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![Page 1: Alternate day fasting For weight loss and heart disease risk reduction Krista Varady, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Nutrition University of Illinois, Chicago.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cb55503460f94978d7e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Alternate day fastingFor weight loss and heart disease risk reduction
Krista Varady, Ph.D.Associate Professor of NutritionUniversity of Illinois, Chicago
![Page 2: Alternate day fasting For weight loss and heart disease risk reduction Krista Varady, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Nutrition University of Illinois, Chicago.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cb55503460f94978d7e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
65% of Americans are overweight or obese
![Page 3: Alternate day fasting For weight loss and heart disease risk reduction Krista Varady, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Nutrition University of Illinois, Chicago.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cb55503460f94978d7e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Obesity greatly increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD)
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Losing weight helps to lower the risk of CHD
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Most commonly used weight loss intervention: Calorie restriction (CR)
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What is Calorie restriction (CR)?
![Page 7: Alternate day fasting For weight loss and heart disease risk reduction Krista Varady, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Nutrition University of Illinois, Chicago.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cb55503460f94978d7e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Reducing energy intake
by 15-40% of daily needs
What is Calorie restriction (CR)?
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Calorie restriction is effective for weight loss
Chaston TB & Dixon JB, Int J Obesity. 2008.
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Chaston TB & Dixon JB, Int J Obesity. 2008.
Weight loss 10-15% in 3 months
Calorie restriction is effective for weight loss
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Problem with calorie restriction:Dietary adherence begins to decline after 8
weeks
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How can we increase adherence to calorie
restriction to ensure consistent weight loss?
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Perhaps by only requiring calorie restriction
every other day?
Day of ad libitum feeding Day of 75% restriction
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Feed day Fast dayDay of ad libitum feeding Day of 75% restriction
Alternate day fasting (ADF)
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In this way, the person always gets to look forward
to the day of eating anything they want
Fast day Feed day
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How did the idea of ADF come about?
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Fasting in the absence
of weight loss
How did the idea of ADF come about?
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Fasting in the absence
of weight loss
Effect on cell proliferation rates
of various tissues (Cancer risk)
How did the idea of ADF come about?
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But the mice always lost weight!
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Would we see the same weight loss in humans with ADF?
?
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STUDY 1 – Pilot study
Study objectives
• Is ADF an effective strategy for weight loss?
• What is the effect of this diet on CHD risk parameters?
• What dietary adaptations occur in individuals
undergoing ADF?
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Figure 1.1 Study design: Pilot study
Week 1-2 Week 3-6 Week 7-10
Body weightBody compositionBlood draw
Body weightBody compositionBlood draw
Body weightBody compositionBlood draw
Body weightBody composition
Blood draw
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Table 1.1 Nutrient composition of the fast day meals provided
Varady KA et al, AJCN. 2009.
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Meals were prepared for individual subjects
in a metabolic kitchen
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Table 1.2 Subject characteristics at baseline who completed the study
Varady KA et al, AJCN. 2009.
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Figure 1.2 Body weight changes
Varady KA et al, AJCN. 2009.
-5.6 kg
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Table 1.3 Body composition changes
Bhutani et al, Obesity. 2010.
All values reported as mean SEM.
* Significantly different from baseline (week 3), P < 0.05 (One-factor ANOVA with Bonferroni analysis)
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Is ADF effective for weight loss?
Bhutani et al, Obesity. 2010.
All values reported as mean SEM.
* Significantly different from baseline (week 3), P < 0.05 (One-factor ANOVA with Bonferroni analysis)
Table 1.3 Body composition changes
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Bhutani et al, Obesity. 2010.
All values reported as mean SEM.
* Significantly different from baseline (week 3), P < 0.05 (One-factor ANOVA with Bonferroni analysis)
Table 1.3 Body composition changes
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Is ADF cardio-protective?
What is the effect of ADF on CHD risk
parameters?
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Is ADF cardio-protective?Figure 1.3 LDL cholesterol concentrations
Week 7 Week 10
Feed day Fast day Feed day Fast day
Bhutani et al, Obesity. 2010.
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Figure 1.4 HDL cholesterol concentrations
Bhutani et al, Obesity. 2010.
Week 7 Week 10
Feed day Fast day Feed day Fast day
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Bhutani et al, Obesity. 2010.
