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Engineering

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An ISO 9001:2008 Certified CompanyAn ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company

Introductory NotesWe have tried our level best to collect maximum Engineering

information required for the valve study selection along with

a list of approximately 500 fluids against which the resilient,

plastic and metallic materials used in our valves are rated.

These ratings, in many cases do not necessarily agree with

those found in other publications.

In the case or resilient materials, the ratings are mostly

based on percentage swell of the material but due

consideration is given to actual experience or test due to

temperature, abrasion resistance, permeability, loss of

resiliency or elasticity, etc of the specific compounds being

used.

This data is helpful in selecting resilient materials of valves

to handle a particular fluid. However the combination of

metallic or plastic materials used in a valve must be known.

The valve parts in contact with the media can be determined

by referring to the specific bulletin write up in the catalogue.

The data does not list available valves to handle each fluid

since we have so many different kinds. For special critical

application refer Sude.

Frequently the varied complicated and entirely predictable

mechanics of corrosion produce unexpected results. No list

of this type can be considered full proof for every field

condition.

Use it as a guide only we once again request to consult us

for valve selection for details refer General usages

information.

Managing Director

Index

He

ad

Offic

e, B

an

ga

lore

Valve Types and Features ... ... 01

Recommended Flow Characteristics

General Useage Information

Chemical Resistance Chart

Definition of Valve Sizing

Valve Sizing Procedure

Graphical Statement of Valve Coefficient [Cv]

Velocity Limitation & Its Calculation

Noise Prediction Methods and Counter measures

Conversion Charts

Virtual Pressure Conversion Chart

Physical Properties of Plastics

Physical Properties of Liquids

Physical Properties of Gases

Physical Properties of Water

Density of Fluids

General Properties of Elastomer

Critical Pressures and Temperatures

Saturated Steam Table

Schedule 80 Thermoplastic Pipe Standards

Area Conversions

Velocity Conversions

Force Conversions

Density Conversions

General Heat Conversons

Force & Velocity

Temperature Conversions

Capacity and Flow Rate

Length Conversions

Volume Conversions

Volumetric Rate of Flow Conversions

Class 125 Cast Iron and Class 150 Steel Raised Face Flanges 61

Class 250 Cast Iron and Class 300 Steel Raised Face Flanges 62

Class 400 Steel Raised Face Flanges

Pipe Flanges - Tables "D" and "E”

Pipe Flanges - Tables "F" and "H”

... ... 07

... ... 11

... ... 17

... ... 29

... ... 32

... ... 36

... ... 42

... ... 43

... ... 43

... ... 46

... ... 47

... ... 48

... ... 50

... ... 52

... ... 53

... ... 54

... ... 55

... ... 56

... ... 57

... ... 57

... ... 57

... ... 58

... ... 58

... ... 58

... ... 59

... ... 59

... ... 60

... ... 60

... ... 60

... ... 61

... ... 62

Class 600 Steel Raised Face Flanges ... ... 63

... ... 63

... ... 64


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The main valve types have many variations and may have different names depending upon manufacturer. Careful

selection and detailed specifications are required to insure that design and performance requirements are met.

The three basic functions of valves are: 1. to stop flow, 2. to keep a constant direction of flow, and 3. to regulate the flow

rate and pressure. To select the correct valve to fulfill these functions properly, an outline of the different types of valves

and their features is given below.

a) Gate Valve

lLike its name implies, the gate is lowered to cut off the path of flow.

lFor use as an on/off valve (not suitable as a control valve).

lLittle resistance to flow when fully open (allows smooth flow)

lLong stroke requires time to open and close; not suitable for quick operation

The gate valve is one of the most common valves used in liquid piping. This valve, as a rule, is an isolation valve used to

turn on and shut off the flow, isolating either a piece of equipment or a pipeline, as opposed to actually regulating flow.

The gate valve has a gate-like disc which operates at a right angle to the flow path. As such, it has a straight through port

that results in minimum Turbulence erosion and resistance to flow. However because the gate or the seating is

perpendicular to the flow, gate valves are impractical for throttling service and are not used for frequent operation

applications.

Repeated closure of a gate valve, or rather movement toward closure of a gate valve, results in high velocity flow. This

creates the threat of wire drawing and erosion of seating services. Many gate valves have wedge discs with matching

tapered seats. Therefore, the re-facing or repairing of the seating surfaces is not a simple operation. Gate valves should

not, therefore, be used frequently to avoid increased maintenance costs. In addition, a slightly open gate valve can cause

turbulent flow with vibrating and chattering of the disc.

A gate valve usually requires multiple turns of its operator in order to be opened fully. The volume of flow through the

valve is not in direct proportion the number of turns.

Figure-1 Gate valve flow configuration

Open

Closed

Valve Types and Features


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b) Ball Valve

Ball valves with standard materials are low cost, compact, lightweight, easy to install, and easy to operate refer Figure 2.

They offer full flow with minimum turbulence and can balance or throttle fluids. Typically, ball valves move from closed to

full open in a quarter of a turn of the shaft and are, therefore, referred to as quarter turn ball valves. Low torque

requirements can permit ball valves to be used in quick manual or automatic operation, and these valves have a long

reliable service life. Ball valves can be full ball or other configurations such as V-port.

Ball valves employ a complete sphere as the flow controlling member, refer Figure-2 . They are of rotary shaft design and

include a flow passage. There are many varieties of the full ball valves, and they can be trunion mounted with a single

piece ball and shaft to reduce torque requirements and lost motion.

One of the most popular flow controlling members of the throttling-type ball valves is a V-port ball valve. A V-port ball

valve utilizes a partial sphere that has a V- shaped notch in it. This notch permits a wide range of service and produces an

equal percentage flow characteristic. The straight-forward flow design produces very little pressure drop, and the valve is

suited to the control of erosive and viscous fluids or other services that have entrained solids or fibers. The V-port ball

remains in contact with the seal, which produces a shearing effect as the ball closes, thus minimizing clogging.

Figure-2 Ball valve flow configuration

lValve stopper is ball-shaped.

lFor use as an on/off valve (not suitable as a control valve).

lLittle resistance to flow when fully open (allows smooth flow).

lOptimal for automated operation with a 90 degrees operating angle.

lAdvanced technology is required to manufacture ball.

c) Butterfly Valve

Figure-3 Butterfly valve flow configuration

Open

Closed

Open

Closed

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lValve shaped like a butterfly.

lTight shut-off and can be used as a control valve.

lLittle resistance to flow (allows smooth flow).

lOptimal for automated operation with a low operating torque and 90 degrees operating angle.

lLightweight and compact.

Butterfly valves(refer figure-3) provide a high capacity with low pressure loss and are durable, efficient, and reliable. The

chief advantage of the butterfly valve is its seating surface. The reason for this advantage is that the disc impinges

against a resilient liner and provides bubble tightness with very low operating torque. Butterfly valves exhibit an

approximately equal percentage of flow characteristic and can be used for throttling service or for on/off control.

Typical butterfly bodies include a wafer design, a lug wafer design (a wafer with the addition of lugs around the bodies), and a

flanged design. In all designs, butterfly valves are typically made with standard raised face piping flanges. Butterfly valves are

available standard in sizes up to 72 inches for many different applications. The operators can be either pneumatic or electric.

Comparison of Cv value

(Butterfly valve =1)

Comparison of pressure loss

(Butterfly valve=1)

Inherent flow characteristicsC

v%

P=Constant

Valve opening %

20 40 60 80 10000

20

40

60

80

100

Qui

ck o

pen

Linear

Equal

%1

Butterfly valve

Globevalve

Ballvalve

Gatevalve

0.2

1.5

2

Butterfly valve

Globevalve

Ballvalve

Gatevalve

1

5

0.2

0.7

Figure-4 Comparison statement of Butterfly valves with other valves on characteristics and valve Cv.

In Butterfly valves the normal flow means turbulent flow: In this stage, valve flow rate increases in proportion to the square root

of the differential pressure.

Noise and oscillation may cause damage to the valve and downstream-side piping. This occurs when pressure on the valve

downstream side drops below the vapour pressure of the liquid. The fluid changes from liquid to gas, bringing rapid velocity

change and volume expansion. These two factors are the main causes of a flashing noise. Flashing noise is of lower level than

cavitations noise because gas acts as a cushion.

Attention must be paid to materials of the valve body (e.g., upgrading to stainless steel or Chromium molybdenum steel) or the

type of downstream-side piping.

The Butterfly valves produces higher Cv as compare to other types valves, refer Figure-4.

Cavitations flow has three stages corresponding to the increase in differential pressure.

A) Incipient cavitations stage

B) Critical cavitations stage

C) Full cavitations stage



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l

l

l

l

0

The globe-shaped body controls the fluid into a S-shaped flow.

Tight shut-off and can be used as a control valve.

Large resistance to flow (does not allow smooth flow).

Much power is required to open and close the valve (not suitable for large sizes).

Liquid flow does not pass straight through globe valves. Therefore it causes an increased resistance to flow and a

considerable pressure drop. Angle valves are similar to globe valves; however, the inlet and outlet ports are at 90 angles 0to one another, rather than at 180 angles. Because of this difference, the angle valves have slightly less resistance to flow

than globe valves.

There are a number of common globe valve seating types.

The seating of the plug in a globe valve is parallel to the line liquid flow. Because of this seating arrangement, globe valves are

very suitable for throttling flow with a minimal seat erosion or threat of wire drawing.

A globe valve opens in direct proportion to the number of turns of its actuator. This feature allows globe valves to closely

regulate flow, even with manual operators. For example, if it takes four turns to open a globe valve fully, then approximately

one turn of a hand wheel will release about 25% of the flow, two turns will release 50%, and three turns will release 75%. In

addition, the shorter travel saves time and work, as well as wear on valve parts.

Cavitations reduction treatment

The following are the main methods for reducing or preventing capitation damage to valves.

Install valves in series and control them. This method is for reducing the pressure load on each valve. In this case, space

valves out at least 4D (4 times the pipe diameter).

d) Plug Valves

Figure-5 Globe valve/Angle valve flow configuration

Open

Closed

Plug valves are another type of isolation valve designed for uses similar to those of

gate valves, where quick shutoff is required. They are not generally designed for flow

regulation. Plug valves are sometimes also called cock valves. They are typically a

quarter turn open and close. Plug valves have the capability of having multiple outlet

ports. This is advantageous in that it can simplify piping. Plug valves are available

with inlet and outlet ports with four-way multi-port valves which can be used in place of

two, three or four straight valves.

e) Globe Valve / Angle valves



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f) Control Valves

Control valves are sized and selected to optimize application. Valves that are sized too small will not

pass the required flow. Control valves that are sized too large or are arbitrarily sized to match the

connecting pipe, will result in increased capital costs, decreased valve life (due to the closed position),

and decreased performance (by limiting range ability). Control valves are optimally then calculating an

expected flow coefficient and the maximum allowable pressure drop. These factors are then compared

to manufacturers data for specific valve types and sizes.

To select a control valve, the process application must be understood. Minimum information

considered includes desired flow characteristics; type, temperature, viscosity, and specific gravity of

the liquid; minimum and maximum flow capacity; minimum and maximum valve inlet pressure; and

minimum and maximum valve outlet pressure.

Maintenance is relatively easy with globe valves. The seats and discs are plugs, and most globe valves can be repaired

without actually removing the valve from the pipe.

General

For liquid piping systems, valves are the controlling element. Valves are used to isolate equipment and piping systems,

regulate flow, prevent backflow, and regulate and relieve pressure. The most suitable valve must be carefully selected for the

piping system. The minimum design or selection parameters for the valve most suitable for an application are the following:

size, material of construction, pressure and temperature ratings, and end connections. In addition, if the valve is to be used for

control purposes, additional parameters must be defined. These parameters include: method of operation, maximum and

minimum flow capacity requirement, pressure drop during normal flowing conditions, pressure drop at shutoff, and maximum

and minimum inlet pressure at the valve. These parameters are met by selecting body styles, material of construction, seats,

packing, end connections, operators and supports.

I) Body Styles

The control valve body type selection requires a combination of valve body style, material, and trim considerations to allow for

the best application for the intended service.

Valve body styles have different flow characteristics as they open from 0 to 100%. The flow rate through each type or body

style will vary according to different curves with constant pressure drops. This is referred to as the valve flow characteristics. A

quick opening flow characteristic produces a large flow rate change with minimal valve travel until the valve plug nears a wide

open position. At that point, the flow rate change is minimal with valve travel. A linear flow characteristic is one that has a flow

rate directly proportional to the flow rate just prior to the change in valve position. Equal increments of valve travel result in

equal percentage changes to the existing flow rate. That is, with a valve nearly closed (existing flow rate is small), a large valve

travel will result in a small flow rate change, and a large flow rate change will occur when the valve is almost completely open,

regardless of the amount of valve travel.

