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![Page 1: Almazov Federal Medical Research Centre St.Petеrsburg, Russia Laboratory tests in blood coagulation disorders Vavilova Tatiana September 18, 2014 Moscow.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cda5503460f949a3a10/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Almazov Federal Medical Research Centre
St.Petеrsburg, Russia
Laboratory tests in blood coagulation
disorders
Vavilova Tatiana
September 18, 2014Moscow
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Conflict of interests is absent
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Thrombosis
Disorders of haemostasis
Bleeding
• hereditary• acquired
• hereditary• acquired
DIC
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Basic principle in diagnostic and laboratory assessment of hemostatic disorders
None of the components can be prioritizedClinician + Laboratory staff = correct diagnosis
and benefits for patient
Clinical since
Laboratory testing
Individual and family history of thrombotic disorders
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The investigation of haemostasis disorder requires a stepwise approach
Clinical decision
Clinical signs
Laboratory results
Anamnesis
Anamnesis
Anamnesis
START
Laboratory results
Laboratory results
Clinical signsClinical signs
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Essential aspects of haemostasis diagnosis
1
2
3
4
4
4
plasma factors testing
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THROMBUS
Vessel wall Blood cells
Plasma factors
Coagulation Platelets and vessel wall –
microcirculation, small arteries Plasma factors – veins, cardiac
chambers
Anticoagulation Fibrinolysis
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ADP, serotonin
Adgisive proteins
Mitogenic Factors
Coagulation factors
Proteases inhibitors
β -ThromboglobulinPlatelets factor 4…CD62P (P-selectin),CD40L – exposureon membrane
Jurk K,Kehrel BE // Sem Thromb Hemost (2005) 31, 381-92
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Platelet receptors
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Preanalitical phase
➙ The blood sampling procedure for haemostasis test is a critical issue.
➙ Avoiding the prolonged application of a venous cuff can reduce artifacts.
➙ Blood should be taken carefully into the tube without foam formation and the tube should be gently inverted in order to completely mix the citrate and blood.
➙ Samples in whith incorrect ratio of blood to anticoagulant or samples with visible fibrin strands, must not be used for testing because the results will be inaccurate.
➙ The main screening tests need to be performed within 4 hours
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Platelet Function Assays
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Functional assays for platelet activation1. Measuring of spontaneous and induced
aggregation of platelets in PRP and whole blood (light transmission, impedance measuring)
2. Laser light dispersion for aggregate size measuring in PRP
3. Flow cytometry (microparticles, platelet/leucocytes aggregates, platelet receptors …)
4. …
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Platelet aggregation testing assess: platelet adherence (Glycoprotein Ibα [GPIbα]), secretion (secondary wave or increase in
luminescence), aggregation (αIIb/β3).
Agonists are used to activate platelets via various receptors:
1. arachidonic acid (thromboxane pathway via cyclooxygenase),
2. collagen (integrin α2/β1 & GPVI receptors),3. ADP (receptors P2Y1 & P2Y12), 4. epinephrine (α2-adrenergic receptor),5. ristocetin (GPIbα), 6. thrombin receptor activating peptide (Protease
Activated Receptor [PAR] 1 and 4).
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Standard aggregometry (light transmittion)
Born GVR. Nature 1962; 194: 927-929Born GVR, Cross MJ. J Physiol 1963; 168:178-195
Manufacturers• Bio/Data, www.biodatacorp.com (PAP-4)• Chrono-Log, www.chronolog.com• Labitec, Germany www.labitec.de (APACT)• Solar (Belorussia)
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Understanding Platelet Aggregation Tracings
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Standard aggregation
Application:• Detection of platelet function defects
• Visualization of aggregation• Widely available• Use >40 years• Very flexible• Continuous monitoring “Real Time”
• Poor reproducibility• Need of platelet preparation• Sample processing time • Low sensitivity
+ -
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5.0
2.5
1.25
0.630.31
0.16
5.0
2.5
1.250.63
0.31
0.16
LT R
Laser aggregometry (light dispersion)
Manufacturers: Biola, Moscow, Russia; www.biola.ru (LA220, LA230);
Kowa, Japan; www.kowa.com (AG-10, PA-20, PA-100, PA-200)
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Miyamoto S et al. Thromb Haemost 2003; 89(4):681
Microaggregates and coronary risk factors
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Plasma markers of the platelet activity
Requirements:
Must be specific marker for platelets
Must be resistant to preanalitical artifacts
Must be measured by cheap, reproducible, simple laboratory technique, such as ELISA, immunoturbidimetry or latex aggregation
Possible candidate molecules:
Substances that are released from the platelet granules
Platelet factor 4 (PF 4) β-thromboglobulin
(β-TG)
Molecules that are exposed on, and then shed from, platelet surface
P-selectin
Secreted metabolic molecules Thromboxane B2
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Laboratory tests for plasma coagulation, anticoagulation and
fibrinolisis
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• Haemostasis starts with the interaction between TF and FVIIa on the surface of subendothelial cells.
• The small amount of thrombin generated during the amplification phase activates platelets locally on whose surface the subsequent reactions take place.
• The resulting thrombin burst results in the formation of a stable clot.
