular tissues.– plays key role in fruit development

• Cell Elongation: Acid growth hypothesisCell Elongation: Acid growth hypothesis– auxin works by causing responsive cells

to actively transport hydrogen ions from the cytoplasm into the cell wall space

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Loosening of cell wallLoosening of cell wall

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Signal-transduction Signal-transduction pathways in plantspathways in plants

Auxin interacts with calcium ions which in turn calmodulin, a protein, which regulates many processes in plants, animals, and microbes. 17

Polar transport of AuxinPolar transport of Auxin

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Auxin

• Synthetic auxins widely used in agriculture and horticulture

prevent leaf abscissionprevent fruit droppromote flowering and fruitingcontrol weeds

Agent Orange - 1:1 ratio of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T used to defoliate trees in Vietnam War.

Dioxin usually contaminates 2,4,5-T, which is linked to miscarriages, birth defects,leukemia, and other types of cancer.

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Additional responses to Additional responses to auxinauxin

parthenocarpyflower initiationsex determinationfruit developmentapical dominancerooting

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Apical Dominance

Lateral branch growth are inhibited near the shoot apex, but less so farther from the tip.

Apical dominance is disrupted in some plants by removing the shoot tip, causing the plant to become bushy.

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7-day-old sunflower seedlings treated with IAA (right). Untreated control (left)7-day-old sunflower seedlings treated with IAA (right). Untreated control (left)

Kurepin.2013. Prairie Soils & Crops Journal. 6: 7-23 22

GibberellinGibberellin

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Discovered in association with In 1930's, Discovered in association with In 1930's, bakanae or foolish seedling disease of bakanae or foolish seedling disease of

rice (rice (Gibberella fujikuroi)Gibberella fujikuroi)• In 1930's, Ewiti Kurosawa and

colleagues were studying plants suffering from bakanae, or "foolish seedling" disease in rice.

• Disease caused by fungus called,

Gibberella fujikuroi, which was stimulating cell elongation and division.

• Compound secreted by fungus could cause bakanae disease in uninfected plants. Kurosawa named this compound gibberellin.

– Gibberella fujikuroi also causes stalk rot in corn, sorghum and other plants.

– Secondary metabolites produced by the fungus include mycotoxins, like fumonisin, which when ingested by horses can cause equine leukoencephalomalacia - necrotic brain or crazy horse or hole in the head disease.

– Fumonisin is considered to be a carcinogen.

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Gibberellins

• Gibberellins are named after the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi which causes rice plants to grow abnormally tall.– synthesized in apical portions of stems

and roots– important effects on stem elongation

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Effects of GibberellinsEffects of Gibberellins

• Cell elongation.• GA induces cellular division and cellular elongation; auxin

induces cellular elongation alone. • GA-stimulated elongation does not involve the cell wall

acidification characteristic of auxin-induced elongation• Breaking of dormancy in buds and seeds.• Seed Germination - Especially in cereal grasses, like

barley. Not necessarily as critical in dicot seeds.

• Promotion of flowering.• Transport is non-polar, bidirectional producing general

responses.

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Gibberellins and Fruit Size

• Fruit Formation - "Thompson Seedless" grapes grown in California are treated with GA to increase size and decrease packing.

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Wild Radish – Rosette & BoltWild Radish – Rosette & Bolt

YEAR ONEYEAR ONE YEAR ONEYEAR ONE

A FLOWERING ANNUALA FLOWERING ANNUAL

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Common Mullen – Rosette & Common Mullen – Rosette & BoltBolt

YEAR ONEYEAR ONE

YEAR TWOYEAR TWO

A FLOWERING BIENNIALA FLOWERING BIENNIAL

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5-day-old seedlings of sunflower treated with GA3 (left). Untreated controls (right)5-day-old seedlings of sunflower treated with GA3 (left). Untreated controls (right)

Kurepin.2013. Prairie Soils & Crops Journal. 6: 7-23 30

Mobilization of reservesMobilization of reserves

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Abscisic acidAbscisic acid

In 1940s, scientists started searching for hormones that would inhibit growth

and development, what Hemberg called dormins.

In the early 1960s, Philip Wareing confirmed that application of a dormin to a

bud would induce dormancy.

F.T. Addicott discovered that this substance stimulated abscission of cotton

fruit. he named this substance abscisin. (Subsequent research showed that

ethylene and not abscisin controls abscission).

