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BACK TO THE MISSION: UNIVERSITIES, SCHOLARSHIP, OPEN
ACCESS AND THE WEB
Alma SwanKey Perspectives Ltd
Truro, UK
Australian National University, Canberra, 22 September 2008
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Daniel Coit Gilman First President, Johns Hopkins University
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University of EdinburghStrategic Plan 2008-12
“The mission of our University is the creation, dissemination and curation of knowledge.”
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New research approaches…
e-research (‘big’ research) Collaborative ‘small’ research Interdisciplinary research Web 2.0 outputs becoming a norm Early examples of institutional
solutions
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Research data
Increasingly the primary output in some fields
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‘Atkins’ Report
“The primary access to the latest findings in a growing number of fields is through the Web, then through classic preprints and conferences, and lastly through refereed archival papers”.
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Research data Increasingly the primary output in some
fields New technologies to exploit them Data have yet to be properly recognised –
and rewarded - as a research output Are increasingly the focus of attention
from research funders
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New technologies
Data-mining Text-mining Web 2.0 approaches ‘Wikiomics’ All these, along with the new research
approaches… … depend upon Open Access
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Open Access Immediate Free (to use) Free (of restrictions) Access to the peer-reviewed literature (and
data) Not vanity publishing Not a ‘stick anything up on the Web’ approach Moving scholarly communication into the Web
Age
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‘Old’ paradigms Use of proxy measures of an individual
scholar’s merit is as good as it gets It is a publisher’s responsibility to
disseminate your work The printed article is the format of record Other scholars have time to search out
what you want them to know
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‘New’ paradigms Rich, deep, broad metrics for measuring
the contributions of individual scholars Effective dissemination of your work is
now in your hands (at last) The digital format will be the format of
record (is already in many areas) Unless you routinely publish in Nature or
Science, ‘getting it out there’ is up to you
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Open Access: Who benefits?
Benefits to researchers themselves Benefits to institutions Benefits to national economies Benefits to science and society
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Open Access: how
Open Access repositories Open Access journals
(www.doaj.org)
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Open Access repositories
Digital collections Most usually institutional Sometimes centralised (subject-based) Interoperable Form a network across the world Create a global database of openly-
accessible research
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Where they are
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Growth in numbers
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What they contain
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Why an institutional repository?
Fulfils a university’s mission to engender, encourage and disseminate scholarly work
Complete record of its intellectual effort Permanent record of all digital output Research management tool ‘Marketing’ tool for universities
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An institutional repository provides researchers with:
The means to disseminate their work, free, to the world
Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress)
A location for supporting data that are unpublished
One-input-many outputs (CVs, publications) Tool for research assessment
Key Perspectives Ltd
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But they have problems
Collecting content ‘Self-archiving’ rate is still low Overall Open Access rate is 15-20%
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ANU’s Demetrius
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Impact
Bi-ol-ogy
Eco-nomi
cs
Polit-ical Sci
Health Sci
Business
Edu-catio
n
Manage
ment
Law
Psy-chology
Soci-ology
Physics
0 50 100 150 200 250% increase in citations with Open Access
Range = 36%-200%(Data: Stevan Harnad and co-workers)
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An author’s own testimony on open access visibility
“Self-archiving in the PhilSci Archive has given instant world-wide visibility to my work. As a result, I was invited to submit papers to refereed international conferences/journals and got them accepted.”
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Lost citations, lost impact
Only around 15% of research is Open Access….
