Alopecia - scaring & non-scaring type.
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Transcript of Alopecia - scaring & non-scaring type.
Swetha Saravanan
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CONTENT
Hair Science
Classification Of ALOPECIA
Hair Loss: Examination and Investigation
Management
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Hair Science
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Hair is a cutaneous appendage originally
evolved in mammals as a protective coat.
It is simple in structure, but has important
functions in social functioning
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Anatomy
The Anagen hair follicle is divided into:
Upper Segment
1. Infundibulum
2. Isthmus
Lower Segment
1. Stem
2. Bulb
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Adamson’s Fringe Upper part of the bulb.
Keratogenous zone.
Divided into 6 layers:
1. Medulla
2. Cortex
3. Hair cuticle
4. Cuticle of inner sheath
5. Huxley’s layer
6. Henle’s layer
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Follicular Papilla Varies according to the phase of hair cycle.
Composed - specialized fibroblast like cellsembedded in extracellular matrix.
Contains a loop of capillary blood vessels.
Volume of dermal papilla maybe responsible for
controlling size of hair follicle.
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Hair Shaft 3 layers :
MedullaCortexHair Cuticle
Medulla 1. Maybe continuous, interrupted or absent.
2. Contains few layers of rounded cells containing glycogen.
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Cortex1. Forms bulk of the hair shaft.
2. Consists of numerous layers of flattened elongated cells packed together.
Hair Cuticle1. Consists of 5 – 10 layers of flattened cells arranged in
overlapping “roof – tile” pattern.
2. The upwards pointing edges of the hair cuticle interlock with the downwards pointing edges of cuticle of inner sheath.
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Inner Root Sheath1. 3 layers :
Cuticle
Huxley’s layer
Henle’s layer
2. At the Isthmus the IRS disintegrates
Outer Root Sheath1. Most peripheral part of hair follicle.
2. Keratinize at the level of Isthmus.
3. Occasionally “companion layer” maybe seen in
between IRS and ORS.12
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Ultra structure of Hair Hard keratin with high
sulfur content.
High sulfur content -extraordinary tensile strength.
S-H linkages of cysteine atthe bulb are converted toS-S linkages of cysteinehigher up.
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Functions of Hair Tactile perception
Protection of scalp from sunlight and trauma.
Protection of eyes from foreign bodies, sunlight & sweat
Screening nasal passages.
Reduce friction in intertriginous areas.
Disseminates apocrine odor
Contributes to psychological perception of beauty & attractiveness.
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Hair Cycle
Hair growth occurs in 3 stages : Anagen
Catagen
Telogen
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Anagen• Period of active hair growth.
• Duration of this phase resp. forfinal length of the hair.
• Usually lasts for 2 – 6 years. • Duration of Anagen genetically
determined.• About 85% of all hairs are in
this phase at any time.
• Onset of mitotic activity ofepithelial cells in Dermalpapilla.
Lower part of follicle elongates downwards along a preformed dermal tract ( stele ).
Dermal papilla expands .
A network of capillary blood vessels develop around the lengthening follicle.
Epithelial cells in the hair bulb undergo vigorous proliferative activity.
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The melanocytes become active adding colourto this newly forming hair.
Anagen consists of 6 substages.
Differences in the length of hair is due to variable duration of the last stage ( VI ).
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Catagen• Short transition stage that
occurs at the end of the anagen phase.
• Signals the end of active growth of hair.
• Usually lasts about 2 – 3 weeks.
• At the end of Anagen, epithelial
division declines and ceases.
• Proximal end of the hair shaft
keratinizes to form a club
shaped structure.
Lower part of the follicle involutes by
apoptosis.
Basement membrane surrounding the folliclebecomes thickened to form “glassy membrane”.
Base of the follicle along with dermal papillamoves upwards to lie below the level of
Arrector muscle attachment.
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Telogen• Resting phase of the hair
follicle.• Usually lasts for about 3
months.
• About 10 – 15% of all hairs
are in this phase at any time.• Quiscient period between
completion of follicular regression and onset of next anagen phase.
• Resting club hair lies within an epithelial sac.