Abscisin is made from carotenoids and moves nonpolarly through plant

tissue. 42

Functions of abscisic acidFunctions of abscisic acid

General growth inhibitor.

Causes stomatal closure.

Produced in response to stress.

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Abscisic Acid

• Abscisic acid is produced chiefly in mature green leaves and in fruits.– suppresses bud growth and promotes

leaf senescence– also plays important role in controlling

stomatal opening and closing

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EthyleneEthylene

H H \ / C = C / \ H H

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Discovery of ethyleneDiscovery of ethylene In the 1800s, it was recognized that street lights that burned

gas, could cause neighboring plants to develop short, thick stems and cause the leaves to fall off. In 1901, Dimitry Neljubow identified that a byproduct of gas combustion was ethylene gas and that this gas could affect plant growth.

In R. Gane showed that this same gas was naturally produced by plants and that it caused faster ripening of many fruits.

Synthesis of ethylene is inhibited by carbon dioxide and requires oxygen.

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Functions of ethyleneFunctions of ethylene Gaseous in form and rapidly diffusing.

Gas produced by one plant will affect nearby plants.

Fruit ripening.

Epinasty – downward curvature of leaves.

Encourages senescence and abscission.

Initiation of stem elongation and bud development. Flowering - Ethylene inhibits flowering in most species, but

promotes it in a few plants such as pineapple, bromeliads, and mango.

Sex Expression - Cucumber buds treated with ethylene become carpellate (female) flowers, whereas those treated with gibberellins become staminate (male) flowers.

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Source: http://www.nda.agric.za/act36/AR/PGRs.htm48

Source: http://www.nda.agric.za/act36/AR/PGRs.htm

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Actions of BRs in Regulating Plant Development and Traits of Agronomic Importance in Model Plant Species and Crops

Vriet et al. 2012 The Plant Cell, Vol. 24: 842–85750

Effect of plant Effect of plant growth regulators in growth regulators in

Various CropsVarious Crops

52

Influence of growth promoters on yield and yield attributes of

mungbeanTreatments Plant

Height(cm)

No. of Flowers perplant

No. of pods per

plant

No. of seeds

per Pod

Seed index

(g)

Seed yield

(kg ha-

1)

Putrecine @20 ppm 55.8 64.8 47.6 11.8 4.11 1176

Spermine @20 ppm 55.2 64.3 47.1 11.9 4.12 1154

Spermidine@ 20 ppm

50.4 55.8 38.3 11.7 4.12 986

Cadavarine @20 ppm

50.9 56.0 35.1 11.7 4.12 1001

Salicylic acid @400 ppm

50.9 56.6 35.9 11.7 4.12 993

Water spray 42.3 49.8 27.0 10.9 4.12 859

Control 42.1 49.5 27.0 10.8 4.11 830

Thavaprakash et al. (2006), Tamilnadu Legume Res 29: 18-2453

Effect of GA3 on yield and yield parameters of mungbean

TreatmentsNo. of

Pods perplant

No. of seeds

Per pod

1000seed

wt. (g)

Seedyield

(kg ha-1)

Harvestindex

(%)

Control18.28a

6.47ab 29.10b 476.16c 35.73c

50 ppm 12.78b 6.90ab 31.46a 612.07a 39.43b

100 ppm 18.39a 7.11a 29.69b 574.27b 42.79a

200 ppm 14.33b 5.89b 26.93c 582.37b 36.80c

Hoque and Haque (2002), Pakistan Pak J Bio Sci 5: 281-8354

Effect of IAA on yield of mungbean

TreatmentsNo. of

seeds per pod

Seed yield per plant

(g)

1000 seed weight (g)

Pod length (cm)

Seed yield (t ha-1)

Control 9.01c 5.99ab 26.98 5.48 1.10b

300 ppm 10.40b 6.39ab 28.39 5.53 1.19a

600 ppm 12.45a 6.67a 29.23 5.61 1.20a

900 ppm 7.82d 5.89b 26.16 5.18 1.04b

Newaj et al (2002) Mymensingh, Bangladesh Pak J Biol Sci 5: 897-99 55

Effect of plant growth regulators on yield and yield attributes on soybean

Treatments No. of flowers

per plant

No. ofpods per

plant

No. of seeds per

pod

100-seed weight

(g)

Seed yield (t

ha-1)