The purpose of characterizing control valves is to allow for relatively uniform control stability over the expected operating range

of the piping system. A design goal is to match a control valve flow characteristic to the specific system. Table-1 illustrates

some typical flow characteristic curves for control valves.

There are exceptions to these guidelines and a complete dynamic analysis is performed on the piping system to obtain a

definite characteristic. Quick opening valves are primarily used for open/close applications (or on/off service) but may also be

appropriate for applications requiring near linear flow. For processes that have highly varying pressure drop operating

conditions, an equal percentage valve may be appropriate.


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II

III

) Material of Construction

The selection of valve body material and trim material is typically based on pressure, temperature, corrosive and erosive

properties of the liquid. Table-2 provides basic information on typical cast able materials used for control valve bodies.

Certain service conditions require other alloys and metals to withstand corrosive and erosive properties of the liquid. The

materials that can be used for these situations are similar to the piping materials. The use of non-standard materials is

much more expensive than the use of standard valve body materials.

) Seats

Valve seats are an integral part of a valve. The materials for valve seats are specified under valve trim for each valve. As

such, valve seats are manufacturer specific and should not interchange. Seat material is selected for compatibility with

the fluid. Valve seats can be either metallic or non-metallic. Page no. 54 provides general information for elastomers used

in valve seats.

100

80

60

40

20

0

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percentage of Rated Travel

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

Ma

xim

um

Flo

w Qui

ck o

peni

ng

Qui

ck o

peni

ng

Linear

Linear

Equal

Per

cent

age

Equal

Per

cent

age



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Liquid Level Constant Pressure Linear

Liquid Level Decreasing pressure with increasing flow Linear

Liquid Level Decreasing pressure with increasing flow Equal Percentage

Liquid Level Increasing pressure with increasing flow Linear

Liquid Level Increasing pressure with increasing flow Quick Opening

Flow Measurement signal proportional to flow;

valve in series with measurement device;

wide range of flow required. Linear

Flow Measurement of signal proportional to flow;


small range of flow required with large

pressure change for increasing flow. Equal Percentage


valve in parallel (bypass) with measurement

device; wide range of flow required. Linear


valve in parallel (bypass) with measurement device;

small range of flow required with large

pressure change for increasing flow Equal Percentage

Flow Measurement signal proportional to flow squared;


wide range of flow required. Linear

Flow Measurement signal proportional to flow

squared; valve in series with measurement device;

small range of flow required with

large pressure change for increasing flow EqualPercentage


valve in parallel (by pass) with

measurement device; wide range of flow

required. Equal Percentage


valve in parallel (bypass) with

measurement device; small range of flow

required with large pressure change for

increased flow Equal Percentage

Pressure All Equal Percentage

Control Syetem Application Recommended Flow Characteristic

Table 1

Recommended Flow Characteristics



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Table 2

Carbon Steel ASTM A 216 Gr. WCB Moderate services such as non-corrosive l iquids.

Higher pressures and temperatures than cast iron.

Check codes for suitability at extended high temperatures.

Chrome-Moly Steel ASTM A 217, Gr. C5 Used for mildly corrosive fluids such as sea water, oils,

resistant to erosion and creep at high temperatures. Can be

used to 595 C (1,100 F).

Type 304 Stainless Steel ASTM A 351, Gr. CF8 Used for oxidizing or very corrosive fluids Can be used above

540 C (1,000 F).

Type 316 Stainless Steel ASTM A 351, Gr. CF8M Used for oxidizing or very corrosive fluids, resistant to

corrosion pitting and creep provides greater strength than 304

S.S.

Monel ASTM A 494Gr. M35-1 Resistant to non oxidizing acids. Used with seawater and other

mildly corrosive fluids at high temperatures. Expensive

material.

Hastelloy-C ASTM A 494 Gr. CW2N Used particularly with chlorine and chloride compounds.

Expensive material.

Iron ASTM A126 Class B Inexpensive and non-ductile, used for water and non-corrosive

liquids.

Bronze ASTM B 61 AND B 62 ASTM B 61 typically used for trim. ASTM B 62 typically used

for valve body. Can be used for water and dilute acid service

Cast Material Standard Comments

Table 4

IV) Packing

Most control valves use packing boxes with the packing retained and adjusted by flange and stud bolts. Several packing

materials are available for use, depending upon the application. Table 6 provides information on some of the more typical

packing arrangements

In addition, the amount of valve leakage is determined based on acceptability to process and design requirements.

Control valve seats are classified in accordance with ANSI for leakage. These clasifications are summarized in Table 4

and Table 5.

Standard Control Valve Body Materials

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

—

0.5% of rated capacity



5 x 10-12 m3/s of water per

mm of seat diameter per bar

differential

Not to exceed amounts shown

in Table 5 based on seat

diameter)

Leakage ClassDesignation

Maximum Allowable Leakage

Valve Seat Leakage Classifications

Table 5

25 (1)

38 (1½)

51 (2)

64 (2½)

76 (3)

102 (4)

152 (6)

203 (8)

0.15

0.30

0.45

0.60

0.90

1.70

4.00

6.75

Nominal PortDiametermm (in)

Allowable LeakageRate

(ml per minute)

Class VI Allowable Leakage



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V) End Connections

The common end connections for installing valves in pipe include screwed pipe threads, bolted gasket flanges, welded

connections, and flangeless (or wafer) valve bodies. Screwed end connections are typically used with small valves. Threads are normally specified as tapered female National

Pipe Thread (NPT) and BSP connection are available in standard. This end connection is limited to valves 50 mm (2 in) and

smaller and is not recommended for elevated temperature service. This connection is also used in low maintenance or non-

critical applications.

Flanged end valves are easily removed from piping and, with proper flange specifications, are suitable for use through the

range of most control valve working pressures. Flanges are used on all valve sizes larger than 50 mm (2 in). The most

common types of flanged end connections are flat faced, raised faced, and the ring joint. Flat faced flanges are typically used

in low pressure, cast iron or brass valves and have the advantage of minimizing flange stresses. Raised faced flanges can be

used for high pressure and temperature applications and are normally standard on ANSI Class 250 cast iron and on all steel

and alloy steel bodies. The ring type joint flange is typically used at extremely high pressures of up to 103 MPa (15,000 psig)

but is generally not used at high temperatures. This type of flange is furnished only on steel and alloy valve bodies when

specified.

Welding ends on valves have the advantage of being leak tight at all pressures and temperatures; however, welding end valves

are very difficult to remove for maintenance and/or repairs. Welding ends are manufactured in two styles; socket and butt.

Flangeless valve bodies are also called wafer-style valve bodies. This body style is common to rotary shaft control valves such

as butterfly valves and ball valves.

Table 6 : Packing

PTFE Resistant to most chemicals. Requires extremely smooth stem finish to seal properly.

Will leak if stem or packing is damaged.

Laminated/Filament Graphite Impervious to most liquids and radiation. Can be used at hightemperatures, up to

650 C (1,200 F). Produces high stem friction.

Semi-Metallic Used for high pressures and temperatures, up to 480 C (900 F)

Fiberglass Good for general use. Used with process temperatures up to 288 C (550 F). Ferrite

steel stems require additive to inhibit pitting.

Kevlar and Graphite Good for general use. Used with process temperatures up to 288 C (550 F).

Corrosion inhibitor is included to avoid stem corrosion.

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Type Application

Flangeless bodies are clamped between two pipeline flanges by long through-bolts. One of the advantages of a wafer-style

body is that it has a very short face-to-face body length.

vi) Operators

Valve operators, also called actuators, are available in manual, pneumatic, electric, and hydraulic styles.

Manual operators are used where automatic control is not required. These valves may still result in good throttling control, if

control is necessary. Gate, globe and stop check valves are often supplied with hand wheel operators. Ball and butterfly

valves are supplied with hand levers. Manual operators can be supplied with direct mount chain wheels or extensions to

actuate valves in hard-to reach locations. Manually operated valves are often used in a three-valve bypass loop around control

valves for manual control of the process during down time on the automatic system. Manual operators are much less

expensive than automatic operators.



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For sliding stem valves, that is, valves that are not rotary, the most common operator type is a pneumatic operator.

A pneumatic operator can be a spring and diaphragm type or a pneumatic piston. While these pneumatic operators are also

available for rotary shaft valves, electrical operators tend to be more common on the rotary valves.

Spring and diaphragm operators are pneumatically operated using low pressure air supplied from a controller position or other

source. Styles of these operators include direct acting, in which increasing air pressure pushes up the diaphragm and extends

the actuator stem; reverse acting, in which increasing air pressure pushes up the diaphragm and retracts the actuator stem;

and direct acting for rotary valves. Pneumatic operators are simple, dependable, and economical. Molded diaphragms can be

used to provide linear performance and increase travel. The sizes of the operators are dictated by the output thrust required

and available air pressure supply.

Pneumatic piston operators are operated using high pressure air. The air pressure can be up to 1.03 MPa (150 psig), often

eliminating the need for a pressure regulator that is required on a diaphragm actuator. The best design for piston actuators is

double acting. This allows for the maximum force in both directions on the piston. Piston actuators can be supplied with

accessories which will position the valve in the event of loss of air supply. These accessories include spring return, pneumatic

trip valves, and lock-up type systems. It is common to include manual operators along with pneumatic piston operators in a

design. These manual operators can then act as travel stops to limit either full opening or full closing of the valve.

Electric and electro-hydraulic operators are more expensive than pneumatic actuators; however, they offer advantages

When no existing air supply source is available, where low ambient temperatures could affect pneumatic supply or where very

large stem forces of shaft forces are required. Electrical operators only require electrical power to the motors and electrical

input signal from the controller in order to be positioned. Electrical operators are usually self- contained and operate within

either a weather-proof or an explosion-proof casing. An auxiliary positioner or booster is sometimes used on pneumatic

operating systems when it is necessary to split the controller output to more than one valve, to amplify the controller above the

standard range in order to provide increased actuator thrust, or to provide the best possible control with minimum overshoot

and fastest possible recovery following a disturbance or load change. Determination of whether to use a positioner or a

booster depends on the speed of the system response. If the system is relatively fast, such as is typical of pressure control and

most flow control loops, the proper choice is a booster. If the system is relatively slow, as is typical of liquid level, blending,

temperature and reactor control loads, the proper choice is a positioner.

Hydraulic snubbers dampen the instability of the valve plug in severe applications and are used on pneumatic piston and direct

acting diaphragm actuators.

Limit switches can be used to operate signal lights, solenoid valves, electric relays, or alarms. The limit switches are typically

provided with 1 to 6 individual switches and are operated by the movement of the valve stem. It is common for each switch to

be individually adjustable and used to indicate the full open or full closed position on a valve.

Electro-pneumatic positioners are used in electronic control loops to position pneumatically operated control valves. The

positioner or transducer receives a current input signal and then supplies a proportional pneumatic output signal to the

pneumatic actuator to position the valve.

vii) Supports

Specific pipe material design recommendations are followed when designing supports for valves. In general, one hanger or

other support should be specified for each side of a valve, that is, along the two pipe sections immediately adjacent to the valve.

The weight of the valve is included in the calculation of the maximum span of supports.



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General Usage Information

A. SYNTHETIC RUBBER MATERIALS:

Buna N:

Standard compound for service in petroleum, oils, air, water, mild acids, acetylene, kerosene's, lime solutions, liquefied

petroleum gases and turpentine's. Not recommended for high aromatic gasolines or acids.

Silicone:

Known as the only elastomer which under certain conditions can be utilized for both high and low temperature. This is its

principal usage. Also handles hydrogen peroxide and some acids. Not good for steam. Very good disc life. Fluoro-silicone

compounds noted to have better fuel resistance.

Neoprene:

Principally used in refrigeration systems [Freon 22] as an external seal. Neoprene is also utilized for oxygen service.

Suitable for alcohols, mild acids, water, air ammonia, argon gas, and other gases.

Urethane:

Used for water, air at normal ambient temperatures, alcohols, non-aromatic compounds, ether, edible fats and oils, and

hydraulic fluids. Its principal asset is high strength, excellent abrasion resistance. It is not recommended for Ketones, and

strong oxidizing agents.

Viton:

Suitable for temperatures some what above the Buna N range. Excellent resistance to many petroleum oils, gasoline, dry

cleaning fluids and jet fuels. Not good for Ketones, halogenated hydro carbons and Freon's.

Hypalon:

Used to handle strong oxidizing fluids, edible liquids, many chemicals etc. Not recommended for aromatic or chlorinated

hydro carbons.

Ethylene Propylene:

Suitable for temperatures somewhat above the Buna N range. Features similar to butyl [i.e. excellent for phosphate ester

type fluids and poor on petroleum base types] except ethylene have a somewhat higher temperature range than butyl. On

this basis, ethylene propylene has served to replace the formerly used butyl. Useful 'O' ring gaskets on steam valves due

to low compression set. Ethylene propylene is generally suitable for most photographic solutions as well as numerous

chemical solutions.

