Allama Iqbal and Quaid e Azam in Two Nation Theory
23
Transcript of Allama Iqbal and Quaid e Azam in Two Nation Theory
ALLAMA
MUHAMMAD IQBAL
Muffakir-e-Pakistan ("The Thinker of Pakistan"),
Shair-e-Mashriq ("The Poet of the East"),
Hakeem-ul-Ummat ("The Sage of Ummah").
PERSONAL LIFE
* Iqbal was born in Sialkot(Pakistan) on 9th November, 1877 and
Died on April 21st, 1938 in Lahore, Pakistan.
* Iqbal's father, Sheikh Noor Muhammad (1837-1930), was a
tailor, not formally educated but a religious man.
* Iqbal's mother Imam Bibi (died1914) was a polite and humble
woman who helped the poor and solved the problems of
neighbors . She was not literate but was a worldly-wise woman
with pious habits.
IQBAL
AND
TWO NATION
THEORY
* Allama Muhammad Iqbal awakened the Muslims of sub-continent with his poetry to demand a separate homeland.
*One can discover a broad division of three main phases in his thought :
* First, Pan-Indian nationalist phase up to 1905:
* Second, Pan-Islamist phase, up to 1926,
* Third, can be described as the Pakistan nationalist phase.
BEING INDIAN NATIONALIST
ہماراہندوستاںاچھاسےجہاںسارے
ہماراگلستاںیہکیاسہیںبلبلیںہم
رکھنابیرمیںآپسسکھاتانہیںمذہب
ہماراہندوستاںہےوطنہمہیںہندی
سےجہاںگئےمٹسبروماومصرویونان
ہمارانشاںونامباقیہےمگرتکاب
Allama Muhammad Iqbal was a strong believer of Hindu-Muslim
unity.
Between 1895 and 1905, he wrote poems in support of Indian
nationalism. His appeal was for union of the two communities,
which together formed what he thought of as one Indian nation.
During this period he wrote poems in support of Indian
nationalism. He desired for the extinction of bigotry and
fanaticism:
ہےخداتوہےسمجھامیںمورتوںکیپتھر
ہےدیوتاذرہہرکومجھکاوطنخاک
Thus in this phase his poetry shows him as an ardent supporter of
nationalism. One of the famous poems of this period is “Tarrana-i-
Hindi”.
BEING ISLAMIAN* Iqbal went to Europe in 1905 as an ardent supporter of pan-theism,
nationalism, patriotism and at the same time of Islamic solidarity. He
went to Europe for higher studies and stayed there till 1908.
* Actually it was during his stay in Europe that Iqbal became disgusted with
pan-theism, secular nationalism and territorial patriotism and
subsequently referred to his own pantheistic and nationalist period (1895-
1905) as "my phase of ignorance and folly".
*He found the idea of nationalism as inadequate to solve the problems of
humanity. The absence of religious sentiments on the one hand and the
presence of hollow nationalism on the other nauseated him. The following
lines, composed in 1907, reveal his changed attitude,
نہیںدکاںبستیکیخداوالو،رہنےکےمغرب ِدیار
ہوگاعیارکمزرِ ابوہہو،رہےسمجھتمجسےکھرا
یگکرےکشیخودہیآپسےخنجراپنےتہذیبتمھاری
ہوگاناپائیدارگابنےآشیانہپہنازکشاخِ جو
*While in London, Iqbal took active part in the nascent Muslim political
movement. The All-India Muslim League was formed at Dacca in December
1906. Its London Branch with Syed Ameer Ali as President was founded in
1908. Iqbal was elected as a member of the Committee of this branch.
* Iqbal returned to Lahore in August 1908 and joined the Government
College as a part-time Professor of Philosophy and English Literature. He
started practicing law. He wrote poems which he recited at the functions
of Anjuman-i Himayat-i Islam. He was now looking at Indian politics not as
an Indian but as a citizen of the spiritual realm of Islam.
*He himself admitted in an interview with a representative of the Bombay
Chronicle, 17 September — 31 December 1931, during the Round Table
Conference in 1931, that during his student days he was a staunch
nationalist, but a change came in his ideas later on. He wrote:
"There is no doubt that my ideas about Nationalism have undergone
a definite change. In my college days I was a zealous Nationalist which I
am not now. The change is due to a maturer thinking.“
* Loyalty to the national idea was soon to be re-placed by spiritual loyalty to
the world of Islam. He had gone to Europe as a nationalist. He returned as
an earnest Pan-Islamist.