Control 52.44a 35.09c 1.86b 14.68b 1.68c

MH @100 ppm

54.33a 41.83b 2.11a 15.13b 2.07a

MH @200 ppm

52.66a 37.41c 2.15a 15.00b 1.94b

GA3 @100 ppm

55.65a 44.38a 2.19a 15.92a 2.25a

GA3 @200 ppm

55.38a 43.16ab 2.13a 15.19b 2.16a

Rahman et al (2004), BangladeshAsian J Pl Sci 3: 602-09

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MH= Maleic hydrazide GA3 = Gibberellic acid

Effect of bioregulators on yield components of soybean (average for

three years)

TreatmentsPods per

plantSeeds per

pod100 seed weight (g)

Seed yield (t ha-1)

Control 242.13 10.43 1.07

SA@50 ppm 52 2.45 11.73 1.51

Ethrel@200 ppm

57 2.52 12.44 1.75

Cycocel@500 ppm

35 2.53 11.28 1.23

Devi et al (2011), Manipur J Agric Sci 3: 134-39

57

Effect of growth regulators on yield and yield attributes of cowpea

Treatments Number of pods per plant

Seeds per pod 1000 seed weight (g)

Seed yield (kg ha-1)

Harvest index (%)

Control 9.62 10.24 114 1216 27.03

KNap@750 ppm 9.71 10.45 115 1232 28.08

KNap@1000 ppm

10.29 10.61 117 1349 30.74

KNap@1250 ppm

11.98 10.61 122 1630 37.32

KNap@1500 ppm

11.11 10.11 119 1395 32.17

KNap@1750 ppm

10.52 10.01 113 1238 28.64

KNap@2000 ppm

10.01 9.92 113 1173 27.00

NAA@10 ppm 9.92 10.24 114 1223 27.87

NAA@30 ppm 10.02 10.35 117 1277 29.20

NAA@50 ppm 11.95 10.60 119 1600 36.28

NAA@70 ppm 8.57 10.21 114 1050 24.01

NAA@90 ppm 5.47 9.50 100 548 12.51

NAA@110 ppm 3.62 7.36 90 250 5.77

Ullah et al (2007), Bangladesh J Bot 36: 27-32

58KNap = potassium naththenate app.

Effect of ethrel on yield and yield parameters of chickpea

Treatments Total biomass

(g m-2)

100 seed weight

(g)

Seed yield

(g m-2 )

Harvest index

(%)

Control 702 12.46 214 30.51

Ethrel @ 250 ppm

732 12.43 217 29.78

Ethrel @ 500 ppm

669 13.21 187 26.49

Ethrel @ 1000 ppm

612 13.56 154 24.24

Applied at 65 DAS

726 11.62 223.5 30.85

Applied at 94 DAS

724 13.36 215.75 29.74

Applied at 125 DAS

586 13.76 139.5 22.67

Saxsena et al (2007), New Delhi Indian J Pl Physiol 12: 162-67 59

Interaction effect of ethrel on yield and yield parameters of

chickpea

Treatments

Total biomass (g m-2 ) Seed yield (g m-2)

Applied at 65 DAS

Applied at 94 DAS

Applied at 125 DAS

Applied at 65 DAS

Applied at 94 DAS

Applied at 125 DAS

Control 695 707 703 212 214 215

Ethrel @ 250 ppm

795 745 657 235 245 171

Ethrel @ 500 ppm

765 743 500 243 218 101

Ethrel @ 1000 ppm

650 700 486 204 186 71

Saxsena et al (2007), New Delhi Indian J Pl Physiol 12: 162-6760

Effect of GA3 on yield and yield contributing characters of soybean

Treatments

Number of

flowers per plant

Number of pods

per plant

Percentage of fruit

set

Number of seeds per pod

100 seed weight (g)

Seed yield (t

ha-1)

Control 16.78c 12.67b 64.06c 26.56c 6.41b 0.67c

100 ppm 35.44a 26.00a 77.64a 54.22a 10.76a 2.34a

200 ppm 29.78b 22.00a 71.33b 46.78a 9.68a 1.83b

Sarkar et al (2002), Bangladesh Pak J Agron 4: 119-2261

Effect of IAA on yield and yield contributing characters of soybean

Treatments

Number of

flowers per plant

Number of pods

per plant

Percentage of fruit

set

Number of

seeds per

pod

100 seed

weight (g)

Seed yield (t

ha-1)