Table - 8 Common Globe Valve Seating

Plug Long taper with matching seat provides wide seating contact area. Excellent for severe throttling

applications. Resistant to leakage resulting from abrasion. With proper material selection, very

effective for resisting erosion.

Conventional Disc Narrow contact with seat. Good for normal service, but not for severe throttling applications.

Subject to erosion and wire drawing. Good seating contact if uniform deposits (such as from

coking actions) occur. Non-uniform deposits make tight closure difficult.

Composition Disc “Soft” discs provided in different material combinations depending upon liquid service. Good for

moderate pressure applications except for close throttling, which will rapidly erode the disc.

Needle Sharp pointed disc with matching seat provides fine control of liquid flow in small-diameter piping.

Stem threads are fine, so considerable stem movement is required to open or close.

Type Comments



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B. PLASTICS:

Celcon, Derlin:

Acetyl resin type thermoplastics which are extremely rigid but not brittle. They provide good toughness, tensile strength,

stiffness and long fatigue life. They are odorless, tasteless, nontoxic, and resistant to most solvents. Celcon is noted to

have some what better heat stability than Derlin.

Lexan:

A polycarbonate type thermoplastic known for having high impact strength and good resistance to inorganic acids and

aliphatic hydrocarbons. Not suitable for use with air containing Phosphate esters [found in synthetic oils].

Nylon:

A polyamide resin known to be very durable and also resistant to many chemicals. Heat resistant type nylon is always

employed in valves.

Polysulfone:

Known as one of the most heat resistant of the thermoplastics. It has excellent chemical resistance when used for

inorganic acids, alkalis and aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Teflon:

A fluro carbon resin known to be suitable for disc material where all other synthetic materials have failed. Teflon is not

easily fabricated and is known to have objectionable "cold flow" characteristic. Rulon is a form of Teflon having filters

which have been added for improved mechanical properties.

Polyvinyl chloride [PVC]:

Known for its chemical inertness but has somewhat less temperature resistance than most other plastics. PVC has

excellent resistance to strong alkalis, mineral acids, salts and many chemicals which are corrosive to conventional

materials.

Polypropylene:

A thermoplastic known to have excellent resistance to inorganic salts, mineral acids and gases. It offers good resistance to

photographic solutions and is one of the few plastics that have the ability to withstand steam sterilization.

Polyphenylene sulfide:0Has outstanding chemical resistance. It has no known solvents at temperatures below 400 F. It has low friction, good wear

resistance and high tensile strength.

NOTE:

Generally plastics utilized as pressure containing members are not suited for any significant temperature range such as

can be expected from metallic materials due to brittleness at low temperature and softening with subsequent strength loss

at high temperature. Specific temperature limits can be obtained from the individual bulletin section of the Sude catalog.

C. METALS:

Aluminum:

Shading coil material for special fluids or for making washers etc. die cast aluminum is generally used for bodies for low

pressure gas valves and can only be used with 'water free' installations. It can be noted that die cast aluminum has been

successfully utilized for oil and gasoline application.



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Brass:

Forging brass is used in our body forgings. Forging brass conforms to ASTM B 283 and has a composition of 59% copper, 2% lead and 39% zinc.

Copper:

Primarily used as shading coil.

Inconel:

Used for high temperature springs such as steam applications and special designs.

Iron:

Cast iron bodies.

Lead:

Gaskets sometimes lead clad copper gaskets.

Monel:

Core tube material to handle fluids corrosive to standard austenitic Stainless steel

49 Nickel Iron:0Core material for low temperature fluids [below minus 150 F used for long stroke solenoid.

Silver:

Shading coil material for stainless steel valves.

Austenitic [300 series Stainless steel]:

Bodies, springs, core tubes etc. This material is also known as an 18-8 alloy, i.e. 18% chromium, 8% nickel.

430F Magnetic stainless steel:

Core and plug nut materials, basic composition 18% chromium, and remainder iron.

D. TERMINOLOGY:

Concentration:

The data given in this guide is based mainly on concentrated fluids unless otherwise indicated. A diluted fluid or solution is

not necessarily less corrosive than a fluid of 100% concentration. It would be quite complicated to list all the variations

and, therefore, caution must be used and good judgment applied.

Temperature:

Generally as the temperature increases the corrosive action of the fluid usually increases. The guide is based on fluid 0 0temperature to a maximum of 200 F for metals and elastomers except for urethane which is limited to 140 F on gaseous

0media and 75 F on media containing water. Consult Sude for temperature ratings of plastic valves or a particular bulletin,

which may be limited to factors other than materials.



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Swell of Synthetics:

Basically, elastomers fail due to excessive swelling thereby contributing to reduced flows notably on short stroke valves.

Along with swelling some softening and loss of tensile properties also occur. In view of this, the elastomer rating in the

guide in most cases is based on a maximum volumetric swell of 5-8%. Elastomer stiffening can also occur if the media

extracts plastizers.

Heavy or Viscous Fluids:

Fluids such as syrups, glue, grease, etc., will generally require auxiliary operated or manually operated valves. Furthermore, in some cases, a frequent or daily flushing is required to keep the valves in operative condition. Most valves are limited to 300 SSU fluids except where indicated in the catalog. Applications past this range should be referred to Sude Sales as pressure ratings, operational speeds, etc. are somewhat affected depending on particular bulletin.

Organic Acids:

Basically are derived from living materials and always contain carbon and usually hydrogen along with other elements. Included in this group are the fatty acids, the name originating from the fact that several of them occur in large quantities in natural fats and oils. This group includes acidic, lactic, citric, etc.

Inorganic Acids:

Basically are derived from inanimate materials. They are also known as the mineral acids and include such common acids as

hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, carbonic, chromic, nitric, phosphoric, and sulfuric.

Alkaline Solutions:

Are strong bases (Alkalis) and commonly exist as sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc. Sodium

hydroxide is sometimes referred to as caustic soda.

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon:

Series of organic compounds in which the carbon atoms are arranged in an open chain. Some of the most common fluids in this

area are the Freon's, perchloro ethylene, and trichloroethylene.

Aromatic Hydrocarbon:

Hydrocarbons found in coal tar which are so designated because of their aromatic odor. Basically these include the well known

solvents benzene, toluene, and xylene.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons:

A hydrocarbon in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by chlorine. Example: Perchloroethylene.

Ketones:

A class of liquid organic compounds primarily used as solvents in paints, etc. Typical Ketones are acetone and Methyl Ethyl

Ketone (MEK).

Phosphate Esters:

Generally refers to a type of fire resistant synthetic hydraulic fluid or lubricant known by the trade name.



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Oxidizing Fluid:

An oxidizing medium consists of a fluid which is oxygen containing and thus has the ability to provide and maintain a stable

protective oxide film on the surface of a metal.

pH Factor:

In its simplest definition, it is merely a means of designating the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a fluid. A neutral fluid would

have a pH of 7 which is typical of most drinking water. Any number below 7 is in the acid zone with its degree of acidity

increasing as the number decreases downward from 7. Likewise any number upward from 7 approaching 14 is a measurement

of the degree of alkalinity.

Degree of Water Purity:

Three types of impurities must be taken into account.

(1) Dissolved unionized matter which consists of organic substances and some gases.

(2) Particulate matter which includes colloids, bacteria and other suspended matter.

(3) Dissolved ionized matter which consists mainly of inorganic salts and acids and some gases.

Removal of (1) produces demineralized water. Removal of (1) and (2) produces distilled water, and removal of (3) produces

deionized water.

Distilled, demineralized, and deionized waters normally do not cause corrosion but must not be permitted to be contaminated

by metals and elastomers such as brass and Buna “N” which would affect their purity.

Demineralized Water:

Water which has impurities removed by means of ion-exchange. This is accomplished by a resin treatment process which

removes metallic impurities such as calcium, sodium magnesium copper, etc. i.e. the unionized matter. Remaining dissolved

solids are normally kept below 1000 PPM.

Distilled Water:

Approaches absolute purity and has a higher degree of purity than demineralized water as both unionized particulate

matter have been removed. Somewhat costly to produce as distillation requires and involves the use of considerable

quantities of heat as well as a large amount of process cooling water to condense the distilled water from steam.

De-ionized Water:

Water which is free of dissolved ionizable impurities only. Produced by various ion-exchange methods.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas:

Known as LPG. It is a compressed or liquefied gas obtained as a by-product in petroleum refining or natural gas

manufacture. It usually consists of a pure propane and butane mixture.

Natural Gas:

Mixture whose major constituent is methane. Also contains some ethane and small amounts of propane and butane.



SUDE

SUDESUDE

E. CORROSION CAUSES AND MEANS OF CONTROL:

Corrosion is nature's way of reverting the fine metals to their natural state and thereby undo man's “meddling” with ores. It is

virtually impossible to completely eliminate corrosion, but understanding its nature can help to drastically reduce its effects.

Most corrosion takes place in the presence of moisture to some degree either through atmospheric contact or in handling

aqueous media.

TYPES:

Direct Chemical Attack Usually uniform and most commonly characterized by the ability of the corroding media to dissolve and

wash away the protective oxide film which most metals form when exposed to an oxidizing media.

Galvanic or Electrochemical Usually localized and is a more complicated form which can exist if two dissimilar metals are in

contact by means of an electrolyte (conductive solution) which normally is a liquid of some form.

Manufactured Gas:

Produced from coal, coke, or petroleum products and contains approximately 2/3 methane and 1/3 carbon monoxide.

Sour Gas:

Term applied to natural gas which is contaminated with a sulfur compound, usually hydrogen sulfide.

Sewage Gas:

Also known as digester or garbage gas and is a gaseous by-product from sewage treatments. Product of fermentation

consisting mainly of 2/3 methane and 1/3 carbon dioxide. Normally contains sufficient amounts of moist hydrogen sulfide

to cause corrosion problems.

Flue Gas:

Mixture of gases resulting from combustion and other reactions in a furnace passing off through a smoke flue. Contains

largely nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water vapor and often sulfur dioxide.



SUDE

SUDESUDE

A - RECOMMENDED, C - CONDITIONAL, X - NOT RECOMMENDED,

TO USE THIS CHART AS GUIDE ONLY, CONSULT SUDE/SDTORK FOR VALVE MATERIAL SELECTION.

Acetic Acid

CH COOH2

Acetic Acid

CH COOH2

Acetic Acid

CH COOH2

Acetic Anhydride

(CH OCH )2 2

Acetone

CH COCH2 2

Aluminum Acetate

Al(C H O )2 2 2 2

Aluminum Chloride

Aqueous AlCl2

Aluminum Fluoride

Anhydrous AlF2

Aluminum Sulfate

(Alum) Al (SO )2 4 3

Ammonia Gas

(Dry) NH3

Ammonia Liquid

NH3

Ammonium Carbonate

(NH )HCO (NH )CO NH2 2 2 2 3

Ammonium Chloride

NH Cl4

Ammonium Hydroxide

NH OH2

Acetaldehyde

CH CHO2

CHEMICAL &

FORMULASC

ON

CE

NT

RA

TIO

N

PV

C

CP

VC

PP

PV

DF

TF

E

EP

DM

VIT

ON

HY

PA

LO

N

NE

OP

RE

NE

BU

NA

BR

AS

S

CA

RB

.ST

EE

L

40

0 S

.S.

31

6.S

.S.

TIT

AN

IUM

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE GUIDE FOR THERMOPLASTIC VALVES, PIPE & FITTINGS0ELASTOMERS AND METALS MAX. TEMP. IN ( F)

Conc. X X100

AX

350

A

200

AX

70

AX X X A C A A

140

A

73

A

140

A

200

A

350

A

140

A

140

A

200

A

160

A

100

CX X A A A

73

A

73

A

175

A

350

A

140

A

140

A

200

A

160

A

70

CX X A A A

73

AX

120

A

150

A

350

A

140

A

70

A

200

A

160

A

XX X A A A

0.25

0.6 --

0.85

-- X -- --73

A

350

A

X -- 200

A

73

C

CX X X C C

X X X73

AX

350

A

70

AX

70

CX X A A A A A

160

A

175

A

170

A

275

A

350

A

200

A

70

CX X

70

C C A A

185

A

185

A

180

A

280

A

250

A

210

A

250

A

200

A

160

A

70

AX X X A A

73

A

185

A

180

A

280

A

250

A

210

A

250

A

200

A

160

A

180

A X C X

140

A

185

A

180

A

280

A

250

A

210

A

185

A

160

A

140

A

200

AX X X C A

1140

A

185

A

150

AX

400

A

140

AX

140

A

140

A

140

AX A A A A

1 X X73

AX

400

A

210

AX

70

A

70

A

70

CX A A A A

140

A

185

A

180

A

280

A

400

A

210

A

250

A

140

A

140

A

140

AX A C C C

140

A

185

A

180

A

280

A

400

A

210

A

250

A

200

A

160

A

180

AX X X C X

0.1 140

A

185

A

180

A

225

A

400

A

210

A

70

A

200

A

200

A

70

CX X C A A




SUDE

SUDESUDE

CHEMICAL &

FORMULAS

CO

NC

EN

TR

AT

ION

PV

C

CP

VC

PP

PV

DF

TF

E

EP

DM

VIT

ON

HY

PA

LO

N

NE

OP

RE

NE

BU

NA

BR

AS

S

CA

RB

.ST

EE

L

40

0 S

.S.

