Alternative Fuels Studies...1991 Ford Explorer 1993 Ford Festiva 1996 Honda Accord 2000 Toyota Camry...
Transcript of Alternative Fuels Studies...1991 Ford Explorer 1993 Ford Festiva 1996 Honda Accord 2000 Toyota Camry...
Brian Choe, Air Quality Specialist
Technology Advancement Office
Alternative Fuels Studies
February 2, 2011
Background
Increased interest to promote the use of alternative fuels to reduce dependence on foreign oil, greenhouse gases, and air pollution
CA initiatives - AB32, AB1007 and Low Carbon Fuel Standards
Comprehensive studies to understand impact on tailpipe emissions and investigate mitigation measures on NOx
AQMD Funded Alternative
Fuel Testing Projects
AQMD Board approved grants to CE-CERT in December 2007 to study
Biodiesel and renewable diesel blends
Ethanol blends
Natural gas blends (Hot Gas)
CE-CERT Three Project Costs
Biodiesel Ethanol Nat. Gas
Blends Blends Blends
CARB $1,380k - -
CEC - - 350k
Nat Biodiesel Brd 50k - -
AQMD LOE 50k 39k -
AQMD 150k 250k 50k
Total $1,630k $289k $400k
Project 1 – Biodiesel/Renewable
Testing Matrix
1. FTP, Light UDDS, HHDDT Cruise 40 & 50 mph
2. Biodiesel Blends (B5, 20, 50, 100)
3. Renewable Blends (R20, 50, 100)
Units
Tested
Test
Cycles1
Biodiesel
Blends2
(Soy/Animal)
Renewable
Diesel
Blends3
Engine Dyno 2 4 4 3
Chassis Dyno 3 2 4 3
Off-Road Dyno 2 4 3
Project 1 – Biodiesel/Renewable
- cont.
CE-CERT investigated NOx mitigation measures
for biodiesels (e.g., blends, additives, composition,
etc.)
UC Davis to analyze samples for toxics &
potential biological impacts (under separate CARB
contract)
2006 Cummins Dyno Test
NOx - Biodiesel
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
UDDS FTP 40 mph Cruise 50 mph Cruise
NOxEm
ission
s (g/b
hp-hr
)NOx Emissions - Soy Biodiesel
ULSD
B20 - Soy
B50 - Soy
B100 - Soy
B5 - Soy
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
UDDS FTP 50 mph Cruise
NOxEm
ission
s (g/b
hp-hr
)
NOx Emissions - Animal Biodiesel
ULSD
B20 - Animal
B50 - Animal
B100 -Animal
B5 - Animal
2007 MBE 4000 Dyno Test
NOx - Biodiesel
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
UDDS FTP 50 mph Cruise
NOxEm
ission
s (g/b
hp-h
r)
NOx Emissions - Animal Biodiesel
ULSD
B20 - Animal
B50 - Animal
B100 - Animal
B5 - Animal
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
UDDS FTP 50 mph Cruise
NOxEm
ission
s (g/bh
p-hr)
NOx Emissions - Soy Biodiesel
ULSD
B20 - Soy
B50 - Soy
B100 - Soy
B5 - Soy
9
2006 Cummins Dyno Test
PM - Biodiesel
PM Emissions - Soy Biodiesel
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
UDDS FTP 40 mph Cruise 50 mph Cruise
PM Em
ission
s (g/b
hp-hr
)
ULSD
B20 - Soy
B50 - Soy
B100 - Soy
B5 - Soy
PM Emissions - Animal Biodiesel
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
UDDS FTP 50 mph Cruise
PM Em
ission
s (g/b
hp-hr
)
ULSD
B20 - Animal
B50 - Animal
B100 - Animal
B5 - Animal
2006 Cummins Dyno Test
NOx – Renewable Diesel
Project 1 - Biodiesel/Renewable
Engine Dyno Tests Summary
Increasing NOx for the higher biodiesel blends
Decreasing THC, PM and CO with increasing
biodiesel blends
Limited trends for MBE 4000 due to DPF
CO2 increase insignificant (1-5%)
Increasing fuel consumption (1-10%)
NOx and PM reductions with higher blends of
renewable diesel
Biodiesel
NOx Mitigation Strategies
Additives
2-ethyl-hexyl-nitrate (EHN)
1% level in B5, B10, and B20
Di-tert-butyl-peroxide (DTBP)
1% level in B10 and B20
Both studied by NREL and SwRI
Renewable/biodiesel blends
GTL/biodiesel blends
All testing on FTP
NOx Mitigation Dyno Test
2006 Cummins
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
NO
xE
mis
sion
s (g
/bhp
-hr)
NOx Mitigation Dyno Test
Summary
DTBP is more effective than EHN
B20-S 1% DTBP (0.0%)
B10-S 1% DTBP (-1.1%)
Renewable/GTL diesels are also effective
to mitigate NOx impact
CARB80/R13/B3-S/B4-A (-0.3%)
CARB80/GTL15/B5-S (-0.7%)
CARB80/R10/B10-S 0.25% DTBP (-1.3%)
Project 2 -
Ethanol Blends Testing
7 light-duty test vehicles (1 FFV)
2 Tech 3 (1981-1985)
2 Tech 4 (1986-1995)
3 Tech 5 (1996-2010)
5 different ethanol-gasoline blends and/or mixtures
(E5.7, E10, E20, E50, E85)
Chassis dynamometer at CE-CERT (FTP)
Criteria pollutants & certain
toxic species measured – BTEX and carbonyl
groups
Ethanol Tests
NOx Emissions
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1984 Toyota
Pickup
1985 Nissan
Truck
1991 Ford
Explorer
1993 Ford
Festiva
1996 Honda
Accord
2000 Toyota
Camry
2007
Chevrolet
Silverado
NO
x E
mis
sion
s (g
/mi)
CARB 2 CARB 3 E10 E20 E50 E85
Ethanol Tests
NMHC Emissions
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
1984 Toyota
Pickup
1985 Nissan
Truck
1991 Ford
Explorer
1993 Ford
Festiva
1996 Honda
Accord
2000 Toyota
Camry
2007
Chevrolet
Silverado
NM
HC
Em
issi
on
s (g
/m
i) CARB 2 CARB 3 E10 E20 E50 E85
Ethanol Tests
CO2 Emissions
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1984 Toyota
Pickup
1985 Nissan
Truck
1991 Ford
Explorer
1993 Ford
Festiva
1996 Honda
Accord
2000 Toyota
Camry
2007
Chevrolet
Silverado
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
(g/m
i) CARB 2 CARB 3 E10 E20 E50 E85
Ethanol Tests
BTEX Emissions
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
1,3-Butadiene Benzene Toluene m&p-Xylene o-Xylene
g/m
i
CARB 2 CARB 3 E10 E20
Ethanol Tests
Fuel Economy
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1984 Toyota
Pickup
1985 Nissan
Truck
1991 Ford
Explorer
1993 Ford
Festiva
1996 Honda
Accord
2000 Toyota
Camry
2007
Chevrolet
Silverado
Fu
el
Eco
no
my
(m
pg
) CARB 2 CARB 3 E10 E20 E50 E85
Project 2 -
Ethanol Blends Tests Summary
NOx increased with higher ethanol levels
(older models)
NMHC and CO decreased with increasing
ethanol levels (older models)
No significant trends for CO2
Lower toxic aromatics with ethanol blends but
no direct correlations
Decreasing fuel economy with higher ethanol
blends