ALL SEISMIC EXPLOSIVES

ARE NOT THE SAME

So what do we do about it?

2014

2

Discussion Points

Seismic Explosive

Types Composition

Products of Detonation

Source Test Goals

Field Test Data

Economics

Conclusion

Buggy Pit Drill East Texas

3

Seismic Explosive Types

Composition

Molecular - Pentolite

Molecular Composite - Dynamite

Composite - Emulsion

4

Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration

Premium Elastic Wave Generation

PETN (Pentaerythritol

Tetranitrate) Very sensitive molecular

explosive

TNT (trinitrotoluene) Molecular high

explosive

Aluminum (Al) Bio-organism Tablets & Nutrients

Pentolite INGREDIENTS

5

Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration

PRODUCTS OF DETONATION

Methane

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Nitrogen

Carbon

Aluminum Oxide

Substance State

Gas

Gas

Gas

Solid

Solid

74

283

140

78

425

Grams / 1 kg charge

Premium Elastic Wave Generation

Pentolite

6

Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration

PRODUCTS OF DETONATION

Methane

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Nitrogen

Carbon

Aluminum Oxide

Substance State

Gas

Gas

Gas

Solid

Solid

90

600

170

27

78

Grams / 1 kg charge

Bioremediation Technology

Pentolite

7

Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration

Seismic Energy Source

®

INGREDIENTS

Gum

Nitroglycerin (Nitrated Diethylene Glycol)

Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate

Ammonium Nitrate

Sulfur Micro Balloons

Sodium Nitrate

NG Dynamite

8

Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration

Seismic Energy Source

®

PRODUCTS OF DETONATION

Water (steam)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Nitrogen

Calcium Carbonate

Sodium Carbonate

Substance State g / 1 kg Charge

Gas

Gas

Gas

Solid

Solid

0.94

2.11

0.76

0.05

1.14

188

421

153

10

228

lb / 5 lb Charge

NG Dynamite

Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration

INGREDIENTS

Water (H2O)

Microballoons Glass density control

Sodium Nitrate Common fertilizer

Ammonia Nitrate Common fertilizer

(basic ammonia & nitric acid)

Aluminum (Al) Metallic Element

White Mineral Oil

Emulsion Seismic Energy Source

™

Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration

PRODUCTS OF DETONATION Emulsion Seismic Energy Source

™

Water (steam)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Nitrogen

Carbon

Aluminum Oxide

Sodium Oxide

Silica

Substance State

Gas

Gas

Gas

Solid

Solid

Solid

Solid

450

109

247

12

113

44

25

Grams / 1 kg charge

11

Seispro®

(emulsion)

Geophysical Exploration Explosives Comparison

CALORIES / GRAM represents the

chemical energy that produces shock,

heat and gas energy. The value

indicates the absolute weight strength

of the explosive.

GAS VOLUME (moles/kg)is an

expression of the effects of the

detonation.

VELOCITY OF DETONATION (VOD)

(ft/sec above, m/sec below) of an

explosive is the average speed of the

detonation.

DETONATION PRESSURE (Kbars)

increases with an increase in density or

VOD. Detonation Pressure (Kbar) = 2.5

x density x velocity2(m/sec) x 10-6

DENSITY (g/cc) Density contributes to

Velocity of Detonation.

1,000

35.5

16,075

4,900

70

1.18

1,880

20.5

23,950

7,300

227

1.70

1,500

27.9

24,600

7,500

230

1.63

1,250

26.0

20,000

6,100

133

1.43

Geoprime®

(pentolite)

VIBROGEL®

(dynamite)

Geoprime®

dBX®

SEISMIC ENERGY SOURCE

= Premium Elastic Wave Generation * *

12 Benefit of Lower Gas Volume

Fractured earth absorbs and scatters energy – diminishes elastic wave amplitude and propagation

Excess gas vents through borehole creating safety, environmental and reclamation problems

Conventional Explosive dBX

Consolidated earth conducts more of the energy – results in improved elastic wave penetration

Effect of shock energy plus gas volume Effect of shock energy

dBX Technology

13

GOALS

Improving seismic data quality through explosive testing

• Improve energy transfer

• Improve signal to ambient noise ratio

• Increase seismic bandwidth

• Increase reflected signal strength

• Improve imaging in final processed data

• Improve Economics

Seismic Explosive Source Tests

14

Alberta Canada – Carbon Field

Los Banos – California USA

Client Source Study – Alberta Canada

Migrated 3D – Alberta Canada

Seismic Explosive Source Test Data Sets

15

1500 g (3.3 lb) dBX 2043 g (4.5 lb) Pentolite

Carbon Field Test Shot Records (Relative Amplitude)