31

6.S

.S.

TIT

AN

IUM

X X C A A

X X C C A

X X C C A

Dilute X X X C A

X X X X X X X A A A

A C A A A

X X X X X X X A A A A A

X X X X X X X X C X

X X75

AX X X X X X

X X

X X X X X X

X X C A C

X X X X X X A A A A A

A C A A A

X X X A A A

C A A A A

X X X A A A

X A X A A A

-- X X X X A X A A A


73

A

73

A

73

A

73

A

73

A

185

A

185

A

125

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

140

A

180

A

280

A

400

A

250

A

300

A

200

A

160

A

180

A

140

A

150

A

200

A

140

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

140

A

180

A

280

A

400

A

210

A

200

A

140

A

160

A

180

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

350

A

210

A

200

A

200

A

160

A

140

A

100

%

100

A

70

C

70

A

70

C

100%140

A

140

A

180

A

280

A

400

A

210

A

140

C

100%280

A

400

A

200

A

100%180

A

120

A

200

A

140

A

140

A

200

A

140

A

200

A

140

A

180

A

200

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

80%140

A

160

A

280

A

400

A

250

A

200

A

200

A

180

A

160

A

250

A

350

A

180

A

70

C

140

A

160

A

150

A

280

A

400

A

250

A

300

A

200

A

160

A

180

A

140

A

160

A

150

A

280

A

400

A

250

A

300

A

140

A

180

A

140

A

150

A

280

A

400

A

250

A

300

A

200

A

160

A

100

A

140

A

160

A

150

A

280

A

400

A

140

A

300

A

200

A

160

A

140

A

160

A

180

A

200

A

300

A

200

A

200

A

140

A

140

A

0.10%140

A

70

A

140

A

170

A

250

A

Ammonium Nitrate

NH4NO3

Ammonium Persulphate

(NH4)2S2O2

Ammonium Sulphate

(NH4)2SO4

Ammonium Sulfide

(NH4)2S

Amyl Acetate

CH 2COOC2H11

Amyl Alcohol C5H11OH

n-Amyl Chloride

CH2(CH2)2CH2Cl

Aniline

C4H6NH2

Aniline Hydrochloride

C4H2NH2HCl

Anthraquinone

C4H6(CO) 2C4H6

Antimony Trichloride SbCl2

Arsenic Acid

H2ASO4½H2O

Asphalt

Barium Carbonate

BaCO3

Barium Hydroxide

Ba(OH)2

Barium Sulphate

BaSO4

Barium Sulphide

BaS

Beer

Benzaldehyde

C6H2CHO

Benzene

C6H8

A - RECOMMENDED, C - CONDITIONAL, X - NOT RECOMMENDED




SUDE

SUDESUDE




CHEMICAL &

FORMULAS

CO

NC

EN

TR

AT

ION

PV

C

CP

VC

PP

PV

DF

TF

E

EP

DM

VIT

ON

HY

PA

LO

N

NE

OP

RE

NE

BU

NA

BR

AS

S

CA

RB

.ST

EE

L

40

0 S

.S.

31

6.S

.S.

TIT

AN

IUM

X X A X A A A

225

A

225

AX X X X C A C

A C A A A

C C C A C

X X C A C

X X X X X X X X X

X A A A A A

225

AX X A A A

A A X

A

X X A X

X X X C A A

X C C C C

X X C A

X X A A A

X X A A A

X X X A A A

A A A A A

Wet A A A A A

X X X75

AX X X A A A C

Gas275

AA X A A A

X X A A A

73

A

73

A

185

A

175

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

250

A

140

A

140

A

140

C

140

A

140

A

200

A

180

A

140

A

160

A

180

A

280

A

210

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

180

A

280

A

300

A

210

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

180

C

180

A

280

A

400

A

250

A

300

A

180

A

160

A

180

A

70

A

150

A

50% 140

A

250

A

350

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

120

A

120

A

180

A

300

A

200

A

200

A

140

C

140

A

100

A

140

A

280

A

200

A

100

100

A

160

A

200

A

240

A

300

A

180

A

70

A

70

A

140

A

160

A

180

A

260

A

300

A

180

A

300

A

70

A

70

A

100

A

140

A

160

A

180

A

260

A

300

A

140

A

180

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

260

A

220

A

200

A

250

A

70

A

70

A

140

A

140

A

160

A

160

A

240

A

200

A

200

A

200

A

200

A

160

A

180

A

300

A

200

A

250

A

70

A

100

C

Dry

100%

140

A

150

A

280

A

360

A

250

A

200

A

200

A

160

A

180

A

140

A

150

A

280

A

360

A

250

A

300

A

200

A

160

A

180

A

200

A

70

A

70

C

70

C

140

A

140

A

360

A

240

A

240

A

140

C

140

A

180

A

140

A

140

A

280

A

340

A

200

A

200

A

180

A

Benzyl Alcohol

C6H5CH2OH

Black Liquor

Borax

NA2B4O310H2O

Boric Acid

H2BO3

Brine

Bromine Water

Butane

C4H12

Butyl Alcohol

CH3(CH2)2CH2OH

Calcium Bisulfide

Ca(HS)26H2O

Calcium Bisulfite

Ca(HSO2)2

Calcium Carbonate

CaCO3

Calcium Chlorate

Ca(ClO3)22H2O

Calcium Hydroxide

Ca(OH)2

Calcium Sulfate

CaSO2

Camphor

C15H16O

Carbon Dioxide

CO2

Carbon Dioxide

CO3

Carbon Disulfide

CS2

Carbon Monoxide

CO

Carbonic Acid

H2CO3


SUDE

SUDESUDE

CHEMICAL &

FORMULAS

CO

NC

EN

TR

AT

ION

PV

C

CP

VC

PP

PV

DF

TF

E

EP

DM

VIT

ON

HY

PA

LO

N

NE

OP

RE

NE

BU

NA

BR

AS

S

CA

RB

.ST

EE

L

40

0 S

.S.

31

6.S

.S.

TIT

AN

IUM

225

AX X A A A

X X X X X X X A

X X X X X

X X X X X X A C A X X

Wet

5%X X X X X X X X X X X X

Liquid X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X A X X

Dry X X X X X X X A X A A A

X X X X X X X C X

X X X A A

X X X A X

2% X X X X A A

X X X X C C

X X A A A

X X X X X X X C A A A

X X X A A A

X X X X A

X A A A A A

X A X X A A

73

A

73

A

73

A

73

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

125

A

125

A

212

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

0.5 140

A

140

A

280

A

340

A

200

A

160

A

180

A

Up

to

40%

140

A

200

A

140

A

340

A

180

A

140

A

160

A

10 140

C

140

A

140

A

140 180

A

140

A

Dry

100%

220

A

360

A

200

A

360

A

200

A

300

A

70

C

140

A

220

A

300

A

70

C

200

A

70

C

50% 200

A

180

A

140

A

100

A

120

A

120

A

120

A

200

A

200

A

200

A

200

A

120

A

120

A

160

A

140

A

140

A

280

A

350

A

200

A

200

A

200

A

160

A

160

A

100

A

120

A

120

A

220

A

200

A

200

A

140

A

140

A

30% 140

A

140

A

140

A

240

A

240

A

200

A

200

A

200

A

160

A

140

A

160

A

280

A

220

A

180

A

200

A

180

A

160

A

180

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

250

A

200

A

160

A

200

A

250

A

350

A

140

A

260

A

360

A

200

A

70

A

140

A

160

A

160

A

250

A

300

A

180

A

220

A

70

A

70

A

180

A

140

A

150

A

250

A

300

A

200

A

160

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

250

A

200

A

200

A

180

A

Caustic Potash

KOH

Caustic soda

NaOH

Choleric Acid

HCIO3*7H2O

Chlorine Gas

CI2

Chlorine Gas

CI2

Chlorine

Chlorinated water

Chloroform

CHCI3

Chromic acid

H2CrO4

Citric Acid

C6H6O7

Copper Chloride

CuCI2

Copper Fluoride

CuF2*2H2O

Copper nitrate

Cu(NO3)3*3H2O

Copper sulfate

CuSO4*5H2O

Corn syrup

Creosote

Crude Oil

Cuprous Chloride

CuCI

Detergents

(Heavy Duty)

Dextrin

(Starch Gurn)





SUDE

SUDESUDE


CHEMICAL &

FORMULAS

CO

NC

EN

TR

AT

ION

PV

C

CP

VC

PP

PV

DF

TF

E

EP

DM

VIT

ON

HY

PA

LO

N

NE

OP

RE

NE

BU

NA

BR

AS

S

CA

RB

.ST

EE

L

40

0 S

.S.

31

6.S

.S.

TIT

AN

IUM

A X X A A

Pure X X X X A

X X X X A A A A A

A

X X X X X X X X X A A A

A A A A

Dry X X X A A A A

Dry X x X X X X A A

A A A A A

X X X X X A

X X X X X

X X X X X

A A A

X A A A

X X X A A A A

X X X A A A

75

AX A A A

X X X A A A A A

X A A A A A

A A A A A

73

A

73

A

73

A

73

A

175

A

185

A

175

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

200

A

350

A

140

A

200

A

140

A

160

A

180

A

150

A

150

A

100

C

70

C

120

A

250

A

320

A

160

A

140

A

140

A

240

A

360

A

200

A

70

A

140

A

140

A

180

A

280

A

210

A

210

A

180

A

180

A

250

A

340

A

70

C

70

C

250

A

340

A

70

A

70

A

140

A

160

A

120

A

280

A

200

A

250

A

100

A

150

A

180

A

140

A

80

C

260

A

360

A

140

A

100

C

140

A

180

A

280

A

350

A

200

A

200

A

180

A

160

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

280

A

350

A

200

A

200

A

180

A

120

A

160

A

140

A

280

A

360

A

180

A

200

A

160

A

160

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

260

A

360

A

180

A

180

A

160

A

160

A

140

A

200

A

300

A

70

A

70

A

120

A

240

A

300

A

180

A

70

A

120

A

140

A

280

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

140

A

280

A

200

A

100

A

70

A

140

A

180

A

280

A

360

A

200

A

300

A

200

A

160

A

140

A

280

A

300

A

180

A

250

A

180

A

160

A

140

A

Dextriose

Dichlorobenzene

C6H4CI2

Diesel Fuels

Disodium Phosphate

Na2 HPO4

Ether ROR

Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)

C2H2CI

Ethyl Chloride

C2H2CI

Ethylene Chloride

CICH2CH2OH

Ethylene Glycol

CH2OHCH2OH

Fatty Acids

R-COOH

Ferric Chloride (Aqueous)

FeCI2

Ferrous Chloride

FeCI2

Ferrous Nitrate

Fe(NO3)2

Ferrous Sulfate

FeSO4

Fish oil

Formic acid

HCOOH

Gallic Acid

C6H7(OH)2CO2H*H2O

Gasoline, Unleaded

Glycerin

C2H2(OH)3

Glycol

OHCH2CH2OH




SUDE

SUDESUDE

CHEMICAL &

FORMULAS

CO

NC

EN

TR

AT

ION

PV

C

CP

VC

PP

PV

DF

TF

E

EP

DM

VIT

ON

HY

PA

LO

N

NE

OP

RE

NE

BU

NA

BR

AS

S

CA

RB

.ST

EE

L

40

0 S

.S.

31

6.S

.S.