Control 16.78b 12.67b 64.06b 26.56b 6.41b 0.67b

100 ppm 24.67a 19.11a 71.97a 39.67a 8.82a 1.42a

200 ppm 22.00a 16.78ab 69.50a 36.44a 8.94a 1.32a

Sarkar et al (2002), Bangladesh Pak j Agron 4: 119-2262

Effect of gibberellic acid on growth and yield attributes of pea

Treatments No. of

flowers per plant

No. of pods per plant

Seed yield (q ha-1)

Seed index (g)

0 ppm 17.25 17.20 11.77 21.64

10 ppm 17.38 17.33 12.32 21.76

100 ppm 19.41 19.37 13.29 22.51

250 ppm 21.83 21.73 13.79 23.05

500 ppm 17.96 17.92 11.97 22.29

1000 ppm 16.70 16.65 11.78 20.79

Bora and Sarma (2006), Assam Asian J Pl Sci 5:324-3063

Effect of cycocel on growth and yield attributes of pea

Treatments

No. of flowers per plant

No. of pods per plant

Seed yield (q ha-1)

Seed index (g)

0 ppm 17.25 17.20 11.76 21.85

10 ppm 17.33 17.27 12.31 22.06

100 ppm 19.32 19.26 13.19 23.01

250 ppm 22.07 22.02 14.15 23.41

500 ppm 20.94 20.88 12.56 23.14

1000 ppm 17.23 17.11 11.47 22.68

Bora and Sarma (2006), Assam Asian J Pl Sci 5:324-30 64

Yield and yield parameters of blackgram as influenced by PGRs

Treatments Plant heigh

t(cm)

No. ofbranch

es

DMA(g plant-

1)

No. of

Pods

perplan

t

No. of

Seeds per plant

Seed yield (kg ha-

1)

NAA @40 ppm 30.1 2.3 23.9 15.9 7.94 871

Salicylic acid @125 ppm

27.3 2.1 21.6 15.1 7.50 855

Mepiquat chloride @125 ppm

25.4 2.3 19.6 15.7 7.82 869

Brassinolide @0.1 ppm 29.5 2.2 27.9 16.8 8.25 883

Triacontanol @100 ppm 26.8 2.1 22.0 15.0 7.54 859

Water spray 26.2 1.8 18.7 13.7 6.75 833

Control 26.0 1.8 18.0 13.4 6.74 793

Jeyakumar et al (2008), Tamilnadu Legume Res 31: 110-1365

Effect of PGRs on growth and yield parameters of chickpea

Treatments Plant height(cm)

No. ofBranches

No. ofPods per

plant

Pod weight perplant

(g)

Seeds per

pod

100-Seed

weight (g)

Seed yield(q ha-

1)

NAA @ 50 ppm

47.47 26.13 46.76 19.19 1.56 24.48 29.91

Triacontanol @ 1 ml L-1

45.46 24.64 43.34 17.84 1.54 23.57 27.80

Panchagavya (3%)

41.54 22.97 40.29 16.85 1.46 22.14 26.14

Water spray (control)

38.50 21.36 35.26 15.84 1.38 21.32 24.68

Gnyandev (2009), Karnataka Ph D thesis 66

Effect of growth regulators on seed production of persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.)

Growth regulators

Number of heads feet-2 Seed yield (q ha-1 )

Volume weight of seed (g)

1996-97 1997-98 1996-97 1997-98 1996-97 1997-98

MH@ 100 ppm 255 250 5.91 5.86 214 219

MH @ 150 ppm 253 251 5.83 5.88 218 220

MH@ 200 ppm 257 253 5.91 5.89 219 221

GA @20ppm 250 252 5.82 5.39 216 218

GA @30 ppm 263 259 5.96 5.52 223 223

GA @ 40 ppm 273 270 5.97 5.91 226 230

SA @ 200 ppm 259 261 5.93 6.09 220 221

SA @ 400 ppm 265 263 5.96 6.34 222 226

SA @ 600 ppm 278 274 6.28 6.44 228 231

Water spray 237 241 5.23 5.37 211 214

Control 234 237 5.10 5.24 207 211

Kang (1999), Punjab Ph D Thesis 67

Effect of different bioregulators on forage cowpea average over two years

Bioregulators Biological yield (q

ha-1)

Pod yield (q ha-1)

Grain yield (q ha-1 )