Types of HAIR
Lanugo (wool like)
Fine, soft, unmedullated, unpigmented
Vellus Hair ( ≤0.03 mm )
Soft, unmedullated, pigmented
Terminal Hair ( ≥0.06 mm )
Coarse, medullated, pigmented
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Modulators of Hair Follicle Cycling in Humans
MODULATOR ACTION
Endogeneous
Androgens Promote miniaturization of follicles & shorten duration of the anagen stage in androgen sensitive areas of scalp;Enlarge follicles in androgen- dependent areas during adolescent
Estrogens Prolong anagen stage;Post partum reduction in estrogen- telogeneffluvium
Growth hormone Acts synergistically with androgen in adolescence
Prolactin Can induce hirsutism
Thyroxine Low levels can cause telogen effluvim;High levels may have similar effect 26
ExogeneousAnabolic Steroids Accelerate androgenetic alopecia :
Aggravate hirsutism
β Adrenergicantagonist
Causes telogen effluvium
Cyclosporin Hypertrichosis
Estrogen Prolong duration of anagen stage
Finasteride Blocks 5 α Reductase type II
Minoxidil Induces and prolongs anagen stage & Vellusterminal hair
OCP Cessation may cause telogen effluvium
Phenytoin Hypertrichosis
Retinoids Premature onset of catagen stage27
Rate of Hair Growth :
Part of the Body Rate of Growth
Scalp 0.45mm/day
Beard 0.35mm/day
Extremities 0.25mm/day
Forehead(vellus hair) 0.03mm/day
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Role of Growth Factors & Cytokines in Hair FollicleDevelopment,Hair growth & Hair Cycle Activity
EGF 1. Delays follicular development2. Retards hair growth & cycling3. Induces follicle regression & catagen–like changes in vitro4. Stimulates elongation of hair.
TGFα 1. Controls normal positional development of hair follicle2. Retards hair growth in vitro in mice
aFGF &
bFGF
1. Responsible for formation & maintenance of perifollicularblood vessel
2. Important for skin appendage morphogenesis & theirformation
FGF4 1. Necessary for follicular development & epithelialregeneration.
FGF5 1. Hair elongation inhibitor2. Initiates transition from anagen to catagen phase 29
VEGF 1. Responsible for maintenance of theperifollicular capillaries in anagen
TGFβ -1,2,3 1. Inhibits follicular development2. Gene over expression in epidermis marked
reduction of epidermal & follicular proliferation& dec. number of follicles in mice
BMP-2, BMP-4 1. Necessary for epithelial regeneration
NBFβ 1. Probably trophic functions for neurons2. Probably responsible for maintenance of
perifollicular nerves in anagen
TNFα 1. Responsible for induction of apoptosis
PDGF-A,B 1. Important in follicular development &vasculogenesis
2. Stimulates hair canal development 30
Classification of ALOPECIA
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Alopecia is defined as “ absence or loss of hair”.
It’s a chronic disorder secondary to the disease of
either the hair follicle, hair shaft or the scalp.
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Pseudoalopecia is defined as acute or chronic breakage
of hair due to congenital or acquired hair shaft
abnormalities secondary to trauma or chemicals.
Its characterized clinically by unintended short hair.
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Noncicatricial AlopeciaPhysiological Alopecia of infants, post-partum alopecia
Alopecia areata
Telogen effluvium
Infections Dermatophytosis, bacterial & spirochaetal infections
Chemicals & drugs: Thallium/Heparin/cancer chemotherapy/hypervitaminosis A
Physical trauma(self induced)
Trichotillomania, scratching of neurodermatitis
Endocrinopathy Hypo/ hyperthyroid, hypo/hyperparathyroid
Physical agents Mild trauma, epilating dose of radiotherapy, short term hair traction
Systemic agents SLE, dermatomyositis, sarcoidosis, Langerhan’s cell histocytosis, amylodosis 34
Cicatricial Alopecia
Physical trauma Long term traction of hair, x-ray overdose burn
Infections BacterialDermatophytosisViral
Chemical injury Caustics
Cutaneous diseases DLE, FLP,pseudopelade
Destructive neoplasms & granulomas
Psychogenic conditions Neurotic excoriating tactile injury to skin
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Miscellaneous
Androgenetic alopecia(common baldness)
Congenital alopecia
Hair shaft abnormalities: monolothix, pili annulati, wooly hair
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Tricotillomania 37
Moth –eaten appearance -Syphilis 38
FLP 39
Folliculitis 40
DLE 41
Alopecia AreataSyn. Pelade, Area Celsi
Chronic inflammatory dermatologic disordercharacterized by patchy loss of hair without
atrophy
Described by Cornelius Celsus (AD 14-37)
Term was coined by Sauvages in 1760
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Etiology Genetic factors(10- 20%), positive family history