BEING PAKISTAN NATIONALIST
* From 1923 onward Iqbal became a serious and active politician. He was
elected to the Punjab Legislative Council in November 1926 and remained a
member of this Council till 1930. Now he had fully realized', that Hindus
and Muslims could not live together because the Hindu-Muslim conflict was
not merely religious. It was a clash of the civilizations of two peoples who
had different languages, different literary roots, different concepts of
art.
* According to him, all the efforts for the unity of Muslims and Hindus had
failed because:
"Islamic outlook on nationalism is different from other nations.
Our nationalism is net based on the unity of languages, oneness of
territory, or economic affinities. We belong to one family which was
founded by the Holy Prophet, and our membership of it rests on common
belief about the manifestations of the universe and the historical
traditions which we all share together."
* In 1930, Iqbal presided over the twenty-first session of the All-India
Muslim League held at Allahabad and delivered his famous address. In this
he suggested that the Muslims of the Indian sub-continent should demand
territorial specification in the form of a separate State on the basis of
distinct cultural unit. He stated:
"I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province,
Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government
within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation
of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to be the
final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.“
* Iqbal was not the first to suggest this. But it is to his credit that he was
the first to suggest a homeland for the Muslims from the platform of the
All-India Muslim League, which was the only representative political
organization of the Muslims of the subcontinent.
* In a letter to Jinnah, he wrote on 20 March 1937:
"It is absolutely necessary to tell the world both inside and
outside India that the economic problem is not the only problem in the
country [as pointed out by Mr. Nehru]. From the Muslim point of view
the cultural problem is of much greater consequence to most Indian
Muslims. At any rate it is not less important than the economic
problem.“
* Iqbal's image of the future of Islam is Muslim Universalism. Universal
Muslim polity and translation of the canons of Islam in the practical life of
the Muslim form the crux of Iqbal's thinking.
VIEWS OF QUAID-E-AZAM* After the Pakistan Resolution was passed by the Muslim League in its
Lahore session on 23 March 1940, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah said:
"Iqbal is no more amongst us, but had he been alive he would have been
happy to know that we did exactly what he wanted us to do.“
*He also said:
“Iqbal was remarkable poet of worldwide fame and his work will live
forever. His services to his country and Muslims are so numerous that his
record can be compared with that of a greatest Indian that ever lived”
QUAID-E-AZAM
Quaid-e-Azam ("Great Leader")
Baba-e-Qaum ("Father of the Nation")
PERSONAL LIFE*QUAID-E-AZAM was born on December 25, 1876, at Karachi, Pakistan
and died on September 11, 1948.
*His father’s name was Jinnahbhai Poonja (born 1857-died 1901).
Jinnahbai Poonja was a prosperous Gujrati merchant.
*His mother was mithhibai Jinnahbai.
*Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s was married twice.
QUAID AND TWO NATION THEORY
BEING INDIAN NATIONALIST
*Quaid-e-Azam had a strong believe in Hindu-Muslim unity and was of the
opinion that both Hindus and Muslims should launch joint efforts to get rid
of British rule.
*When Jinnah came into politics in 1906 he was an Indian Nationalist. He
believed in Hindu-Muslim unity, and worked tirelessly to protect the unity.
Jinnah joined the Congress in 1906 instead of the newly formed Muslim
League, because he was then opposed to the idea of separate
representation.
* Then in 1913 he joined the Muslim League, and also retained his Congress
membership.
* The Lucknow Pact was a success for Muslim League as it gained it’s
objectives. Due to Jinnah’s hard work in making the Lucknow Pact was a
success, earned him the title of “Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity”.
* After joining Muslim league, he continued with his efforts to bring about
Hindu Muslim unity but he was greatly disappointed to see the prejudicial
attitude of the Congress and Hindus towards the Muslims.
*He declared while representing the Muslims in the Second Round Table
Conference in 1913:
“The Hindu Muslim dispute must be settled before the enforcements of
any system or constitution. Until you do not give guarantee for the
safeguard of the Muslim interests, until you do not win their (Muslims)
co-operations, any constitution you enforce shall not last for even 24
hours.”