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TF : VIIa IX
XIXa
Xa : Va
IIa (thrombin)
Activated platelet
vWF : VIII → VIIIa V → Va
X
Xа
VIIIa : IXa Va : Xa
II
IIa (thrombin)
FIBRINOGEN FIBRIN
I phase
II phase
III phase
VII
XI
XIainitiation
amplificationpropagation
thrombin and fibrin generation
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Laboratory coagulation tests and technological principals
1. Clotting tests
2. Tests with chromogenic substrates
3. Immunochemical methods
4. Methods of molecular genetics
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The most common coagulometers principles – clotting assays
mechanical (steel ball) turbidimetry nephelometry/light scatter
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Immunochemical methods
The principle of latex enhanced immunoassays (antibody coated particles agglutinate in the presence of antigen)
The principle of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
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Screening assays for either the extrinsic or
intrinsic pathways are performed in order to get
an overview of the enzymes, cofactors and
inhibitors, involved in the respective pathway,
and also of the influence of drugs or
autoantibodies.
The most important tests are prothrombin time
and aPTT.
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TF : VIIa IX
XIXa
Xa : Va
IIa (thrombin)
Activated Platelet
vWF : VIII → VIIIa V → Va
X
Xа
VIIIa : IXa Va : Xa
II
IIa (thrombin)
FIBRINOGEN FIBRIN
VII
XI
XIa
aPTT
PT
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The principle of the aPTT
red arrows = positive feedback reactions
A prolonged APTT is found in:Contact activator,
phospholipids
Ca Cl2
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Heparin sensitivity of different aPTT reagents
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Prolongation of aPTTNumber of platelets, PT and
BT are normal
1:1 mixt testaPTT
Correctionof aPTT
No correction of aPTT
Factors deficiency Presence of inhibitors
FVIII, FIXactivity
FVIII, FIXactivity
FXII, HMWK, PKactivity
FXII, HMWK, PKactivity
HemophiliaHemophilia FXII, HHMWK, PKInsuff. (clinical
negative)
FXII, HHMWK, PKInsuff. (clinical
negative)
Detection ofinhibitors to FVIII
Detection ofinhibitors to FVIII LА/аPLLА/аPL
Inhibitor-dependentHemophilia
Inhibitor-dependentHemophilia
APS (if clinical andlab. symtoms are
combined)
APS (if clinical andlab. symtoms are
combined)
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The prothrombin time assay
An abnormal PT is found in:
red arrows = feedback reactions
Tissue factor, Ca2+
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The calibration of thromboplastins in the ISI/INR system
The INR is calculated
according to:
INR = PRISI
WHO reference thromboplastin(human, rabbit or bovine)
House standard thromboplastin
ISI determination(instrument specific)
Thromboplastin lotWith assigned ISI value
Determination of • Normal PT• Clotting time patient
Calculation of INR
Ind
ust
ryL
abo
rato
ry
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“International Normalised Ratios (INR) –the First 20 Years”(Poller L.// JTH 2004; 2: 849-60)
Benefits
Decreasing of oral anticoagulants dosage
Decreasing the number of bleeding complications
Improvement anticoagulant therapy - became more safety
Possibility to computerize the management of anticoagulation
Problems
Heterogeneous of referent materials
Complexity of calibration process
ISI determination must be instrument specific
Differences in INR level because of reagent and equipment distinction
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Vitamin K reductase(VKORC)
Vit K-OHVit K=O
CarboxylaseCarboxylase
Warfarin
PIVKA – proteins
induced in vitamin K absence
(Factors II, VII, IX, X;protein С, protein S)
Proenzymes (Factors II, VII, IX, X;
PС, PS)
ActiveFactors
(II, VII, IX, X;PС, PS)
CYP2C9
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Example of a patient with high anticoagulation variability
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Markers of coagulation activity(hyprcoagulability, prethrombotic stage)
Prothrombin Fragment 1+2 Thrombin-antithrombin
complex
Fibrinopeptide A Fibrin-monomer Fibrinogen/fibrin
degradation products D-dimer
Research Clinical practice
Fibrinogen vWF FVIII activity D=dimer
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Step 1
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to soluble fibrin by cleaving the fibrinopeptides A and B. The fibrin monomers polymerize spontaneously
Step 2
Active factor XIII links tow D-domains and generates a solid fibrin clot. A new plasmin-resistant antigenic determinant (D-Dimer) is produced
Step 3
Thus, fragments containing D-Dimer are formed during the degradation of the fibrin clot by plasmin
An Introduction to D-Dimer A summary of the D-Dimer origin
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47
Se
nsiti
vity
, %(f
requ
enc
y o
f tru
e p
osi
tive
res
ults
)
1 – specificity, %(frequency of false positive results)
Specificity, %
1 -
se
nsiti
vity
, %
Optimal division point cut-off
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VTE suspition
Unlikely Likely or non indicated DD
DD
DD < 500 mg/l DD > 500 mg/l
STOP
CT Scan
PE? DVT?
US
STOP
« Neg » Prox TVP
Clinical probabilityccording Well’s score
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1st Trim: 139 – 602 mg/l2nd Trim: 291 – 12313th Trim: 489 - 2217
Delivery, D1-3: > 500Utility first 4W PP?
DD: pregnancy?
Chabloz, 2001 – Epinay 2005
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 5 10 15
Time (min)
Th
rom
bin
Lag-time
Time to peak
Area Under the Curve'ETP'
Peak Hight
Source: Lawrie A, Béguin S, Hemker H C, Henckel T, Samama M, Woodhams B, Gray E. (2005). The Thrombin Generation Test (TGT); On behalf of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) Scientific and Standardization Committee (SSC) Working Group on Thrombin Generation Tests. www.blood.com 2005.
Thrombin Generation Test
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Calibrated Automated Thrombogram - CAT
Invented by the “father” of TGT - Prof C Hemker (Maastricht)
The “Gold Standard Method” A Fluorogenic Assay Uses PPP or PRP
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Thank you for your attention!