Autoimmunity
Stress
Diet
Infectious agent
Vaccination
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Genetic factors
1. MHC class I antigen HLA-DR4, DR 11 & DQ-3
2. DR4 & DR5 – ass. with severe type of AA.
3. TNF alpha has inhibitory effect on hair growth.
4. Chromosome 21
5. Atopy – early age onset & severe AA
Autoimmunity
1. Ass. – thyroid disease, anemia, DM, vitiligo, psoriasis.
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Clinical Features Smooth, localised, well demarcated patches
Progress circumferentially
Single / multiple
Scalp (90%), other regions also involved
Hairs are short, easily extractable broken ones,called “exclamation mark” seen at margins
1 – 5 % of AA AT – 2 yrs
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White hair- relatively spared, hence patients withcanitis, the onset of sudden diffuse A.A may result in hair
‘ going white’ over night.(canites subita)
Shuster described Coudability hairs ( a kink in the
normal looking hairs, 5-10mm above the surface ,whenthe hair is bent inwards).
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Nail changes Nail dystrophy
Pitting
Transverse /longitudinal rows
Beau’s lines
Onychorrhexis-nail plate split
Nail loss total
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Poor prognosis Atopy
Other immune disease
Family H/o AA
Excessive hair loss
Oophiasis pattern
Nail dystrophy
Poor patient compliance
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Investigations Hair – Pull test
Hair pluck test
Dermoscopy
SALT score ( severity of alopecia tool score)
Optical Coherence Tomography- detect hair shaft abnormalities.
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Histopathology Peribulbar and intrabulbar inflammatory infiltrate
concentrated in and around hair bulb giving “swarm
of bees” appearance.
Infiltrate mostly of T lymphocytes and macrophagespresent around the matrix and dermal papilla.
Miniaturization of hair follicles.
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CS’s 1. Hydrocortisone acetate 25mg/mL
2. Triamcinalone acetonide 5-10mg/mL
3. Accelerates regrowth
4. SE- Atrophy,pain,tingling - reversible
Anthralin1. .25%-.1% used
2. SE-irritation, scaling, folliculitis, stains
3. 1st line Rx in children
4. Growth occurs in 3mths
5. Total application time 6mths
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Alopecia totalis treated with topical immunotherapy (2,3-diphenylcyclopropenone): (A) before treatment; (B) unilateral hair regrowth after 15 weeks of unilateral treatment; (C) complete regrowth after 42 subsequent weeks of bilateral treatment. Courtesy of R Happle, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Telogen Effluvium
The term Telogen effluvium –first coined by Kligman.
Telogen hair- resting hairs with non pigmented club tip at
the proximal root & easily plucked from the scalp.
In this cond. premature covertion of anagen hair to
telogen hair takes place resulting in disproportionate
shedding & dec. in the total number of hair.
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EtiologyPhysiologic1. Physiologic effluvium of new born2. Postpartum effluvium3. Early changes of androgenic alopecia4. Injury/ stress5. High or prolonged fever6. Severe infection7. Severe chronic illness8. Severe psychologic stress9. Major sugery10. Hypothyroidism & other endocrinopathies11. Severe dieting or malnutrition
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Drugs and Toxins1. Antikeratinising agent ( etretinate)
2. Anticoagulants ( heparin)
3. Antithyroid agents
4. Alkylating agents
5. Anticonvulsants
6. Hormones
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Diagnosis Detailed patient history (drug/diet)
Complete blood count
TFT
Hair –pull test
Trichogram
ANA titre
Sr. Zinc levels
VDRL
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Treatment Normal hair growth occurs with time & resolution of
underlying causes.
No specific treatment – required
In case of no recovery – minoxidil can provide some benifits
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Androgenetic Alopecia Androgenic alopecia is hereditary thinning of the hair
caused due to androgens in genetically susceptible men
& women.
In males, male pattern hair loss / common baldness.
In females, female pattern hair loss.
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Clinical features MPHL- easily recognized
1. Described – Hamilton & Norwood
2. Thinning of hair in frontal & vertex area with progression of hair loss
3. Marginal parietal & occipital hair – retained.
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FPHL- differ from men.
1) Described by Ludwig
2) Diffuse thinning over the crown with no H/O shedding.
3) In women, hair thinning begins – frontal & later involve the entire scalp sparing the frontal hairline.
4) Hair density remains the same, hair no longer grows into its previous length.