Figure 1.5 Triglyceride concentrations
Week 7 Week 10
Feed day Fast day Feed day Fast day
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Figure 1.6 Systolic blood pressure changes
Varady KA et al, AJCN. 2009.
-6 mmHg
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Figure 1.7 Heart rate changes
Varady KA et al, AJCN. 2009.
- 4 beats/min
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• Dietary adherence?
• Amount of food consumed on feed
day?
• Overall energy restriction?
What dietary adaptations occur
in individuals undergoing ADF?
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Adherence to fast day diet assessed using an “Extra food log”
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What dietary adaptations occur with ADF?
Figure 1.8 Adherence to fast day diet
Varady KA et al, AJCN. 2009.
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Figure 1.9 Hyperphagic response on feed day to lack of food on fast day
Klempel MC et al, Nutr J. 2010.
Feed day intake: 110% of needs
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Figure 1.10 Percent energy restriction at each week of the trial
Klempel MC et al, Nutr J. 2010.
37% restriction
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How are hunger and satiety affected?
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Hunger was measured by a validated visual analog scale (VAS)
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Figure 1.11 Hunger during each week of the trial
Klempel MC et al, Nutr J. 2010.
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Figure 1.12 Satiety during each week of the trial
Klempel MC et al, Nutr J. 2010.
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Is ADF potentially effective for weight loss?
YES
![Page 45: Alternate day fasting For weight loss and heart disease risk reduction Krista Varady, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Nutrition University of Illinois, Chicago.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cb55503460f94978d7e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
All previous studies of ADF
used a low-fat background
diet (25% fat)
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All previous studies of ADF
used a low-fat background
diet (25% fat)
But most Americans
consume a diet high in fat
(35-45% fat)
![Page 47: Alternate day fasting For weight loss and heart disease risk reduction Krista Varady, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Nutrition University of Illinois, Chicago.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cb55503460f94978d7e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
All previous studies of ADF
used a low-fat background
diet (25% fat)
But most Americans
consume a diet high in fat
(35-45% fat)
Is ADF still effective with a high-fat background diet?
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STUDY 2 – High fat/low fat study
Study objectives
• Do similar changes in weight occur on an ADF high-fat
diet?
• What is the effect of an ADF high-fat diet on CHD risk?
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Figure 2.1 Study design: High fat study
ADF-LF group
ADF-HF group
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Table 2.1 Nutrient composition of the feed and fast day meals provided
Klempel MC et al, 2012. Metabolism.
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Table 2.2 Subject characteristics at baseline
Klempel MC et al, 2012. Metabolism.
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Figure 2.2 Body weight changes
-5.3 kg LF
-6.5 kg HF
Klempel MC et al, 2012. Metabolism.
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Figure 2.3 Body composition changes
Klempel MC et al, 2012. Metabolism.
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Figure 2.4 Waist circumference changes
-10.1 cm LF
-10.0 cm HF
Klempel MC et al, 2012. Metabolism.
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Figure 2.5 Plasma lipid changes
Klempel MC et al, 2012. Metabolism.
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Are the beneficial effects of ADF
still observed with a high fat background diet?
YES
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STUDY 3 – Exercise study
Study objectives
• Is it possible to exercise on the fast day?
• What are the effects this combination therapy on body
weight?
• What are the effects on CHD risk?
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Figure 3.1 Study design: ADF plus exercise
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Table 3.1 Subject characteristics at baseline
Combination
ADF Exercise Control
n 18 25 24 16
Age (y) 45 5 42 2 42 2 49 2
Body weight (kg)
91 6 94 3 93 2 93 5
BMI (kg/m2) 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1
Waist circum (cm)
92 1 100 2 98 2 99 3
Total-C (mg/dl) 190 10 171 8 181 6 185 7
LDL-C (mg/dl) 125 9 113 8 113 5 119 6
HDL-C (mg/dl) 50 3 49 2 51 2 52 3
TG (mg/dl) 77 7 81 7 74 6 97 13No significant differences between groups (One-way ANOVA)
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Figure 3.2 Percent exercise sessions scheduled by subjects on feed/fast day
Bhutani S et al, 2013. Int J Sports Nutr.
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Figure 3.3 Percent cheating on the fast day in relation to timing of the exercise session
Bhutani S et al, 2013. Int J Sports Nutr.