* After the 1914 Act, Congress’ attitude towards the Muslims disappointed
Jinnah and in 1920 left the Congress .
* Also his fourteen points (In March 1929) were rejected in the Nehru
Report, and this was a huge blow to Jinnah. Among the Hindus, Jinnah's
points were highly disregarded. Jawaharlal Nehru referred to them as
"Jinnah's ridiculous 14 points"
and these demands were rejected by the Congress Party.
* So, 1930s was the start of a new era for Jinnah as now he was a Muslim
Nationalist.
BEING MUSLIM NATIONALIST
*Muhammad Ali Jinnah refused to accept the Nehru’s notion that there are
only two forces in India, British imperialism and Indian nationalism as
represented by the Congress. Muhammad Ali Jinnah refused to accept this
and sharply reminded Nehru that:
“There was another party, the ‘Muslim League’ which alone had the
right to represent the Muslims of India.”
* The congress rule according to the 1935 Act proved a great eye-opener for
the Muslims, particularly in Muslim minority provinces. The dream of
congress leaders to establish ‘Hindu Raj’ had come true. The Muslim all
over India had to suffer untold pains and miseries. The fears of the Indian
Muslims about Hindu majority rule turned true. The Shuddi campaign, the
Vidhya Mandar Scheme and Bande Matram (Hindu Anthem) were the worst
examples of Hindu vindictiveness.
* In his speech at Lucknow on 15 Oct, 1937 Mr. Muhammad Ali Jinnah said
that:
“The majority community have clearly shown that Hindustan is for the
Hindus”
*Muhammad Ali Jinnah had no confusion about the Hindu tactics. He was
finally convinced that the Hindu majority wanted to coerce and dominate
the Muslims, and had no desire to give them a fair treatment.
*Muhammad Ali Jinnah was also influenced by the letter of Allama
Muhammad Iqbal written to him June 21, 1937. In which he wrote:
“Why should not the Muslims of North-West India and Bengal be
considered as nation entitled to self determination just as other nations
in India and outside India are.”
* These words gave new meanings to Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was
convinced that the Muslim of India could never live with Hindus. He knew
that Hindu would not tolerate the Muslims when the British would leave.
RESOLUTION OF PAKISTAN* In his presidential address at the annual session of Muslim League at Lahore
in 23rd , March1940. He said:
“India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a Sub Continent of
nationalities. Hindus and Muslims being the two major nations. The
Hindus and Muslims belongs to two different religions, Philosophies,
social customs and literature. They neither intermarry nor interdine and
they belong to two different civilization which are based mainly on
conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of are
different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their
inspiration from different sources of history.”
* The Muslims of the subcontinent responded very well to the Lahore
Resolution of 1940. The demand of Pakistan not only meant freedom from
the oppressive Hindus, but it presented the concept of a separate and
completely independent Islamic state where in the Muslims were absolutely
free to live according to the dictate of their religion.
FURTHER ADVANCEMENTS
* In an interview to the representative of “London News Chronicle” published
on Oct 4, 1944 Mr. Muhammad Ali Jinnah said:
“There is only one practical realistic way of resolving Hindu-Muslim
differences. This is to divide India into two sovereign parts of Pakistan
and Hindustan. and for each of us to trust the other to give equitable
treatment to Hindu minorities in Pakistan and Muslim minorities in India.
the fact is that the Hindu will not reconcile themselves to our complete
independence.”
*Quaid-e-Azam emphasized on the Islamic ideology as being the basis of the
struggle for Pakistan because he believed that only Islam was the unifying
force of the Muslim’s.
* In 1946,Quaid-e-Azam declared:
“We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want
a Laboratory where we could experiment on Islamic principles.”
PAKISTAN
* After tremendous sacrifices the quest of hundreds of million Muslims of the
Indian subcontinent was realized under the unique and unprecedented
leadership of Quaid-e-Azim Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Muslim state of
Pakistan had come into being on August 14, 1947.
* The banner of Pakistan ideology handed over by Allama Iqbal was kept up and
carried to its destination by Muhammad Ali Jinnah who was not only a
staunch believer and supporter of the Two Nations theory, but also the
founder of the ideological state of Pakistan.