TIT

AN

IUM

X X X X A

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X A X

Dilute X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X

Gas A A A A A

X X X A A A

X X X A A

Wet X X X X A A

X X A A A

X X X X X X X X X X X

73

A

35%

73

A

73

A

73

A

73

A

73

AX X X A A A A A

X X A A A

A A A A

X X

A A A A A

X X X A A A

X X X X X

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

140

A

140

A

200

A

70

A

70

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

200

A

240

A

180

A

20% 100

A

100

A

120

A

280

A

260

A

120

A

100

A

70

C

140

A

200

A

150

A

260

A

240

A

10% 140

A

140

A

260

A

240

A

180

A

70

A

70

A

160

A

240

A

260

A

200

A

150

A

70

A

50% 180

A

260

A

150

A

120

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

180

A

300

A

140

A

140

A

180

A

160

A

180

A

50% 140

A

180

A

140

A

140

A

300

A

100

A

70

A

70

C

Dry

100%

140

A

160

A

260

A

240

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

220

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

260

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

140

A

150

A

200

A

140

A

140

A

260

A

250

A

260

A

120

A

100

A

180

A

260

A

300

A

200

A

100

C

160

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

250

A

300

A

160

A

200

A

180

A

140

A

150

A

280

A

300

A

220

A

70

A

160

A

50% 140

A

240

A

280

A

200

A

120

A

140

A

140

A

160

A

240

A

220

A

220

A

140

A

140

A

180

A

260

A

360

A

220

A

200

A

180

A

150

A

180

A

Glycolic Acid

OHCH2COOH

Grape Sugar

Hydrobromic Acid HBr

Hydrochloric Acid HCI

Hydrocyanic Acid HCN

Hydrofluoric Acid HF

Hydrofluoric Acid HF

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Peroxide

H2O2

Hydrogen Sulfide

H2S

Hydrogen Sulfide

H2S

Inks

Iodine

I2

Kerosene

Lead Acetate

Pb(C2H2O2)23H2O

Lead Nitrate

Pb(NO3)2

Linseed Oil

Lithium Bromide

LiBr

Magnesium Carbonate

MgCO2

Magnesium Chloride

MgCl2





SUDE

SUDESUDE




CHEMICAL &

FORMULAS

CO

NC

EN

TR

AT

ION

PV

C

CP

VC

PP

PV

DF

TF

E

EP

DM

VIT

ON

HY

PA

LO

N

NE

OP

RE

NE

BU

NA

BR

AS

S

CA

RB

.ST

EE

L

40

0 S

.S.

31

6.S

.S.

TIT

AN

IUM

225

AX A A A

225

AA A A A A

X X X X X

X X X A A

X A A A A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

140

A

180

A

280

A

300

A

140

A

160

A

70

A

140

A

180

A

280

A

300

A

160

A

140

A

140

A

160

A

140

A

140

A

160

A

250

A

300

A

200

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

160

A

160

A

250

A

300

A

180

A

70

A

70

A

140

A

180

A

160

A

260

A

300

A

180

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

Magnesium Nitrate

Mg(NO3)22H2O

Magnesium Sulfate

MgSO47H2O

Mercuric Chloride

HgCl2

Mercuric Cyanide

Hg(CN)6

Mercury Hg

XA

AA A A A

X X X A A A A A

X X X A A A A A

X A A X

X C C

X X X X X A A

X X X X X X A A

X X X X X X X X X X X A A

X A A A A A

X X85

AX X X A X

A A A A A

X X X X X A A A A A

85%X X X X X A A

X X X A A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

185

A

120

A

160

A

120

A

260

A

300

A

260

A

70

C

70

A

140

140

A

150

A

260

A

70

A

140

A

220

A

320

A

240

A

180

A

140

A

260

A

360

A

200

A

250

A

180

A

140

A

160

A

280

A

360

A

200

A

280

A

200

A

100

A

140

A

10% 140

A

160

A

200

A

250

A

70

A

100

A

50% 120

A

130

A

240

A

70

A

100% 70

A

70

A

260

A

360

A

70

A

70

C

70

C

140

A

160

A

240

A

250

A

70

C

100

A

120

A

160

A

140

A

240

A

360

A

200

A

140

A

140

A

70

C

240

A

300

A

200

A

140

A

120

A

160

A

240

A

300

A

70

A

200

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

150

A

220

A

260

A

100

A

100

A

73

A

73

A

73

A

73

A

73

A

X X225

A

140

A

360

A

240

A

280

A

180

A

160

A

180

AX X X A A

Milk

Mineral Oil

Molasses

Motor Oil

Nickel Nitrate

Ni(NO3)2 * 6H2O

Nickel Sulfate

NiSO3

Nitric Acid

HNO3

Nitric Acid

HNO3

Nitric Acid

HNO3

n-Octane

CH4HN

Oleic Acid

CH(CH2)2CHCH(CH2)2COOH

Oxygen (Gas)

O2

Ozone

O2

Phosphoric acid

H2PO4

Photographic Solutions


SUDE

SUDESUDE

CHEMICAL &

FORMULAS

CO

NC

EN

TR

AT

ION

PV

C

CP

VC

PP

PV

DF

TF

E

EP

DM

VIT

ON

HY

PA

LO

N

NE

OP

RE

NE

BU

NA

BR

AS

S

CA

RB

.ST

EE

L

40

0 S

.S.

31

6.S

.S.

TIT

AN

IUM

X X X A A A

A A

A X

X X

A

X A A A A

X X C A A

X X X C A

X X A A A

X X A A A

25%X X A A A

X X A A A

X A A A A

X X X X X

X A A A A A

X X X X A A A A A

A A A A A

X X X X X X X A C A A

X X X X X X X X X X X

X A A A

185

A

185

A

140

A

185

A

70

C

70

A

140

A

180

A

200

A

300

A

70

A

70

A

100

A

140

A

180

A

200

A

300

A

200

A

200

A

100

A

140

A

210

A

180

A

200

A

300

A

160

A

290

A

210

A

180

A

200

A

300

A

70

A

70

A

160

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

200

A

360

A

120

A

140

A

140

A

100

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

250

A

360

A

200

A

200

A

180

A

160

A

180

A

140

A

140

A

160

A

220

A

360

A

70

A

220

A

70

A

70

A

160

A

140

A

160

A

140

A

260

A

360

A

140

A

180

A

140

A

160

A

140

A

160

A

260

A

360

A

200

A

220

A

160

A

140

A

180

A

150

A

140

A

360

A

180

A

140

A

140

A

160

A

70

C

140

A

260

A

360

A

200

A

240

A

140

A

140

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

240

A

200

A

200

A

240

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

260

A

280

A

100

A

70

A

100

A

140

A

260

A

280

A

70

A

70

C

70

A

70

A

100

A

140

A

70

C

150

A

320

A

140

A

250

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

150

A

70

A

70

C

200

A

100

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

73

A

73

A

Pine Oil

Plating Solutions

(Brass)

Plating Solutions

(Cadmium)

Plating Solutions

(Chrome)

Plating Solutions

(Copper)

Potassium Chlorate

KCIO2(Aqueous)

Potassium Chloride

KCI

Potassium Chromate

K2CrO4

Potassium Cyanide

KCN

Potassium Dichromate

K2Cr2O7

Potassium Hydroxide

KOH

Potassium Nitrate

KNO3

Potassium Sulfate

K2SO4

Potassium Sulfide

K2S

Propane

C3H2

Propyl Acetate

C3H2OOCCH8

Propyl Alcohol

CH3CH2CH2OH

Propylene Oxide

CH3(CHCH2)O

Pyridine

N(CH)4CH

Rosin





SUDE

SUDESUDE


CHEMICAL &

FORMULAS

CO

NC

EN

TR

AT

ION

PV

C

CP

VC

PP

PV

DF

TF

E

EP

DM

VIT

ON

HY

PA

LO

N

NE

OP

RE

NE

BU

NA

BR

AS

S

CA

RB

.ST

EE

L

40

0 S

.S.

31

6.S

.S.

TIT

AN

IUM

A X A A A

A A A A A

X X X

X X X A A

X X

X X A A A

X X X X X A A

A A

X X A A A

- - X X A A A

X X X X A A

X X A A

X X X A A

X X X X X A A

X A A A A

X X A A A A

X A X A A A

X X A A A

A A A A A

185

A

185

A

185

A

15%

140

A

160

A

160

A

240

A

300

A

150

A

180

A

120

A

120

A

110

A

140

A

160

A

160

A

240

A

360

A

140

A

200

A

140

A

140

A

100

A

140

A

140

A

160

A

240

A

340

A

140

A

140

A

70

A

140

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

280

A

340

A

140

A

140

A

70

A

70

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

280

A

340

A

200

A

250

A

200

A

160

A

140

A

140

A

160

A

140

A

250

A

340

A

200

A

240

A

140

A

140

A

180

A

140

A

240

A

360

A

200

A

250

A

140

A

140

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

280

A

400

A

210

A

70

A

140

A

140

A

160

A

240

A

300

A

200

A

200

A

140

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

260

A

360

A

210

A

280

A

200

A

160

A

180

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

240

A

360

A

140

A

200

A

140

A

140

A

160

A

140

A

240

A

240

A

200

A

240

A

100

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

240

A

360

A

200

A

250

A

200

A

140

A

180

A

200

A

240

A

280

A

140

A

180

A

70

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

280

A

300

A

210

A

250

A

70

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

280

A

360

A

140

A

300

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

160

A

160

A

240

A

300

A

140

A

180

A

140

A

140

A

200

A

180

A

260

A

300

A

140

A

180

A

140

A

140

A

100

A

140

A

140

A

240

A

320

A

140

A

180

A

70

A

140

A

160

A

160

A

100

A

360

A

200

A

100

C

140

A

140

A

140

A

Sewage

Silicic Acid

SiO2nH2O

Silicone Oil

Silver Cyanide

AgCN

Silver Nitrate

AgNO3

Silver Sulfate

Ag2SO4

Soaps

Sodium Acetate

NaC2H2O8

Sodium Benzoate

C3H2COONa

Sodium Bicarbonate

NaHCO2

Sodium Bichromate

Na2Cr2O22H2O

Sodium Bisulfate

NaHSO4

Sodium Bisulfite

NaHSO3

Sodium Borate (Borax)

Na2B2O210H2O

Sodium Bromide

NaBr

Sodium Carbonate

Na2CO3

Sodium Chlorate

NaClO3

Sodium Chloride

NaCl

Sodium Ferricyanide

Na3Fe(CN)62H2O

Sodium Hydroxide

NaOH




SUDE

SUDESUDE

CHEMICAL &

FORMULAS

CO

NC

EN

TR

AT

ION

PV

C

CP

VC

PP

PV

DF

TF

E

EP

DM

VIT

ON

HY

PA

LO

N

NE

OP

RE

NE

BU

NA

BR

AS

S

CA

RB

.ST

EE

L

40

0 S

.S.

31

6.S

.S.

TIT

AN

IUM

X X X X A A A

X X X X X X X X A A

X A A A A

X X X A A

X X X X A A A

A A A A A

X X X A A

X X A A A

X X X X X

X X A A A

X X A A A

X X X X X X X X A X

Wet X X X X X X A X

X X X X X X A A

X A

X X X X X

95%X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X A A

185

A

185

A

50% 140

A

140

A

140

A

320

A

160

A

100

A

100

A

180

A

100

A

100

A

120

A

140

A

320

A

140

A

180

A

240

A

360

A

200

A

220

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

120

A

140

A

160

A

240

A

360

A

200

A

200

A

140

A

140

A

120

A

140

A

140

A

240

A

300

A

120

A

140

A

140

A

230

A

230

A

120

A

160

A

70

A

140

A

160

A

280

A

360

A

140

A

200

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

260

A

320

A

140

A

200

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

120

A

140

A

140

A

240

A

360

A

140

A

160

A

140

A

140

A

160

A

140

A

260

A

320

A

100

A

200

A

70

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

160

A

160

A

220

A

300

A

180

A

200

A

180

A

160

A

160

A

250

A

320

A

140

A

180

A

140

A

140

A

100

A

120

A

140

A

240

A

320

A

120

A

100

A

140

A

140

A

200

A

240

A

140

A

140

A

Up

to

30%

140

A

180

A

180

A

240

A

240

A

140

A

210

A

50% 140

A

180

A

160

A

240

A

240

A

140

A

210

A

70

A

140

A

70% 140

A

160

A

140

A

200

A

200

A

120

A

180

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

140

A

100

C

100

A

100% 100

C

120

A

120

A

140

A

220

A

320

A

140

A

120

A

100

A

70

C

73

A

Sodium Hydroxide

NaOH

Sodium Hypochlorite

NaOCl5H2O

Sodium Nitrate

NaNO3

Sodium Nitrite

NaNO3

Sodium Perchlorate

NaClO4

Sodium Peroxide

Na2O4

Sodium Sulfate

Na2SO4

Sodium Sulfite

Na2SO3

Soybean Oil

Stannic Chloride

SnCl4

Starch

Sugar

C 6H12O6

Sulfur

S

Sulfur Dioxide

SO2

Sulfuric Acid

H2SO4

Sulfuric Acid

H2SO5

Sulfuric Acid

H2SO6

Sulfuric Acid

H2SO7

Sulfuric Acid

H2SO7

Sulfurous Acid

H2SO3





SUDE

SUDESUDE

CHEMICAL &

FORMULAS

CO

NC

EN

TR

AT

ION

PV

C

CP

VC

PP

PV

DF

TF

E

EP

DM

VIT

ON

HY

PA

LO

N

NE

OP

RE

NE

BU

NA

BR

AS

S

CA

RB

.ST

EE

L

40

0 S

.S.

31

6.S

.S.