Control 83.1d 15.7d 11.6d

Sodium benzoate @ 100 μg ml-1

96.5c 17.3c 13.1c

Sodium benzoate @ 150 μg ml-1

100.3bc 18.1bc 13.8bc

Salicylic acid @ 50 μg ml-1

112.0a 20.8a 15.5a

Salicylic acid @ 100 μg ml-1

105.9ab 19.0b 14.2b

CaCl2 (0.5%) 104.2b 18.5c 13.9bc

CaCl2 (1.0%) 106.0ab 19.4ab 14.7abc

KNO3(1.0%) 103.6bc 19.0b 13.9b

KNO3(2.0%) 107.3 19.6ab 14.8ab

Kumar et al. (2014), Punjab Int J Agric Biol 16: 759-6568

Effect of Succinic acid application on seed yield of Egyptian clover

Treatments Number of effective

heads per m2

Number of seeds per

head

Volume weight of seeds (g)

Seed yield (q

ha-1)

Straw yield (q

ha-1)

500 ppm 400.3 63.9 193.3 7.00 42.3

600 ppm 444.0 68.3 198.0 7.41 43.6

700 ppm 424.4 67.0 195.4 7.05 42.8

Gulati (2005), Punjab M Sc thesis 69

Effect of PGRs on yield and yield parameters of Egyptian clover

Treatments Green fodder yield (t ha-1)

Tillers per plant

Heads per m2

Seeds per head

1000 seed weight (g)

Seed yield (Kg

ha-1)

Harvest index (%)

Control 70.9 6.61 318.5 40.6 2.29 643 16.9

Sodium benzoate @ 100 mg L-1

70.7 7.12 334.1 45.8 2.47 729 17.3

Sodium benzoate @ 150 mg L-1

71.4 7.04 346.3 49.7 2.56 761 18.1

SA @ 50 mg L-1 71.0 7.54 370.3 53.1 2.76 852 18.4

SA @ 100 mg L-1 71.5 7.19 354.6 47.2 2.42 777 18.4

CaCl2 (0.5%) 70.8 6.97 350.5 47.7 2.40 768 18.2

CaCl2 (1.0%) 71.7 7.12 355.4 48.4 2.55 798 18.6

KNO3(1.0%) 70.4 7.01 358.1 48.1 2.47 784 18.3

KNO3(2.0%) 72.0 7.12 364.1 49.7 2.60 819 19.3

NAA @ 25 mg L-1 71.4 7.02 352.6 46.9 2.53 763 18.0

Kumar et al (2014), Punjab Field crop Res 146: 25-3070

Effect of different levels of post-harvest treatments of chemical and plantgrowth regulators on shelf life, days taken to ripening and fruit firmness of

sapota fruits cv. Kalipatti

Effect of different levels of post-harvest treatments of chemical and plantgrowth regulators on shelf life, days taken to ripening and fruit firmness of


Tsomu and Patel 2014 J Food Process Technol 5: 1-3

71

Effect of different levels of post-harvest treatments of chemical and growth regulators on spoilage of


Effect of different levels of post-harvest treatments of chemical and growth regulators on spoilage of


Tsomu and Patel 2014 J Food Process Technol 5: 1-3

72

Effect of plant growth regulators and natural supplements on in vitro morphogenesis of Pogostemon cablin Benth. (A) Initiation of shoots on MS + 0.5 mg L-1 BA. (B) Callus formation on MS + 0.1 mg L-1 BA. (C) Shoot multiplication on MS + 0.5 mg L-1 BA and 0.5 mg L-1 KN. (D) Shoot multiplication on MS + 10% coconut water. € Rooting

of shoots on MS (½) + activated charcoal (100 mg L-1). (F) Directly acclimatized plantlet in the soil. (G) In vitro-grown plant in the field.

Effect of plant growth regulators and natural supplements on in vitro morphogenesis of Pogostemon cablin Benth. (A) Initiation of shoots on MS + 0.5 mg L-1 BA. (B) Callus formation on MS + 0.1 mg L-1 BA. (C) Shoot multiplication on MS + 0.5 mg L-1 BA and 0.5 mg L-1 KN. (D) Shoot multiplication on MS + 10% coconut water. € Rooting

of shoots on MS (½) + activated charcoal (100 mg L-1). (F) Directly acclimatized plantlet in the soil. (G) In vitro-grown plant in the field.

