Allocation of Runway Construction Costs to Users...
Transcript of Allocation of Runway Construction Costs to Users...
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Allocation of Runway Construction Costs to Users based onRequired Runway Length
Frederico Morgado
AIRDEV - Lisbon, 19th April 2012
2012
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Motivation
� Assign Runway construction costs based on a rationale
of user-pays
� Aircraft should pay more if they require longer or more
expensive (per unit area) runways
� Build a charge to be seen as right of usage – to be
added to normal landing fee
• Previous authors on this issue:
▫ Levine (1969) – charges should reflect airfield requirements
▫ Mohring (1976) – heavier vehicles should pay for extra costs
▫ Littlechild and Thomson (1977) – the cost of a runway depends
essentially on the largest aircraft
▫ Button (2010) – club systems with users paying right of usage
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Methodology
• Airports considered with given Runway Length (RL)
(case of LIS, OPO, FAO)
• Check aircraft Required Runway Length (RRL )
• Check adequacy of RL to RRL’s
• Room for lump sums paid by the government if:
– Reduced number of yearly landings
– RL too long compared to aircraft requirement (RL>>>RRL)
• Build charge based on:
– Required Runway Length (RRL )
– Required Runway strength
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Selected airports
Airport and
RunwayRunway Length
Runway
Width
Lisbon, 03/21 3805 m 45 m
Lisbon, 17/35 2400 m 45 m
Porto, 17/35 3480 m 45 m
Faro, 10/28 2490 m 45 m
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Aircraft movements
Aircraft type LisbonLisbon
%Porto
Porto
%Faro
Faro
%A319 40.174 29,5% 9.404 17,4% 7.982 18,1%
A320 37.231 27,3% 7.282 13,5% 4.656 10,6%A321 9.141 6,7% 1.560 2,9% 3.924 8,9%
A310 3.236 2,4% 508 0,9% (n/a) (n/a)
A330-200 6.589 4,8% 798 1,5% (n/a) (n/a)
A340-300 1.837 1,3% (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a)
BAe-146-200 (n/a) (n/a) 472 0,9% (n/a) (n/a)
Embraer ERJ-145 8.377 6,1% 7.484 13,8% (n/a) (n/a)
Embraer ERJ-190 (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 346 0,8%
Fokker 100 5.863 4,3% 6.622 12,2% (n/a) (n/a)
B737-300 (-3B2) 1.824 1,3% (n/a) (n/a) 2.486 5,6%
B737-400 (-3C1) 972 0,7% (n/a) (n/a) 1.500 3,4%
B737-700 (n/a) (n/a) 808 1,5% 3.166 7,2%B737-800 2.410 1,8% 9.663 17,9% 9.046 20,6%
B757-200 3.287 2,4% 830 1,5% 1.698 3,9%B767-200 (ER) (n/a) (n/a) 1.014 1,9% (n/a) (n/a)
Beechcraft 1900 (D) 3.805 2,8% (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a)
Citation V (XLS) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 348 0,8%
CRJ 200 (ER) 752 0,6% (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a)
CRJ 900 (n/a) (n/a) 2.659 4,9% (n/a) (n/a)
Dornier 228 996 0,7% (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a)
Other piston&heli (n/a) (n/a) 990 1,8% 4.497 10,2%
Others 9.793 7,2% 4.013 7,4% 4.363 9,9%
TOTAL 136.287 100,0% 54.107 100,0% 44.012 100,0%
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Aircraft RRL (Required Runway Length)
Example for B737-300
• MTOW for basic
configuration
• Sea level
• Standard day
• Zero wind
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Required vs. Existing R.Lenghts (RRL/RL)
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
125%
150%RRL % Lisbon 03/21 RRL % Lisbon 17/35
RRL % Porto RRL % Faro
Same aircraft,
different engines
RL too
short
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How to measure adequacy of RL to RRL?