TIT

AN

IUM

X X C A A

X X X X X X X A A

X X X X A A A A A

X X X A A A

Pure X X X X X X X X X X C C


X X X X X A A A

X X X X X X X X X A A A

X X X X A A A

X X X A A A A A

X X A

X X A A A

X X X X X X C X C A A

X A A A A

X X X X A A A

X X A A A

X X C A A

X X A A A

A C A A A

X X C A A

185

A

185

A

120

A

140

A

180

A

240

A

240

A

100

A

100

A

100

A

100

A

100

A

100

A

140

A

140

A

100

A

100

A

100

A

220

A

220

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

120

A

120

A

120

A

220

A

220

A

180

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

240

A

320

A

100

A

120

A

160

A

100

C

100

A

140

A

160

A

220

A

320

A

200

A

200

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

140

A

160

A

160

A

240

A

320

A

70

A

160

A

70

A

100

A

250

A

220

A

100

A

70

A

70

A

30% 140

A

180

A

180

A

240

A

240

A

200

A

120

A

100

A

100

A

100

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

180

A

320

A

200

A

120

A

140

A

140

A

120

A

240

A

320

A

70

A

70

A

100

A

100

A

240

A

260

A

160

A

70

A

70

A

70

A

160

A

160

A

140

A

200

A

260

A

180

A

160

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

140

A

220

A

360

A

200

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

260

A

360

A

250

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

260

A

360

A

180

A

200

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

260

A

360

A

180

A

300

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

180

A

240

A

300

A

220

A

240

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

73

A

73

A

Tannic Acid

C76H32O46

Tanning Liquors

Tar

Tartaric Acid

HOOC(CHOH)2COOH

Tetraethyl Lead

(C2H8)6

Toluene (Toluol)

Ch2C6H8

Tomato Juice

Triethanolamine

(HOCH2CH2)3N

Trisodium Phosphate

NaPO412H2O

Turpentine

Urea

CO(NH3)2

Urine

Varnish

Vegitable Oil

Vinegar

Water. Acid Mine

H2O

Water Deionized

H2O

Water, Distilled

H2O

Water, Potable

H2O

Water, Salt

H2O





SUDE



SUDESUDE

Zinc Chloride

ZnCl2X X X C A

140

A

160

A

160

A

240

A

360

A

160

A

200

A

140

A

160

A

70

A

CHEMICAL &

FORMULAS

CO

NC

ENTR

ATIO

N

PV

C

CP

VC

PP

PV

DF

TF

E

EP

DM

VIT

ON

HY

PA

LO

N

NE

OP

RE

NE

BU

NA

BR

AS

S

CA

RB

.ST

EE

L

40

0 S

.S.

31

6.S

.S.

TIT

AN

IUM

Water, Sea

H2OX X C A A

140

A

180

A

180

A

260

A

360

A

220

A

240

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

Water, Soft

H2OX X A A A

140

A

180

A

180

A

260

A

360

A

220

A

240

A

180

A

140

A

180

A

Water, Waste

H2OX X A A A

185

A

140

A

180

A

230

A

360

A

200

A

200

A

WhiskeyX X X A

140

A

180

A

160

A

200

A

340

A

180

A

140

A

140

A

WineX X X A

120

A

140

A

140

A

240

A

320

A

170

A

120

A

120

A

70

A

Zinc Acetate

Zn(C2H2O2)22H2OX X X C A A

140

A

160

A

160

A

240

A

280

A

180

A

140

A

140

A

70

A

Zinc Nitrate

Zn(NO3)26H2OX X A A A

140

A

160

A

160

A

240

A

240

A

160

A

200

A

180

A

140

A

Zinc Sulfate

ZnSO47H2OX X A A A

140

A

180

A

180

A

240

A

360

A

160

A

200

A

180

A

140

A

140

A

Ge

ne

ral A

rra

ge

me

nt

of

Ac

tua

tor

Co

mp

on

en

tsG

en

era

l A

rra

ge

me

nt

of

Ac

tua

tor

Co

mp

on

en

ts HandwheelHandwheel

Shaft ForkShaft ForkHand LeverHand Lever

DriveSleeveDriveSleeve

MotorMotor

Reduction GearReduction Gear

Moving wormMoving worm Travel LimitSwitchesTravel LimitSwitches

Flapper PinFlapper Pin

Worm WheelWorm Wheel

Torque SpringTorque Spring

Output ShaftOutput Shaft Connection forcounterConnection forcounter

SignallingdeviceSignallingdevice

Torque-dependentlimit switchTorque-dependentlimit switch

Electronic position transmitter

Electronic position transmitter

ManualManual

MotorMotor

variable resistorvariable resistor


SUDE

SUDESUDE

Scope

Valve size often is described by the nominal size of the end connections, but a more important measure is the flow that the valve

can provide and determining flow through a valve can be simple.

This technical bulletin shows how flow can be estimated well enough to select a valve size - easily, and without complicated

calculations. Included are the principles of flow calculations, some basic formulas, and the effects of specific gravity and

temperature. Also given are six simple graphs for estimating the flow of water or air through valves and other examples of Cv

calculation which shows how to use them.

Sizing Valves

The graphs cover most ordinary industrial applications - from the smallest metering valves to large ball valves, at system

pressures up to 1000 bar.

The water formulas and graphs apply to ordinary liquids - and not to liquids that are boiling or flashing into vapors, to slurries

(mixtures of solids and liquids), or to very viscous liquids.

The air formulas and graphs apply to gases that closely follow the ideal gas laws, in which pressure, temperature, and volume

are proportional. They do not apply to gases or vapors that are near the pressure and temperature at which they liquefy, such

as a cryogenic nitrogen or oxygen.

For convenience, the air flow graphs show gauge pressures, whereas the formulas use absolute pressure (gauge pressure

plus one atmosphere).

Safe Product Selection

When selecting a product, the total system design must be considered to ensure safe, trouble-free performance. Function,

material compatibility, adequate ratings, proper installation, operation, and maintenance are the responsibilities of the system

designer and user.

Flow Calculation Principles

The principles of flow calculations are illustrated by the common orifice flow meter (Fig.6). We need to know only the size and

shape of the orifice, the diameter of the pipe, and the fluid density. With that information, we can calculate the flow rate for any

value of pressure drop across the orifice (the difference between inlet and outlet pressures).

For a valve, we also need to know the pressure drop and the fluid density. But in addition to the dimensions of pipe diameter and

orifice size, we need to know all the valve passage dimensions and all the changes in size and direction of flow through the

valve.

However, rather than doing complex calculations, we use the valve flow coefficient, which combines the effects of all the flow

restrictions in the valve into a single number (Fig.7).

Pipediameter

Pressure drop

orifice diameterFluid density

orificeshape

Fig.6. The flow rate through a fixed orifice can be calculated from the dimensions of pipe diameter

and orifice size and shape.

Definition of Valve Sizing



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Fig.8. Valve manufactures determine flow coefficients by testing the valve with water using a standard factory test method.

Valve manufacturers determine the valve flow coefficient by testing the valve with water at several flow rates, using a standard

factory test method for control valves and now used widely for all valves.

Flow tests are done in a straight piping system of the same size as the valve, so that the effects of fittings and piping size

changes are not included.

Symbols Used in Flow Equations

Cv =flow coefficient

q =flow rate

P =inlet pressure1

P =outlet pressure2

∆P =pressure drop (P1- P2)

T =absolute upstream temperature:1

0K = C + 2730R = F + 460

Fig.7. Calculating the flow rate through a valve is much more complex. The valve flow coefficient (Cv) takes into account all the

dimensions and other factors - including size and direction changes - that affect fluid flow.

Pressure drop

Fluid density

DirectionChanges

Pipediameter

Valvepassage

sizeSize

Changes

∆P

Flow ControlValve

Flow Meter

P1 P2

Flow ControlValve

(Std distance form test Valve

(Minimum length of star line)

Test Valve



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Liquid Flow

Because liquids are incompressible fluids, their flow rate depends only on the difference between the inlet and outlet pressures

(∆P, pressure drop). The flow is the same whether the system pressure is low or high, so long as the difference between the

inlet and outlet pressures is the same. This equation shows the relationship, refer sizing calculation.

Gas Flow

Gas flow calculations are slightly more complex, because gases are compressible fluids whose density changes with

pressure. In addition, there are two conditions that must be considered low pressure drop flow and high pressure drop flow.

Low and High Pressure Drop Gas Flow

The basic orifice meter illustrates the difference between high and low pressure drop flow conditions.

In low pressure drop flow when outlet pressure (P2) is greater than half of inlet pressure (P1) outlet pressure restricts flow

through the orifice: as outlet pressure decreases, flow increases, and so does the velocity of the gas leaving the orifice.

When outlet pressure decreases to half of inlet pressure, the gas leaves the orifice at the velocity of sound. The gas cannot

exceed the velocity of sound and therefore this becomes the maximum flow rate. The maximum flow rate is also known as

choked flow or critical flow. Any further decrease in outlet pressure does not increase flow, even if the outlet pressure is reduced

to zero. Consequently, high pressure drop flow only depends on inlet pressure but not on outlet pressure. (refer figure 9)

Figure 9 : Difference between high and low pressure drop flow condition.

Low Pressure Drop

P1 P2

P2 > 1/2 P1

q

q

q

Maximum Flow

High Pressure Drop

P2 = 1/2 P1

P2 < 1/2 P1

P1 P2

P1 P2

Sonic Flow



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Valve Sizing Procedure

It is essential to understand the valve sizing formula and selection procedure when determining the size of a valve. The

following is the proper selection procedure.

1. Judge if the flow condition is sub critical or critical based on the given flow condition.

2. Calculate the Cv value by putting the data into an appropriate formula.

3. Select the size of the valve using the Cv value chart. Consider the following points when sizing the valve.

a) A proper adjustment of the Cv calculation should be made based on the piping adjustment coefficient if a valve is

located between reducers.

b) If the result of the Cv calculation is over 80% compared to the full Cv value, select a valve one size larger.

If no ∆P is given, 5 to 10% of the pump outlet pressure should be used as the assumed ∆P for valve sizing.

Sizing Formulae with Cv Calculations examples.

Where,

W= flow in tones /hr. = 1859 kg / hr = 1.859 t / hr

∆P =0.343 bar

P1 = 4.44 bar absolute


Cv =72.4 W

∆P (P1+P2)

With 30% of 78.57 considering safety margin the selected

Cv will be 102 then in such case the nearest value to the

selected Cv is 130 which falls to a valve size of 3 inch with

the orifice size of 3 inch.

Cv =72.4 x 1.859

0.343 (4.44+4.10)

=134.59

1.71= 78.57

∆P = Pressure drop 10% of the inlet if it is not given in bar = 0.343

2P1 = 3.5 kg/cm

= 3.43 bar = 4.44 bar absolute

P2 = P1 (in bar absolute) - P (in bar)

= 4.44 - 0.343

= 4.10 bar absolute

∆

Cv =72.4 W

∆P (P1+P2)

2) For Steam

Where,

W= flow in tones /hr. = = 0.020 t / hr20.81

1000

Cv =72.4 x 0.020

0.343 (4.44+4.10)

With 30% of 0.8467 considering safety margin the

selected Cv will be 1.1 then in such case the nearest

value to the selected Cv is 2 which falls to a valve size of

1/2 inch with the orifice size of 1/4 inch.

1) For Steam

1.44

1.71= = 0.8467



SUDE

SUDESUDE

∆P = 0.343 bar Pressure drop 10% of the inlet to be considered if the same is not mentioned.



Cv =72.4 W

∆P (P1+P2)

3) For Steam

Where,

W= flow in tones /hr.

= 1285 kg/ hr

= 1.285 t / hr

Cv =72.4 x 1.285

0.343 (4.44 + 4.10)

93.03

1.71= = 54.40

With 30% of 54.4 considering safety margin the selected Cv

will be 70.72 then in such case the nearest value to the

selected Cv is 85 which falls to a valve size of 3 inch with

the orifice size of 2.5 inch.

P1 = 303 kpa = 3 bar; P = 0.3∆

Cv = 1.16 X G

4) For Liquid

With 30% of 4.67 considering safety margin the selected Cv

will be 6.0 then in such case the nearest value to the

selected Cv is 8 which falls to a valve size of 1 inch with the

orifice size of 3/4" inch.

W= metric tones/hr

W

G ∆P

Cv = 1.16 X Q Q in m /hr3

W = 1800

1000= 1.8t/hr

G = D

1000

= 661

1000= 0.661

Cv = 1.16 X (1.8

0.661

0.661

0.3(

G∆P

= 4.67



SUDE

SUDESUDE

P1 = 101 kpa = 1.01 bar = 2.0132 bar absolute

∆P = 0.101

∆P = P1- P2

P2 = P1 ∆P = 2.0132 - 0.101


Cv =47.2 X W

∆P (P1-P2)XGf

5) For Air and Gas

Where,

W = t/hr

Gf =G X 288

0T K=

With 30% of 23.21 considering safety margin the selected


selected Cv is 32 which falls to a valve size of 1.5 inch with

the orifice size of 1.5 inch in case of On/Off trim and of Cv

50 when you choose to have Contoured plug against the

selected size of 2.0inch with a trim size of 2.0inch .