Swamy et al. 2014 J. Crop Sci. Biotech. 17 (2) : 1-7 73

Effect of different cytokinins on shoot proliferation from nodalsegments of patchouli grown on MS medium after 30 days of

culture

Effect of different cytokinins on shoot proliferation from nodalsegments of patchouli grown on MS medium after 30 days of

culture

Swamy et al. 2014 J. Crop Sci. Biotech. 17 (2) : 1-7 74

Effect of 2, 4-D (1mg/L) on anther culture response Effect of 2, 4-D (1mg/L) on anther culture response

Kaushal 2015 Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 8 :15-26 75

76

Effect of picloram(1mg/L) on anther culture response Effect of picloram(1mg/L) on anther culture response

EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON PLANT HEIGHT IN FLORICUTURE CROPS EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON PLANT HEIGHT IN FLORICUTURE CROPS

Anonymous 2012 77

EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH IN THE PRODUCTION OF FLORICUTURE CROPS

Anonymous 2012 78

Influence of plant growth regulators on earliness, sex expression, fruit and seed yield in bitter gourd at different growth stages

Ghani et al. 2013 Pak. j. life soc. Sci.,11(3): 218-224 79

Interactive effect of plant growth regulators and growth stages on male to female flower ratio in bitter gourd

Ghani et al. 2013 Pak. j. life soc. Sci.,11(3): 218-224 80

Plant height, area of the leaves, tiller no and herb yield of C. martinii as affected by foliar spray of GA3

Effect of GA3 on chlorophyll content, protein content, NR, geraniol and geranyl acetate percentage and oil biosynthesis of C. martiniiEffect of GA3 on chlorophyll content, protein content, NR, geraniol and geranyl acetate percentage and oil biosynthesis of C. martinii

Khan et al. 2015 Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 8 : 373-376 81

Analysis of growth and development (plant height, area of the leaves, tiller no and herb yield) of C. martinii in pot by foliar spraying method of IAA

Analysis of growth and development (plant height, area of the leaves, tiller no and herb yield) of C. martinii in pot by foliar spraying method of IAA

Effect of IAA on chlorophyll content, protein content, NR, geraniol, and geranyl percentage and oil biosynthesis of C. martiniiEffect of IAA on chlorophyll content, protein content, NR, geraniol, and geranyl percentage and oil biosynthesis of C. martinii


Effect of kinetin on plant height, area of the leaves, tiller no and herb yield of C. martinii afterEffect of kinetin on plant height, area of the leaves, tiller no and herb yield of C. martinii after

Effect of kinetin on chlorophyll content, protein content, NR, oil content and its major constituents in intact plant of C. martiniiEffect of kinetin on chlorophyll content, protein content, NR, oil content and its major constituents in intact plant of C. martinii


Means comparison for grain weight, SGR, EFP and yield in different concentrations of BAPMeans comparison for grain weight, SGR, EFP and yield in different concentrations of BAP

Alizadeh et al. 2010. African Journal of Agricultural Research 5: 2893-2898

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Effect of paclobutrazol, gibberellic acid and P. fluorescens on total chlorophyll contents (mg/g FW) of Catharanthus roseus on different growth stages

Effect of paclobutrazol, gibberellic acid and P. fluorescens on total chlorophyll contents (mg/g FW) of Catharanthus roseus on different growth stages

Effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ), gibberellic acid (GA) and P. fluorescens (PF) on (a) carotenoid (b) anthocyanin and (c) xanthophyll contents of Catharanthus roseus different growth stages. Bar values are representing the percentage increase or decrease from control values

Effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ), gibberellic acid (GA) and P. fluorescens (PF) on (a) carotenoid (b) anthocyanin and (c) xanthophyll contents of Catharanthus roseus different growth stages. Bar values are representing the percentage increase or decrease from control values

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Effect of plant growth regulators on seedlings growth of different tree species

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EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENT IN COWPEA

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EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTERS ON YIELD OF MULBERRY

Dorigol et al. 1996, Karnatka J. Agric. Science. 10: 332-33890

EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTERS ON CRUDE PROTEIN CONTENT IN MULBERRY LEAVESEFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTERS ON CRUDE PROTEIN CONTENT IN MULBERRY LEAVES

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The effect of various triacontanol concentrations on the chlorophyll content of leaves in the root-inducing phase of balm micropropagation

The effect of various triacontanol concentrations on the chlorophyll content of leaves in the root-inducing phase of balm micropropagation

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Amaninder deep singh

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