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Adequacy in
terms of length
alone
Adequacy in terms
of length and
frequency
� Technical efficiency of infrastructure
� Most common definition:
ε(technical) = Movements performed / Capacity
� New definitions related to R.Length:
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� � 1�
∑ �� ��� ����∑ �������
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Technical efficiency based on R.Length
99.65% of
movements
0.35% of
movements
Frequency
of runway
use
Adequacy of RL
to aircraft RRL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Lisbon 17/35 Lisbon 03/21 Porto Faro
ε(technical) εRL(1) εRL(2)
Frequency of use
by aircraft with
high RRL/RL
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Allocation of construction costs by aircraft types
� Runway Cost = f(RRL; width;pavement strength)
� Two situations:ACN: Aircraft Classification Number
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RRL and ACN for aircraft in Lisbon (2009)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
AC
N
Lisbon, 2009
Increasing RRL
Higher RRL but
lower cost per
sqm
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Allocation of construction costs by aircraft types (cont)
Paid by all
Paid by 2+3
Paid by 2
Paid by 2+3
Paid by 2
Paid by 3���� �����
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ALL
2+3
2
Yearly Costs of
Construction
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Allocation of construction costs by aircraft types (cont)
Length of parcel
Runway width
Yearly Cost of
Constr (per sqm)
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�'# (
���)# � ��� )*� # ���$%) "���$%)*�
∑ ���&��)
�'# (
���� � + ����#,
#��
For each
Parcel:
For each aircraft:
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Example for Lisbon (2009) , with YCC=1M €
For lowest ACN
General aviation Commercial
Typical runway length2,000 to 4,000 ft
(610 to 1,220 m)
8,000 to 13,000 ft
(2,438 to 3,962 m)
Typical width 75 ft (22.9m) 100 ft (30.5m)
Pavement depth
(total/asphalt
concrete/base)
12/4/8 in
(304.8/101.6/203.2
mm)
20/4/16 in
(508.0/101.6/406.4
mm)
Typical linear cost US$ 1,200 / linear foot US$ 1,200 / linear foot
Typical cost per unit
area16 US$/ft2 (121 €/m2) 20 US$/ft2 (151 €/m2)
Source: Florida Department of Transportation, ‘Airport Costs’ (April 15, 2011).
For highestACNLINEAR
then SCALED
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Example for Lisbon – construction cost for each aircraft type
0
10.000.000
20.000.000
30.000.000
Construction cost for individual aircraft types (Lisbon)
Construction cost = 121 to 151 € /m2Total cost = 25.85 M€
Total length = 3805m
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Example for Lisbon (2009) , with YCC=1M €
Aircraft type
RRL
(m) ACN
Cost
(€)/m2
Parcel
No.
Parcel
length
(m)
No. of
Landings
Landing fee (€)
(per 1M €)
Total
Landing
fees (€)
Beechcraft 1900 (D) 1162 4 6,09 2 562 1.903 5,06 9.617
Dornier 228 600 5 6,11 1 600 498 2,61 1.300
CRJ 200 (ER) 1768 13 6,30 4 468 376 9,14 3.436
Embraer ERJ-145 2270 13 6,30 11 20 4.189 13,57 56.844
Fokker 100 1850 26 6,61 5 82 2.932 10,24 30.025
A319 1300 32 6,75 3 138 20.087 3,67 73.799
B737-300 (-3B2) 2175 37 6,87 8 40 912 10,85 9.898
B757-200 (-535-E4B) 1950 38 6,89 6 100 411 9,02 3.704
B737-400 (-3C1) 2135 38 6,89 7 185 486 10,58 5.143
B757-200 (-535E4) 2250 38 6,89 10 50 411 12,08 4.964
B757-200 (PW2040) 2280 38 6,89 12 10 411 12,71 5.224
B757-200 (PW2037) 2900 38 6,89 16 500 411 51,34 21.095
A320 2200 39 6,92 9 25 18.616 11,22 208.905
B737-800 2350 46 7,08 14 50 1.205 16,93 20.405
A310 2400 50 7,18 15 50 1.618 20,50 33.174
A321 2300 52 7,22 13 20 4.571 16,29 74.434
A330-200 3050 67 7,58 17 150 3.295 79,52 261.983
A340-300 3350 68 7,60 18 300 919 191,72 176.098
19 455
TOTAL 3.805 1.000.047
Scaled for 1M€
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0
2
4
6
8
(€)
Parcel 1, length 600m
Example for parcels calculation - Lisbon (2009)
00,5
11,5
22,5
3
(€)
Parcel 7, length 185 m
0
5
10
15
(€)
Parcel 17, length 150m
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Conclusion
� Airport charges may be linked to aircraft types in
terms of requirements for:
� Runway Length (related to RRL)
� Runway strength (related to ACN)
� Such charges are to cover runway construction costs
� Such charges may be calculated based on expected
number of landings per aircraft type
� Technical efficiency may be related to RL and RRL’s to
provide indication on requirement of lump sums from
other sources
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RRL and ACN for aircraft in Lisbon (2009)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 20 40 60 80
RR
L (m
ete
rs)
ACN
Increasing cost per sqm