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Figure 3.4 Changes in body weight and body composition after 12 weeks
Means with different letters significantly different (P < 0.05; One-way ANOVA).
Bhutani S et al, 2013. Obesity.
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Table 3.2 Change in plasma lipids and LDL particle size after 12 weeks
Combination
ADF Exercise Control
Total-C (% change) -2 5 7 4 0 3 1 4
LDL-C (% change) -12 5 -1 6 0 5 3 5
HDL-C (% change) 18 9 a 0 4 b 2 3 b 8 5 b
TG (% change) 13 11 6 6 7 6 5 7
LDL size (Å) 4 1 a 5 1 a 1 1 b 0 1 b
Large LDL (% change)
7 5 15 3 1 5 1 4
Small LDL (% change)
-7 2 a -12 3 a -1 4 b 1 3 bMeans with different letters significantly different for each parameter (P < 0.05; One-way ANOVA).
Bhutani S et al, 2013. Obesity.
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Table 3.2 Change in plasma lipids and LDL particle size after 12 weeks
Combination
ADF Exercise Control
Total-C (% change) -2 5 7 4 0 3 1 4
LDL-C (% change) -12 5 -1 6 0 5 3 5
HDL-C (% change) 18 9 a 0 4 b 2 3 b 8 5 b
TG (% change) 13 11 6 6 7 6 5 7
LDL size (Å) 4 1 a 5 1 a 1 1 b 0 1 b
Large LDL (% change)
7 5 15 3 1 5 1 4
Small LDL (% change)
-7 2 a -12 3 a -1 4 b 1 3 bMeans with different letters significantly different for each parameter (P < 0.05; One-way ANOVA).
Bhutani S et al, 2013. Obesity.
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Weight loss
• ADF produces a 3-7 kg weight loss after 8-12 weeks• ADF-HF diets are just as effective as ADF-LF diets for
weight loss• Adding endurance exercise may enhance weight loss
Body composition
• Fat mass decreased, with potential retention of lean mass
• Waist circumference decreases by 4-10 cm
Summary of findings
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Coronary heart disease risk
• LDL cholesterol reduced by 0-25%
• Triglycerides lowered by 0-30%
• Systolic blood pressure also decreased
• ADF-HF is just as effective as ADF-LF for CHD risk
reduction
• Adding endurance exercise may increase HDL
cholesterol levels
Summary of findings
![Page 67: Alternate day fasting For weight loss and heart disease risk reduction Krista Varady, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Nutrition University of Illinois, Chicago.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cb55503460f94978d7e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Dietary adaptations
• Approximately 110% of energy needs consumed on the
feed day to compensate for the lack of food on the fast
day
• 80-90% of subjects can adhere to ADF short-term
• Hunger decreases after 2 weeks of diet
Summary of findings
![Page 68: Alternate day fasting For weight loss and heart disease risk reduction Krista Varady, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Nutrition University of Illinois, Chicago.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cb55503460f94978d7e/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Goal is to examine whether ADF is effective for weight maintenance,
and to compare ADF to daily calorie restriction
Hypothesized findings (from grant application)
Year-long ADF study currently underway…
![Page 69: Alternate day fasting For weight loss and heart disease risk reduction Krista Varady, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Nutrition University of Illinois, Chicago.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cb55503460f94978d7e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
All of these findings are summarized in the book:
US version
UK version
![Page 70: Alternate day fasting For weight loss and heart disease risk reduction Krista Varady, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Nutrition University of Illinois, Chicago.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cb55503460f94978d7e/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Many thanks to my students… Faculty
• Surabhi Bhutani (PhD Student) Dr. Shane Phillips
• Monica Klempel (PhD Student) Dr. Daniel Corcos
• John Trepanowski (PhD Student) Dr. Carol Braunschweig
• Cynthia Kroeger (PhD Student) Dr. Eric Ravussin
• Kristin Hoddy (PhD Student) Dr. Sally Freels
• Adrienne Barnosky (Postdoc) Dr. Marian Fitzgibbon
Funding
• NIH National Heart Lung and Blood Institute R01HL106228-01• American Heart Association 09SDG2170077 and
12PRE8350000 • International Life Sciences Institute • UIC Chancellor’s Discovery Fund (Co-PI Shane Phillips)
Acknowledgements