amali jantung 3
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Transcript of amali jantung 3
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Lab 3: The Mechanical and
Electrical Activity of the Heart
(A hodgepodge of the heart vol I
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Overview
Review of arteries and veins
Electrical signaling in the heart
Limb leads and the ECG
Mechanics of the heart
Unidirectional Flow
Mechanics of contractionPressure and volume changes in the heart
Arteries and veins in the cat
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Review-Exam in 2 weeks
Where is the Circle of Willis located?
Where is the popileatal artery?
The suprarenal vein collects blood from whichorgan?
The subclavian vein delivers deoxygenated bloodto which vein?
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Overview
Review of arteries and veins
Electrical signaling in the heart
Limb leads and the ECG Mechanics of the heart
Unidirectional Flow
Mechanics of contraction
Pressure and volume changes in the heart Arteries and veins in the cat
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What causes contraction of an
individual muscle fiber?
1. Negativelycharged cell in its
resting state.
2. Ca++ gates are
closed.
Electrical
Impulse
Depolarization
1. Positively charged cell
generates action potential
2. Ca++ gates are opened
providing the Ca++ required for
actin and myosin filaments to
contract.
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SA node (Pacemaker)
Left and Right Atrium
AV node (prevents signals from entering to the
ventricles via another route)
AV bundles (intraventricular septum)
Purkinje fibers
Ventricles
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Electrical Conduction in the
Heart
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Electrocardiogram
Monitors the electrical signals in the heart byapplying electrodes to the skin.
Each pair of electrodes will reveal informationabout the electrical activity of a SPECIFIC part ofthe heart.
3 standard limb leads (bipolar) 3 augmented unipolar limb leads
6 chest leads
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3 Standard Limb Leads
Std I: right arm
left arm +
0 across the heart Std II: right arm
left leg +
45 across the heart
Std III: left arm
left leg +
90 across the heart
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3 Augmented Unipolar Limb
Leads
aVR: left arm& left leg
right arm +
aVL: right arm& left legleft arm +
aVF: right arm& left arm
left foot+
Measure directions between
45 and 90
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6 Chest Leads
Start at the sternum and go under the armpitaround the apex of the heart
3-D view of the heart
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Electrocardiogram
1.P wave: atria contracting
2.Atrial depolarization
complete
3.QRS wave: firing of AVvalve
4.Ventricular depolarization
complete5.T wave: ventricular
repolarization
6. Repolarization of ventricles
1
2
3
4
5
6
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EKGs
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Break for Dynamic Human
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Overview
Review of arteries and veins
Electrical signaling in the heart
Limb leads and the ECG
Mechanics of the heartUnidirectional Flow
Mechanics of contraction
Pressure and volume changes in the heart
Arteries and veins in the cat
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Unidirectional flow
Blood must flow one
direction in the heart.
The directionality is
maintained by the
heart valves.
Bicuspid
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Aortic
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Mechanics of heart contraction
The four chambers act
as 2:2
Both atria contracttogether, both
ventricles contract
together
The contraction iscontrolled by electrical
impulses in the heart.
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Pressure and Volume Changes in
the Heart Pressure (P) and Volume (V) are always moving
towards equilibrium
P1
V1
= P2
V2
In general, if P then V must
If the volume in your atrium is decreasing, how isthe volume in your ventricle changing?
Volume will be increasing
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Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Ventricular filling: blood trickles into the atriumand ventricle from the vena cavas
Atrial Contraction
Isovolumetric Contraction: atria relax and theventricles begin to contract
Ventricular Ejection: Ventricles contract andblood moves into arteries
Isovolumetric Relaxation: Ventricles relax andexpand
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Pressure and Volume Changes in
the Cardiac Cycle
V= volume
PL= Low pressure
PM= Medium pressure
PH= High pressure
Atrium AV
Valve
Ventricle SL
Valve
Artery
Ventricular
Filling PL
V
Loose
PL
V
Closed
PH
V
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Atrium AV
Valve
Ventricle SL Valve Arter
y
Ventricular
Filling
PL
V
Loose PL
V
Closed PH
V
AtrialContraction
PM
V Open PL
V Closed PH
V
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Atrium AV Valve Vent. SL
Valve
Artery
Ventricular
Filling
PL
V
Loose PL
V
Closed PH
V
Atrial Contraction PM
V
Open PL
V
Closed PH
V
Isovolumetric
Ventricular
Contraction
PL
V Closed PM
Vconstant
Closed PH
V
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Atrium AV Valve Vent. SL
Valve
Artery
VentricularFilling
PLV
Loose PLV
Closed PHV
Atrial Contraction PM
V
Open PL
V
Closed PH
V
Isovolumetric
VentricularContraction
PL
V
Closed PM
V constant
Closed PH
V
Ventricular
Ejection
PL
V
Closed PH
V
Open PM
V
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Atriu
m
AV Valve Vent. SL
Valve
Artery
Ventricular
Filling
PL
V
Loose PL
V
Closed PH
V
Atrial Contraction PM
V
Open PL
V
Closed PH
V
Isovolumetric
Ventricular
Contraction
PL
V
Closed PM
V constant
Closed PH
V
Ventricular
Ejection
PL
V
Closed PH
V
Open PM
V
IsovolumetricRelaxation
PLV
Closed PMVconstant
Closed PHV
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Overveiw
Review of arteries and veins
Electrical signaling in the heart
Limb leads and the ECG
Valves of the heart
Unidirectional Flow
Mechanics of contraction
Pressure and volume changes in the heart
Arteries and veins in the cat and the human heart
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Cat Dissection
Artery
Aortic Arch
Left Common Carotoid Descending Aorta
Renal Artery
Superior Mesenteric
Artery
Veins
Branchiocephalic
Subclavian
External Jugular
Inferior Vena Cava
Renal Vein
Great Saphenous
Femoral
Deep Femoral
Popliteal