300

1000= = 0.3t/hr

1 X 288

(30+273)= 0.95

=47.2 X 0.3

0.101(2.0132+1.9122)X0.95

=14.16

0.61= 23.21

Q = 75000 Nm3 / hr

G = 1

Ta = 273 + 65 = 338 º K

Cf = 0.7

P1 = 0.0234 bar [240 mm Water column]

∆P = 0.0023488 bar


6) For Air and Gas

Cv =QX G(Ta)

3257X(CfxP1X(y-0.148y )

With 30% of 67360 considering safety margin the selected


selected Cv is 92500 which falls to a valve size of 44 inch

for on/off application and we can use only Butterfly valves.

y=1.63

0.7

0.0023488

1.0366= 0.11

=75000X (338)

257X0.7 x 1.0366(0.11 - 0.148X0.11 )3

=1378858

186.48 x 0.1098

1378858

20.47= = 67360

Cv



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Q = 40000 Nm3/hr

G = 0.86

Ta = 273+50 = 323ºK

Cf = 0.7

P1 = 200 mm WC

= 0.02 bar

∆P = 0.002 bar

P1 = 1.0332 bar

7) For Air and Gas

Cv =QX G(Ta)

3257X(CfxP1X(y-0.148y )

y=1.63

0.7

0.002

1.0332= 0.10

CV=40,000X 0.882(273+50)

257X0.7X1.0332(0.10-0.148X0.1 )3

= 35939




for on/off application and when you choose to have Linear

Contoured application against the selected Cv of 48000

then in such case a selected size wii be 48 inch whose

design Cv is 49950 and we can use only Butterfly valves.

8) For Air and Gas

Q = 120000 Nm3/hr

Ta = 338 º k(65 + 273)

Cf = 0.7(for Butter fly)

P1 = 150 mm WC

= 0.01497 kg / cm2

= 0.014680 bar


∆P = 0.001468 bar

Cv =QX G(Ta)

3257X(CfxP1X(y-0.148y )

y=1.63

Cf

∆P

P1( (

CV=120000X 1X(273+65)

3257X0.7X1.027880(0.088-0.148X0.88 )

y=1.63

0.7

0.001468

1.027880( ( y = 0.088

220.6173

184(0.088-0.000681472)=

137370=




for on/off application only and the suitable valve will be

Butterfly valve.



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Graphical Statement of Valve Coefficient [Cv] against different flows

Water Flow - U.S. Units

10 0008000

6000

4000

3000

2000

1000800

600

400300

200

1008060

40

30

20

100.001 0.002 0.003 0.006 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.060.08 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0

Pre

ss

ure

Dro

p.

ps

i

Flow, U.S. gal/min

1000800

600

400

300

200

10080

60

4030

20

108

6

43

2

11 1000800600400300200100806040302010864321

Example:l ∆

lRead across to the desired flow rate (q = 4 U.S. gal/min).

l The diagonal line is the desired Cv value (Cv = 0.50)

Enter the vertical scale with the pressure drop across the valve ( p = 60 psi).


Cv=0.0005Cv=0.0005

0.00100.0010

0.00250.0025

0.00500.0050

0.0100.010

0.0250.025

0.0500.050

0.100.10

0.250.25

0.100.10

0.250.25

0.500.50

1.01.0

2.52.5

5.05.0

1010

2525

5050

100100

250250


SUDE

SUDESUDE

100080

60

40

30

20

108

6

43

2

1.00.8

0.6

0.40.3

0.2

11 1000800600400300200100806040302010864 2000 3000 4000

Example:l ∆

lRead across to the desired flow rate (q = 0.2 L/min).

lThe diagonal line is the desired Cv value (Cv = 0.0025).

Enter the vertical scale with the pressure drop across the valve ( p = 30 bar).

Water Flow - Metric Units

1000800

600

400

300

200

1008060

4030

20

1086

4

3

2

10.004 0.006 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0

Pre

ss

ure

Dro

p.

ba

r

Flow, L/min


0.100.10

0.250.25

0.500.50

1.01.0

2.52.5

5.05.0

1010

2525

5050

100100

250250

Cv=0.0005Cv=0.0005

0.00100.0010

0.00250.0025

0.00500.0050

0.0100.010

0.0250.025

0.0500.050

0.100.10

0.200.20


SUDE

SUDESUDE

Low Pressure Drop Air Flow - U.S. Units

Example:lEnter the vertical scale with the inlet pressure at the valve (P1 = 200 psig).

lRead across to the diagonal line for the pressure drop across the valve (∆p = 25 psi).

lRead down to the horizontal scale for the flow rate through a valve with a Cv of 1.0 (q = 65 std ft3/min).

lMultiply that flow rate by the valve Cv to determine the actual flow rate.

Inte

l P

res

su

re

PS

IG

3Flow, std ft /min

3000

2000

1000

800

600

400

300

200

100

80

60

40

30

20

10 20 30 40 60 80 10050 200 300 400 600 800500 1000


p = 5 psip = 5 psi

10 psi10 psi

25 psi25 psi

50 psi50 psi

100 psi100 psi

250 psi250 psi

500 psi500 psi

High pressure drop flowHigh pressure drop flow


SUDE

SUDESUDE

Example:l

lRead across to the diagonal line for the pressure drop across the valve ( p = 1 bar).

lRead down to the horizontal scale for the flow rate through a valve with a Cv of 1.0 (q = 4000 std L/min).

lMultiply that flow rate by the valve Cv to determine the actual flow rate.

Enter the vertical scale with the inlet pressure at the valve (P1 = 100 bar).

∆

Low Pressure Drop Air Flow - Metric Units

200

100

80

60

50

40

30

20

10

5

6

5

4

3

2300 400 600 800 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 8000 10 000 20 000 30 000

Flow, std L/min

Inte

l P

res

su

re b

ar

∆P

= 0

.25 b

ar

∆P

= 0

.25 b

ar

0.5

0 b

ar

0.5

0 b

ar

1.0

bar

1.0

bar

2.5

bar

2.5

bar

5 ba

r5

bar

10 b

ar10

bar

25 b

ar

25 b

ar


High pressure drop flowHigh pressure drop flow


SUDE

SUDESUDE

High Pressure Drop Air Flow - U.S. Units

Example:l

lRead across to the desired flow rate (q = 10 std ft3/min).


Enter the vertical scale with the inlet pressure at the valve (P1 = 200 psig).

3000

2000

1000800

600

400

300

200

10080

60

40

30

20

500

50

0.001 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.00.05 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.3 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 20

Cv= 0.0005Cv= 0.00050.00100.0010

0.00250.0025

0.00500.0050

0.0100.010

0.0250.025

0.0500.050

0.100.10

0.250.25

0.500.50

Inle

t P

res

su

re,

ps

ig

1000

800

600500400

300

200

100

80

60

50

40

30

2020 30 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 200010 3000 4000 6000 10 000

3Flow. std ft /min

0.100.10

0.250.25

0.500.50

1.01.0

2.52.5

5.05.0

1010

2525

5050

100100

250250



SUDE

SUDESUDE

High Pressure Drop Air Flow - Metric Units

Example:lEnter the vertical scale with the inlet pressure at the valve (P1 = 20 bar).

lRead across to the desired flow rate (q = 4000 std L/min).


200

100

80

6050

40

30

20

10

8

654

3

2

Cv= 0.0005Cv= 0.0005

0.00100.0010

0.00250.0025

0.00500.0050

0.0100.010

0.0250.025

0.0500.050

0.100.10

0.250.25

0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2 3 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300

0.100.10

0.250.25

0.0500.050

1.01.0

0.500.50

2.52.5

5.05.0

1010

2525

5050

100100

250250

50

80

60

40

30

20

10

8

65

4

3

2200 300 400 600 800 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 10000 20000 40000 60000 100000 200000

Inle

t P

res

su

re,

ba

r

Flow, std L/min



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Velocity Limitation & Its Calculation

Where : V: Flow velocity (m/sec) Q: Flow rate

3Liquid (m /h)

3Gas [At 15 degrees C, 101325 Pa] (m /h)

* Velocity limitation varies depending on the valve models. Please consult us for further information.

Pipe line velocity calculation - For liquids

V = 354 XQ

2D

For gases and vapors'

V = 124.5 XQ (T+273)

2 2D . P

For Steam

V = 124.5 XQ . U

2D

3= Nm /h X288

273

Steam (kg/h)

U: Specific volume of valve-outlet (m /kg)

D: Nominal size (mm)

P : Valve-outlet pressure (kPaA)2

T: Temperature (degrees C)

3

Replaceable rubber seat

Vulcanized rubber seat

Gas, vapour

Saturated steam

Superheated steam

Liquid

Steam

3 m/s

5 to 6 m/s

120 to 200 m/s

50 to 80 m/s

80 to 120 m/s

Type of fluid Velocity limitation (continuous operation)



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Noise Prediction Methods and Counter measures

The following are methods which are recommended as standard method.

in

in

in

mm

cm

mm

mm

cm

mm

kg

lbs

lbs/ft

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

Multiply in by

Multiply in by

Multiply in by

Multiply millimeter by

Multiply centimeter by

Multiply meter by

Multiply millimeter by

Multiply centimeter by

Multiply meter by

Multiply kilogram by

Multiply pounds by

Multiply pounds/foot by

25.4

2.54

0.0254

0.003281

0.032808

3.2808

0.03937

0.3937

39.37

2.2046

0.453597

1.48817

mm

cm

m

ft

ft

ft

in

in

in

Lbs

kg

kg/meter

TO CONVERT FROM

Torque conversion table

1

16

192

13.89

1389

14.16

141.6

N•moz•in Lb•in Lb•ft kg•cm kg•m N•cm

0.0625

1

12

0.868

86.8

0.088

8.851

0.005

0.083

1

0.072

7.233

0.007

0.738

0.072

1.152

13.83

1

100

0.102

10.20

0.0007

0.0115

0.138

0.01

1

0.001

0.102

0.706

11.3

135.6

9.807

980.7

1

100

0.007

0.113

1.356

0.098

9.807

0.01

1

Conversion Charts


Pressure detection tap

36” to 48”

Upstream-siderestrictor

In-line Silencer

Test Valve

Position of Microphone

28”

to 4

0” Silencer

Downstream-siderestrictor

Note : Parts surrounded by dotted lines are optional36” to 48”

Position of Microphone

28” t

o 40

”

D

min =

D


SUDE

SUDESUDE

TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY

BAR

CENTIMETERS

CFM

CFM

CUBIC FEET

CUBIC METERS

FEET

ft/ibs

GALLONS

INCHES

INCHES

KGM

KILOGRAMS

KILOMETERS

L/Sec

LITERS

LITERS

M3/min

METERS

METERS

MILES

MILLIMETERS

MEGA PASCALS

(MPa)

PSI

INCHES

L/Sec3m /min

Cubic Meters

Cubic Feet

Meters

KGM

Liters

Millimeters

Centimeters

ft/ibs

POUNDS

MILES

CFM

GALLONS

QUARTS

CFM

FEET

YARDS

KILOMETERS

INCHES

PSI

14.7

0.3937

0.4719

0.02832

0.02832

35.3145

0.3048

0.1383

3.7853

25.4

25.4

7.231

2.2046

0.6214

2.119

0.2642

1.0567

35.32

3.2808

1.0936

1.6093

0.03937

145.04

POUNDS

PSI

PSI

QUARTS

SQUARE

CENTIMETERS

SQUARE FEET

SQUARE INCHES

SQUARE METERS

TON(US)

TON, METRIC

YARDS

KILOGRAMS

BAR

MEGA PASCALS(MPa)

LITRES

SQUARE INCHES

SQUARE METERS

SQUARE CENTIMETERS

SQUARE FEET

TON, METRIC

TON(US)

METERS


0.45359237

0.06804

0.006895

0.9463

0.155

0.0929

6.452

10.7639

0.90718

1.1023

0.9144


atmosphereatmosphereatmosphereatmosphereatmosphereatmosphereatmosphereatmosphereatmosphereatmosphereBarBarBarBarBarBarBarBarBarBarDynes/cm²Dynes/cm²Dynes/cm²Dynes/cm²Dynes/cm²Dynes/cm²in.Hgin.Hg

bardynes/cm²in.Hgin waterkg/cm²mbarmtroo or micron HgPa or N/m²PSI or ib/in²torr or mm Hgatmospheredynes/cm²in.Hgin. waterkg/cm²mbarmtroo or micron HgPa or N/m²PSI or ib/in²torr or mm Hgatmospherebarin.Hgin. waterkg/cm²mbaratmospherebar

