Alzheimer’s Disease & Dementia Kelsey Conrow Shelby Lubbers Micca Henry Rachel Turley.
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Transcript of Alzheimer’s Disease & Dementia Kelsey Conrow Shelby Lubbers Micca Henry Rachel Turley.
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Alzheimer’s Disease & Dementia
Kelsey ConrowShelby LubbersMicca HenryRachel Turley
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Dementia vs Alzheimer’s Disease
•Dementia is a general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life.
•Alzheimer’s Disease is a type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking, and behavior.
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Alzheimer’s Disease
•The most common form of dementia: 50-80% of dementia cases
•Progressive disease where the symptoms worsen over time
•Symptoms become severe enough to interfere with daily life
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Who gets it?
•Greatest risk factor is age. ▫Majority of people are >65 years
•5% people have early onset Alzheimer’s in their 40’s
•Other risk factors: Family history & Genetics
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Causes of Dementia
•Diseases that affect blood vessels•Nutritional deficiencies•Infections that affect the brain and spinal
cord•Diseases that cause degeneration or loss
of nerve cells in the brain- Alzheimer’s Disease
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Early Stages of AD
•Before symptoms, plaques begin to form in brain areas involved in:▫Learning & memory▫Thinking & planning
•May begin 20 years or more before diagnosis
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Mild to Moderate AD
•Plaques spread to areas involved in:▫Speaking & understanding speech▫Your sense of where your body is in relation
to objects around you•Generally last from 2 to 10 years
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Severe AD
•Most of the cortex is severely damaged•Brain shrinks dramatically due to cell
death•Lose ability to communicate, recognize
family, and care for themselves•May last 1-5 years
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Cortex shrivels upVentricles grow larger (fluid filled spaces)
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eq_Er-tqPsA
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So what is the proposed underlying metabolic cause of
Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease?
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Metabolic
•Aging is the most common risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative disease.
•Oxidative stress may also contribute to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders.
•Oxidative stress may lead to mitochondrial failure and problems with the ETC.
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Proposed protective mechanism
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Conventional Medicines•Cholinesterase inhibitors
▫Prevent breakdown of acetylcholine a key chemical messenger for nerve cells
•Memantine▫Regulates the activity of glutamate▫All these drugs come with side effects such
as headaches, constipation, confusion and dizziness
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Can we stop or delay this terrible
disease with nutrition?
Micronutrients?
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Micronutrients of Interest
•Vitamin D•Ginkgo biloba
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Vitamin D•Fat soluble vitamin•Key micronutrient in calcium absorption
and mineral homeostasis•Vitamin D receptor (VDR) interaction also
involved in modulation of transcription•Growing evidence of VDR activity
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Vitamin D•Provides an antioxidant like protection via
up regulation of glutathione•May protect the structure and integrity of
neurons via detoxification and neurotrophin synthesis
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Ginkgo biloba
•One of the oldest living tree species•Dried leaves used to make plant extract•Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
properties•Protect cell membranes & regulate
neurotransmitter function
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Ginkgo biloba
•Amyloid beta triggers mitochondrial dysfunction through elevation of ROS
•Increased ROS can inhibit protein import & damage cellular structures
•EGb761 has antioxidant effects and targets amyloid beta, thereby reducing ROS and preventing mitochondrial dysfunction
•Amyloid beta is the main component of amyloid plaques found in AD
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Conclusion
•What is the moral of the Alzheimer’s Disease/Dementia Story?
•Age and Genetics are primary contributing factors and largely unalterable
•Key prevention seems to be a well rounded diet, plenty of key micronutrients and antioxidants
•USE YOUR BRAIN!! Learning and staying sharp provide some of the greatest protective action.
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References• (1) Alzheimer’s Association. Accessed on Jan 20, 2013. www.Alz.org • (2) Annweiler, C, Y Rolland, AM Schott, H Blain, B Vellas, FR Herrmann, and O Beauchet. Higher vitamin D
dietary intake is associated with lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a 7-year follow-up. J Gerontol 67(11):1205-1211, 2012.
• (3) Bowden, J. The 150 Healthiest Foods on Earth. Fair Winds Press: Singapore, 2007. pp. 267-287. • (4) Buell, JS and B Dawson-Hughes. Vitamin D and neurocognitive dysfunction: preventing “D”ecline? Mol
Aspects Med 29(6):415-422, 2008.
• (5) Chun, S, J Liu, F Wu, DT Yew. Ginkgo biloba extract in Alzheimer’s disease: from action mechanism to medical practice. J Mol Sci 11(1): 107-123, 2010.
• (6) Mazza, M, A Capuano, P Bria, and S Mazza. Ginkgo biloba and donepezil: a comparison in the treatment of Alzheimer’s dementia in a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. J Neurology 13:981-985, 2006.
• (7) Murray, M and J Pizzorno. Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine. Three Rivers Press: New York, NY, 1998. pp.
221-232. • (8) Schaffer, S, H Asseburg, S Kuntz, WE Muller, and GP Eckert. Effects of polyphenols on brain ageing and
Alzheimer’s disease: focus on mitochondria. Mol Neurobiol 46:161-178, 2012. • (9) van Arnim, CAF, U Gola, and HK Biesalski. More than the sum of its parts? Nutrition in Alzheimer’s disease.
Nutrition 26:694-700, 2010.