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Hair Loss Severity Classification
For MPHL, Norwood/ Hamilton scale
For FPHL, Ludwig’s classification scale
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Pathology
l
Marked reduction in terminal hairs
Miniaturization of hair follicles increase in secondary
vellus hairs
Mild perifollicular infiltrate mostly lymphohistiocyticwith or without concentric layers of perifollicularcollagen deposition
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Treatment
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Hair Loss: Examination &
Investigation
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Evaluation of Hair lossHistory & Examination1. Time period of hair loss(congenital, acquired)
2. Progression of hair loss
3. Any positive family history
4. H/o G.I dysfunction, thyroid gland dysfunction, psychological disorders
5. H/o any surgical intervention / chronic illness
6. All medications
7. In females, menstrual & obstetric history
8. Hair care routine/ hair products79
Examination
Physical appearance of hair and pattern of hair loss
helps in diagnosis of possible etiology.
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Disease Common pattern seen
Diseases with patterned loss
Androgenic alopecia Women – central thinning
Men -- ‘M’ shaped thinning
Syphilis ‘Moth eaten ‘ appearence
Trichotillomania Bizarre, incomplete thinning ,stubble
Diseases with diffuse hair loss
Alopecia universalis Body & scalp involved
Telogen effluvium alopecia totalis , chemotherapy or drug induced metabolic disorders
Diseases with focal loss
Alopecia areata Patchy hair loss
Tinea capitis Fragile & easily broken hair
Trichotillomania Patchy, incomplete thinning with stubble
Traction alopecia Frontal & temporal loss of hair
Cicatricial alopecia Presence of cellulitis or folliculitis81
Blood Investigations Complete blood count
VDRL
Sr. iron
Sr. ferritin
Total iron binding capacity
TFT
Antinuclear factor –DLE
Hormone levels
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Noninvasive methods
Scalp score
Regional Hair pattern
Contrasting Felt examination
Daily hair Counts
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Scalp Scores Global photographs
Head shots taken at a short distance away from the
patient who is seated in front of a plain cloth.
Standard global views- vertex, midline, frontal, temporal.
GB’s – taken before and at various stages of treatment
Rating – 7 point scale (-3 to +3)
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Macrophotographs – 4 times magnification
_ density & diameter of hair
Area 14mm x 13mm
Density graded 1 to 6
1- fewer than 4 hairs
6- more than 40 hairs
Diameter graded 1 -thin
2 -medium
3 -thick
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Regional Hair pattern
The pattern of hair loss in androgenic alopecia is well defined & distinct in both men and women.
Norwood – Hamilton scale - male
Ludwig scale - female
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Norwood-Hamilton scale of male pattern baldness
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Ludwig scale for Women
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Contrasting Felt Examination AIM- To see the short, miniature hairs of the scalp.
PROCEDURE- An index card with black felt glued on one side and white felt on the opposite side is used.
After parting in the hair, the index card is held along the scalp
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INFERENCE- Fine short
hairs with broken or tapered
distal tips project up along
the edge of the felt.
These miniature hairs –
in the androgen dependent areas both men & women.
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Daily Hair Counts Useful for quantitative assessment of the actual number of
hairs shed daily in patients with complaints of excessive
shedding.
Collect for 14 consecutive days
Average daily loss – 30-70 hairs /day.
If >70 hairs – microscopic examination is done todetect pathology.
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Semi-invasive methods Hair Pull Test
Hair Feathering Test
Trichogram( Hair Pluck Test)
Unit Area Trichogram
Phototrichogram & Videotrichogram
Digital Epiluminescence Microscopy
Global Photographs in Phototrichogram
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Hair Pull Test
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Telogen hair is easily extracted than anagen hair
PROCEDURE-
1. About 60 hairs- pulled with constant traction
2. Bulb of extracted hair is examined
3. The number of telogen hair is counted
4. Expressed as percentage of total hair pulled
Upto 7% - normal
>10% - effluvium
Telogen effluvium, anagen effluvium, loose anagen syndrome,early cases of patterned alopecia and the advancing edge ofalopecia areata
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Other drawbacks of this test: Washing hair before- may give false low No. of telogen hair.
Frequency of telogen shedding varies day to day.
Seasonal variation – inc. spring & autumn.
More in the frontal & vertex region compared to occipitalregion.
Alopecia - failure of development of new anagen hair ratherthan increased telogen hair ratio. In these patients hair pulltest is normal.
