PARTICIPLESAll you ever wanted to know…

And probably a little bit more.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE This is the –ing form. It refers to an action that is happening

AT THE SAME TIME as the main event of the sentence:

The laughing girl is singing. The slaves hurried through the house

looking for the amulet.

LOOKING FURTHER So what does it mean to be a participle? The laughing girl is singing. Is laughing an action? Then it is a type of verb. Is it describing a person or thing? Then it is sort of an adjective. This is why we call participles VERBAL

ADJECTIVES.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? Since “laughing” is part action word,

part describer, it comes from a verb, but declines like an adjective.

So it is formed from a verb: Rideo, ridēre, risi, risus – to laugh And it has nominative, genitive, dative,

etc. endings like an adjective.

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER What tense is “laughing”? Present… So we use the PRINCIPAL

PARTS associated with the present tense.

Rideo, ridēre, risi, risus Rideo = I laugh Ridēre = to laugh You just take the –re off of the SECOND

part. Ridēre And add the appropriate adjectival

ending.

CONT. Ridēns This is the NOMINATIVE form. What does

this mean? Is it singular or plural? So we would use this form to describe

who/what? One person or thing doing the action. What if we wanted to describe one

possessive person or thing? Ridēntis The –nt- lets us know it is a present

participle The –is lets us know it is genitive singular.

TRY IT.. What if we wanted to talk about

something in the DATIVE case and PLURAL?

Ridēntibus The ridē- tells us the verb is “laugh,” the

“-nt-” tells us it is –ing and the “–ibus” tells us it is DATIVE or ABLATIVE plural.

You try it. What about the accusative singular? Ridēntem

PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES Is the action still simultaneous? When did this action happen? Since this is in the PAST, we use a different

PRINCIPAL PART Duco, ducere, duxi, ductus– to lead This is our “go-to” form for perfect

participles. For MOST verbs, this means “having been” So ductus would mean… Notice the last two letters of this word. Where have we seen this ending? Amicus, servus, dominus, etc. So we would use the ductus form to describe

what gender? What #? What case?

PRACTICE What if we wanted to say “with the girls having

been praised..” Cum puellīs … Laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus Which part? Laudatus What case do we need? What gender? What #? Ablative, feminine, plural Cum puellīs laudatīs So do PERFECT participles use the same endings

as PRESENT participles? Perfect = 1st and 2nd declension adjective endings

(like BONUS, A, UM) Present = 3rd declension adjective endings (fortis,

fortis)

PERFECT *ACTIVE* PARTICIPLES These make up a SMALL subset of perfect

participles. You can make a list of the ones we’ve seen: Precatus, a, um Ingressus, a, um Locutus, a, um And so on. All of these are translated “having _____ed” Having prayed Having entered Having spoken

REMEMBER… The perfect PASSIVE participles we’ve

seen are accompanied by a/ab and an ablative noun.

templum, ab architecto aedificatum, stat.

The temple, having been built by the architect, stands.

What case is temple? What number? What gender?

Vir servum, a venalicio ductum, vendit. the man sells a slave, having been led

by the slave-dealer.

CONT. And the perfect *actives* are only that

small group we’ve seen in the vocab list and in our translations.

These are translated “having verbed” NOT “having been verbed.”

Active = you do it Passive = it is done to you

PRACTICE – PRESENT ACTIVE, PERFECT PASSIVE, OR PERFECT ACTIVE?

Laudantibus Present active Laudatus Perfect passive Regressa Perfect active Portantes Present active Precatum Perfect active Scriptorum Perfect passive

SOME TRICKY ONES… Remember the genitive plural of 3rd

declension nouns and adjectives is a –um. Regium = of the kings Amantum matrum = of the loving mothers Compare this with templum aedificatum The temple having been built (nom/acc) How can you tell that amantum is present

active and aedificatum is perfect passive? Notice: amantum versus aedificatum. Go slowly and watch for the –n- in the

middle. -n- just like English, -ing.