16

Averaged Spectra

1000-3000 ms Window

Trace 1 - 116

____

1500 g

dBX

____

2043 g

Pentolite

Carbon Field Test: Shot Record Spectra

8 dB gain over Pentolite at 75% of the explosive weight

17

California Field Test Relative Amplitude

Color showing the

signal to noise uplift

18

California Field Test - Spectra Analysis

12 - 15 dB gain across the spectra

19

• 8 explosive types tested

• 4 explosive manufacturers

• 50 ft hole depth

• Charge sizes: 1 kg, 2kg, 4kg, 8kg and 16 kg

• Duplicates on each product at both line ends

• Oil company designed, conducted, processed and evaluated the data

Alberta Compressive Field Study

20

Alberta Compressive Field Study

Geoprime dBX

SeisPro dBX

Geoprime

21

Alberta Compressive Field Study

Geoprime dBX

SeisPro dBX

Geoprime

22

652 Source Points, double drilled

- Vibrogel (NG Dynamite)

- dBX

Static 3D Spread

Random Source Recording

Identical Processing through Migration

Alberta 3D Test

23

Geometric Spreading Correction

Refraction and Residual Statics

NMO – Mute- CMP Sort

Stack

3D FK Filter – attenuates linear propagated noise

DAS (Pred. Dist. = 12ms, Oper. = 220ms)

12 Hz low cut filter

3D RNA – random noise attenuation (FX Decon)

3D Extended Stolt Migration

Residual Amplitude Compensation (RAC) Single time variant gain function calculated on ME brute stack and applied to both datasets

Alberta 3D Test Processing Flow

24

Grande Prairie Vibrogel Migrated Stack

25

Grande Prairie dBX Migrated Stack

26

75 SQUARE MILE SHOT HOLE 3D - $5,000,000+ TESTING COSTS – 1.2% of 3D ($60,000)

Drilling 25 Test holes - $10,000 Recording 5 mile test line - $40,000 PPV Test - $3,500 Permits Drills and Recording crew mobilization can impact these prices

SAVINGS can be $100,000+ 100’ hole with 11 lbs. = $335 100’ hole with 5.5 lbs. = $300 80’ hole with 5.5 lbs = $285 $35 X 5,400 = $189,000 $55 X 5,400 = $297,000

Seismic Testing Economics (Gulf Coast) January 2014

27

Most new field discoveries have old seismic data over them

Poor seismic data quality results in reserves being left behind for the next company - Limited bandwidth

- Low signal amplitude

- Poor spatial sampling

What did those lost reserves cost your company?

DON’T LEAVE RESERVES BEHIND

28

Every explosive type has different chemical makeup and different products of detonation

Determine your test goals and design your test accordingly

The earth responds differently from one geographic area to another

Testing can save you money while improving you data quality

Discover more reserves from improved data quality

Conclusions

Dyno Nobel

Seismic Products Technical Information and MSDS

at

http://www.dynonobel.com/resource-hub/products/seismic

Thank you

to

DYNO NOBEL

31

32

33

50 SQUARE MILE SHOT HOLE 3D - $8,000,000 TESTING COSTS – 1% of 3D ($80,000)

Drilling 25 Test holes - $25,000 Recording 5 mile test line - $50,000 PPV Test - $3,500 Permits Drills and Recording crew mobilization can impact these prices

SAVINGS can be $360,000+ (Heli-Portable) 60’ hole with 11 lbs. = $1,300+ 40’ hole with 11 lbs. = $1,100+ $50 X 3,600 = $180,000 $100 X 3,600 = $360,000

Seismic Testing Economics (Rockies) January 2014

34

75 SQUARE MILE SHOT HOLE 3D - $5,000,000+ TESTING COSTS – 1% of 3D ($51,000)

Drilling 25 Test holes - $7,500 Recording 5 mile test line - $40,000 PPV Test - $3,500 Permits Drills and Recording crew mobilization can impact these prices

SAVINGS can be $250,000+ 100’ hole with 11 lbs. = $350 80’ hole with 5.5 lbs. = $285 40’ hole with 5.5 lbs. = $190 20’ hole with 3.3 lbs. = $145 $45 X 6,400 = $288,000 $65 X 6,400 = $416,000

Seismic Testing Economics (California) January 2014