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Hair Feathering Test AIM- detecting abnormal hair fragility and hair shaft
breakage.
PROCEDURE-
1. Distal 2 to 3cm – hairs in involved areas – grasped &
pulled.
2. Grasped hair - checked for broken fragments
3. Microscopic examination- confirms nature of hair
shaft defect & type of fracture.
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Trichogram (Hair Pluck Test)
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The plucked hairs are arranged side by side on a glass slide and taped
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Anagen hair - forcibly
plucked terminal anagenhair showing the pigmented
bulb with 'hockey-stick'appearance.
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Telogen hair - forcibly plucked
early telogen hair showing the
hypopigmented, club-shaped
cornified bulb with remanents of the cornifiedepithelial sac.
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Unit Area Trichogram In a marked out area (30mm2) – hair is epilated- the
proportion of various type of hair is counted.
A/T ratio, shaft diameter, density.
Av. diameter – healthy hair- ≥ 80μ𝑚.
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PhototrichogramPhototrichogram was introduced by Saitoh in
1970
Technique that allows in vivo study of physiology of the hair cycle and measurement of various hair
growth variables.
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These variables are:
1. Hair density
2. Hair thickness
3. Hair length
4. Linear growth rate.
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PROCEDURE-
Day 0 t(0) -Clipping the hair short (1mm) in a marked
area.
Photograph is taken- high magnification
Day 2 (t2)
After 48 h, the second photograph was taken
Patient advised – not to wash hair
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INFERENCE-
1. Hair variables at Day 0
Density of hair in the specified area
Length of hairs (L1)
2. Hair variables at Day 2
The length of hairs (L2)
Hair growth in mm/day, (L2-L1)/2
Number of hairs showing hair growth.(Anagen hairs)
Number of hairs not grown. (Telogen hairs)
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Invasive MethodsScalp Biopsy
Indications:
1. Cicatricial alopecia
2. Undiagnosed - non-cicatricial alopecia
Type:
1. Vertical
2. Horizontal
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Terminal anagen hair-showing the IRS and the ORS109
AGA Male scalp- follicular unit with three vellus hairs ; one terminal and one secondary hair germ 110
Vellus hair – IRS thicker than the hair shaft111
Medical Management of
Androgenic Alopecia
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Treatment options for AGA in Men
Hormone modifiers
Androgen blockade
1. 5 α- reductase inhibitors (finasteride)
2. Androgen-receptor inhibitors(Spironolactone,cyproterone acetate)
Estrogen -mediated
1. Hormone replacement
2. Oral contraceptives
Biologic response modifiers
1. Minoxidil
2. Tretinoin 113
Minoxidil
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Main actions of Minoxidil on the hair follicle;
1. Inc. in the proportion of hair - anagen phase by promoting premature entry of the hair follicle into the anagen phase
2. Prolongs the length of anagen phase
3. Dec. the no. of follicles – telogen phase
4. Inc. – hair follicle size & hair diameter
On topical application- rapid inc. of hair growth is seen as soon as
6 to 8 weeks & max. effect at 12 to 16 weeks.
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Adverse Effects
Head ache
Mild irritant dermatitis
Occasional hirsutism
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Finasteride It’s a competent & specific inhibitor – type II 5α-reductase
enzyme.
Prevents testosteroneDHT.
65% bioavaiability.
90% of circulating drug bound to plasma protein.
Crosses the BBB.
Metabolized in liver, via cytochrome P450 enzyme.
Metabolites formed in liver –excreted in faeces with 40%in urine.
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Indications & Dosage Androgenic alopecia with mild to moderate hair loss
of vertex & ant. mid scalp area.
Its effectiveness in bitemporal recession has not been
established.
Recommended dosage- 1mg orally OD daily use ≥3 months.
Withdrawal of drug – revesal effect in 12 months.
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Adverse effectsBreast tenderness & enlargement
Hypersensitivity reactions-
Pruritus, rash, urticaria , swelling of lips &
face, testicular pain.
Erectile dysfunction.
Less libido.
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Contraindications In women- child bearing group & pregnant women
In children
In patients hypersensitive to drug.
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Surgical Treatment Hair transplantation
Hair weaving
Laser hair transplant
Follicular unit transplant
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Reference Text book on Alopecia – Dr Narendra G. Patwardhan
Rook’s text book of dermatology
Review article on Alopecia Areata - IJDVL
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THANKYOU
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