….. so 85% is not ….. and we are therefore losing 85% of
the 50% increase in citations (conservative end of the range) that Open Access brings (= 42.5%)
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What this means to ANU
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What this means to ANU 2006: 2406 articles Number of citations: 11234 If all had been OA, there would have been
(42.5% more) 16009 citations Since ANU invests AUS $700m in research per
annum … …this means lost impact worth AUS $297m to
the university in one year
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The U.Southampton conundrum
The G-Factor (universitymetrics.com)
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Key Perspectives Ltd
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N.B. Downloads are a good predictor of eventual citations
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Download timelines
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Referrers
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Links and search terms
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Every e-print tells a story…
NIPS Workshop linked to this eprint from its web
page
Link placed on “Canonical correlation” page in Wikipedia
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Finally, a solution to the researcher’s dilemma…
“My enemy isn’t plagiarism, it’s obscurity”
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Thank you for listening
www.keyperspectives.co.uk
www.keyperspectives.comKey Perspectives Ltd
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Publisher permissions (by journal)
62%
29%9%
'Green' (postprints) 'Pale green' (preprints)'Grey' (neither yet)
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How to increase repository content
Harvest from websites Harvest from OA journals Provide mediated deposit Put a policy in place that
ensures the creators do most of the work
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Author readiness to comply with a mandate
Would comply
will-ingly
Would comply reluc-tantly
Would not
comply
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90% respondents
81%
14%
5%
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Jun-
04
Jul-0
4
Aug-0
4
Sep-0
4
Oct
-04
Nov-0
4
Dec-0
4
Jan-
05
Feb-0
5
Mar
-05
Apr-0
5
May
-05
Jun-
050
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
University of Tasmania
Actual documents
DEST publications
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03/0
2/20
04
03/0
4/20
04
03/0
6/20
04
03/0
8/20
04
03/1
0/20
04
03/1
2/20
04
03/0
2/20
05
03/0
4/20
05
03/0
6/20
05
03/0
8/20
05
03/1
0/20
05
0500
1000150020002500300035004000
University of Queensland
Documents
DEST
Key Perspectives Ltd(Australian data courtesy of Arthur Sale)
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Key Perspectives Ltd(Australian data courtesy of Arthur Sale)
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Why we should have Open Access Greater impact from scholarly endeavour More rapid and more efficient progress of
scholarship Better assessment, better monitoring,
better management of research Better information-creation using new
and better technologies
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Science is faster, more efficient
Time taken to be cited for articles in the arXiv database
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
-6 0 6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
Months from publication
Nu
mb
er
of
art
icle
s
1991199319951997199920012003
Source: Tim Brody Key Perspectives Ltd
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New knowledge from old
Data-mining Text-mining (semantic Web
technologies) UK: National Text-Mining Centre Example: NeuroCommons
(www.neurocommons.org)
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Measure and manage research
Who is producing what? Where is it being published / performed /
installed? How much impact it is having (by measuring
citations and other things)? Where are the upward trends? Where are the downward trends? How much collaborative work is being done? With which other institutions?
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If all institutions had such databases in their repositories
Comparative analysis: “How does our impact compare to theirs?” “Is our engineering department getting more
impact?” “What results are we getting for the money
we put into our physics department?” “Are our strongest research departments
attracting the right numbers of students?”
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Why Open Access
Greater impact from scientific endeavour More rapid and more efficient progress of
science Novel information-creation using new and
advanced technologies Better assessment, better monitoring,
better management of science
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Making the business case
Increasing the visibility and dissemination of research outputs
Providing free access to research outputs Collecting research outputs Preserving and curating research outputs Research assessment and monitoring A place for teaching and learning materials The development of special (or legacy) digital
collections
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Measure, assess, and manage science more effectively
Assess individuals, groups, institutions, on the basis of citation analysis
Track downloads, citations, patterns of use Trends: predict impact, usage, direction of
science and influences on research Latency, longevity Hubs, authorities ‘Silent’ ‘unsung’ authors identified by semantic
analysis
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An institutional repository provides researchers with:
The means to disseminate their work, free, to the world
Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress)
A location for supporting data that are unpublished
One-input-many outputs (CVs, publications) Tool for research assessment e-science domain A personal marketing tool
Key Perspectives Ltd
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Thank you for listening
www.keyperspectives.co.uk
www.keyperspectives.comKey Perspectives Ltd