1.012951.01295x106

29.9213406.86

1.033251012.957.6x105

1.01295x10514.696

7600.98721x10629.54

401.651.021000

7.5028x1051x10614.508

750.28539.872x10-7

1x10¯6 2.954x10-54.0165x10-41.0200x10-6

1x10-3 3.342x10-2 3.385x10-2


in.Hgin.Hgin.Hgin.Hgin.Hgin.Hgin.Hgin.Hgin. waterin. waterin. waterin. waterin. waterin. waterin. waterin. waterin. waterin. waterkg/cm²kg/cm²kg/cm²kg/cm²kg/cm²kg/cm²kg/cm²kg/cm²kg/cm²kg/cm²

dynes/cm²in. waterkg/cm²mbarmtorr or micron HgPa or N/m²PSI or ib/in²torr or mm Hgatmospherebardynes/cm²kg/cm²in.Hgmbarmtorr or micron HgPa or N/m²PSI or ib/in²torr or mm Hgatmospherebardynes/cm²in.Hgin. watermbarmtorr or micron HgPa or N/m²PSI or ib/in²torr or mm Hg

3.385x104 13.598

3.4532x10-2 33.85

2.54x104 3385

0.4912 25.4

2.458x10-3 2.489x10-3 2.489x10-32.5395x10-3 7.354x10-2

2.489 1.868x10-3

248.9 3.612x10-2

1.868 0.9678 0.9840

9.804x105 28.958 393.76

9.804x102 7.3554x105 9.804x104

14.223 7.3554x102

PRESSURE CONVERSION FORMULAE

Conversion Charts



SUDE

SUDESUDE


mbar

mbar

mbar

mbar

mbar

mbar

mbar

mbar

mbar

mbar

mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron Hg

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron

Hg

atmosphere

bar

dynes/cm²

kg/cm²

in.Hg

in. water

mtorr or micron Hg

Pa or N/m²

PSI or ib/in²

torr or mm Hg

atmosphere

bar

dynes/cm²

kg/cm²

in.Hg

in. water

mbar

Pa or N/m²

PSI or ib/in²

torr or mm Hg

atmosphere

bar

dynes/cm²

kg/cm²

in.Hg

in. water

mbar

mtroo or micron Hg

PSI or ib/in²

torr or mm Hg

atmosphere

bar

dynes/cm²

kg/cm²

in.Hg

in. water

mbar

bar

dynes/cm²

9.872x104

0.001

1000

1.0200x10-3

2.954x10-2

0.4018

7.5028x102

100

1.450x10-2

0.75028

1.316x10-6

1.3328x10-6

1.3328

1.3595x10-6

3.937x10-5

5.353x10-4

1.3328x10-3

0.13328

1.934x10-5

1x10-3

9.869x10-6

1x10-5

10

1.020x10-5

2.954x10-4

4.018x10-3

0.01

7.5028

14508x10-4

7.5028x10-3

0.06805

0.06893

6.8927x104

7.0309x10-2

2.036

27.68

68.97

1.3328x10-6

1.3328


mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron Hg

mtorr or micron Hg

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

Pa or N/m²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

PSI or ib/in²

torr or mm Hg

torr or mm Hg

torr or mm Hg

torr or mm Hg

torr or mm Hg

torr or mm Hg

torr or mm Hg

torr or mm Hg

torr or mm Hg

torr or mm Hg

kg/cm²

in.Hg

in. water

mbar

PSI or ib/in²

torr or mm Hg

atmosphere

bar

dynes/cm²

kg/cm²

in.Hg

in. water

mbar

mtroo or micron Hg

PSI or ib/in²

torr or mm Hg

atmosphere

bar

dynes/cm²

kg/cm²

in.Hg

in. water

mbar

mtorr or micron Hg

Pa or N/m²

torr or mm Hg

atmosphere

bar

dynes/cm²

kg/cm²

in.Hg

in. water

mbar

mtorr or micron Hg

Pa or N/m²

PSI or ib/in²

1.3595x10-6

3.937x10-5

5.353x10-4

1.3328x10-3

1.934x10-5

1x10-3

9.869x10-6

1x10-5

10

1.020x10-5

2.954x10-4

4.018x10-3

0.01

7.5028

14508x10-4

7.5028x10-3

0.06805

0.06893

6.8927x104

7.0309x10-2

2.036

27.68

68.97

5.171x104

6.8927x103

51.71

1.3158x10-3

1.3328x10-3

1.3328x10-3

1.3595x10-3

3.937x10-2

0.5353

1.3328

1000

133.28

1.934x10-2

Conversion Charts



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Designation psi

psi

kpa

kg/cm²

cm of

H²O

feet of

H²O

inches

of Hg

mm

of Hg

inches

of H20

ounces per

square inch

atmosp

heres

bar

mbar

Mpa

kpa 2kg/cm cm of 2H O

1

0.1450

37

14.223

34

0.0142

22

0.4335

15

0.4911

54

0.0193

36

0.3612

62

0.0625

14.696

14.503

8

0.0145

145.03

77

6.8947

57

1

98.066

94

0.0980

63

2.9689

61

3.3863

89

0.1333

23

0.2490

82

0.4309

22

101.32

54

100

0.1

1000

0.7030

7

0.0101

97

1

0.001

0.3047

91

0.3453

16

0.0013

6

0.0025

42

0.0043

94

1.0332

31

1.0197

16

0.0010

19

10.197

70.30

69

10.19

75

1000.

03

1

30.48

34.53

25

1.359

55

2.54

4.394

31

1033.

26

1019.

75

1.019

10197

.5

2.306

72

0.334

56

32.80

93

0.328

08

1

1.132

96

0.446

05

0.833

3

0.144

17

33.89

95

33.48

33

0.003

46

334.5

6

2.0360

2

0.2953

28.959

01

0.0289

58

0.8826

46

1

0.0393

7

0.0735

54

0.1272

51

29.921

3

29.53

0.0295

3

295.29

9

51.714

9

7.5006

1

735.55

9

0.7355

4

22.419

2

25.4

1

1.8682

7

3.2321

8

760

750.06

3

0.7500

6

7500.6

1

27.680

68

4.0147

2

393.71

18

0.3937

12

13.595

46

0.5352

55

1

1.7300

4

406.79

4

401.85

96

0.4014

6

4014.7

4

16

2.3206

03

227.57

35

0.2275

66

6.9362

4

7.8584

7

0.3093

89

0.5780

2

1

235.13

6

232.06

08

0.2320

6

2320.6

03

0.6804

6

0.0096

6

0.9678

4

0.0009

6

0.0299

9

0.0334

2

0.0013

1

0.0024

5

0.0042

5

1

0.9869

2

0.0009

9

9.669

0.689

0.01

0.981

0.000

9863

0.03

0.009

0.001

0.002

0.004

1

0.987

0.001

9.669

68.94

8

10

1013.

3

0.980

6

29.68

9

33.86

4

1.333

2

2.490

9

4.309

1013.

3

1000

1

1000

0

0.006

8

0.001

0.098

0

0.000

9

0.002

9

0.003

8

0.000

1

0.000

2

0.000

4309

0.101

3

0.1

0.000

1

1

feetof

2H O

Inchesof Hg

mm ofHg

Inchesof H2O

ounces per

squareinch

atmosphere

s

bar mbar Mpa

Sp

eci

fic g

ravi

ty S

G (

dB

A)

Molecular weight0 10 20 30 40 50

+2+1

0

-1

-2

-3-4-5-6-7

-8

-9-10

Specific gravity conversion

kg/Nm3

kg/m3

0 degrees C

1013mmbar

15 degrees C

1013mmbar

Condition Specific gravity G

1.293

1.225

Saturated Steam

Superheated Steam

Natural gas

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Ammonia

Air

Acetylene

Carbon dioxide

Carbon monoxide gas

Helium

Methane liquid

Nitrogen

Propane

Ethylene

Ethane

-2

-3

-1

-10

+0.5

-2

+0

-1

+1

+0

-6.5

-1

+0

+1

-1

-1

Specific gravity SG

Specific gravity SG

Virtual Pressure Conversion Chart



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Physical Properties of Plastics

0TEMPERATURE( F)

Pre

ss

ure

(P

SI)

100

120

80

40

080 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

PVC

PPCPVC PVDF

PROPERTIES PVC CPVC PP PVDFTEST METHOD

REF.

140 210 180 280HEAT RESISTANCE. F0

HEAT DEFLECTION, F @ 264 0 PSI 160 212 202 230 ASTM - D648

0.65 1.6 2.5 6 ASTM - D256IZOD IMPACT. FT.LBS./IN. V NOTCH

ELONGATION. % 60-120 20-40 150-200 30-50 ASTM - D638

DIELECTRIC STRENGTH, KV/IN. 0.9 0.9 1 1.18 ASTM - D149

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 12,500-14,000 14000-15,500 8500-9800 12500-14000 ASTM - D695

COMPRESSIVE MODULUS, 10³ PSI 240-250 250-280 125-150 15-195 ASTM - D695

COEFFICIENT OF 0EXPANSION, IN./IN./ FX105

3.1 3.7 5.2 7.7 ASTM - D696

0.06 0.06 0.2 0.03WATER ABSORPTION 24HR/ % a 73 DEG. F

ASTM - D570

7400 8800 5000 7200TENSILE STRENGTH PSI ASTM - D638

ASTM - D7921.41 1.53 0.91 1.76SPECIFIC GRAVITY

HARDNESS, ROCKWELL R 112 116 96 110 ASTM - D785

Pressure VS. Temperature



SUDE

SUDESUDE


Fluid

Boiling point when air

pressure is 1

Gravity

Temp.Water

0= 1 at 4 C

Molecularweight

0C 0F0C 0F

20.6

118.3

56.1

-

-

97.2

117.2

117.2

77.8

66.1

97.2

-33.3

183.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

80

-

-

61.1

157.8

182.2

46.1

76.7

-

61.1

-

-

172.8

34.7

77.2

38.3

131.7

83.9

100.6

69

245

133

-

-

207

243

243

172

151

207

-28

363

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

176

-

-

142

316

360

115

170

-

142

-

-

343

94.4

171

101

269

183

213

20

20

20

15.6

-

20

20

70

20

20

-17.8

20

20

15.6

15.6

15.6

15.6

15.6

15.6

15.6

15.6

15.6

15.6

15.6

15.6

20

15.6

15.6

20

20

18.3

20

20

20

20

15.6

-

20

20

20

15

20

20

20

68

68

68

60

-

68

68

158

68

68

0

68

68

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

68

60

60

68

68

65

68

68

68

68

60

-

68

68

68

59

68

68

68

0.782

1.049

0.79

0.895

-

0.855

0.81

0.78

0.789

0.79

0.804

0.662

1.022

0.88 - 0.94

0.88 - 0.94

0.88 - 0.94

0.88 - 0.94

0.88 - 0.94

0.88 - 0.94

0.88 - 0.94

0.88 - 0.94

0.88 - 0.94

0.88 - 0.94

0.88 - 0.94

1.01

0.879

1.23

1.19

2.9

0.959

1.08

1.263

1.594

0.96

1.489

0.9

-

0.73

0.714

0.9

1.45

2.18

1.246

1.221

44.05

60.05

58.08

-

-

58.05

74.12

-

46.07

102.17

60.09

17.31

93.12

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

78.11

-

-

159.83

88.10

94.11

76.14

153.84

-

119.39

-

-

142.28

74.12

88.10

108.98

187.88

98.97

46.03

Acetaldehyde

Acetic acid

Acetone

Aero motor oil (typical)

Alcohol, allyl-n

Alcohol, butyl-n

Alcohol, ethyl-n (grain)

Alcohol, methy-n (wood)

Alcohol, propyl-n

Ammonia (liquid)

Aniline

Automobile crankcase oils,

SAE 10

SAE 20

SAE 30

SAE 40

SAE 50

SAE 60

SAE 70

Automobile transmission lub,

SAE 80

SAE 90

SAE 140

SAE 250

Beer

Benzol (Benzene)

Brine, calcium chloride, 25%

Brine, sodium chloride, 25%

Bromine

Butyric acid-n

Carbolic acid (phenol)

Carbon disulphide

Carbon tetrachloride

Castor oil

Chloroform

Compounded steam cyl oil (5% tal, ow)

Decane-n

Diethyl ether

Ethyl acetate

Ethyl biomide

Ethylene btomide

Ethylene chloride

Formic acid



SUDE

SUDESUDE

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

290

-

-

98.3

68.9

-

-

-

28.1

-

57.2

42.2

-

217.8

-

-

211.1

150

125.6

(298.9)

36.1

-

141.1

-

-

-

(98.3)

-

-

-

337.8

-

-

-

160

100

-

141.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

554

-

-

209

156

-

-

-

538

-

135

108

-

424

-

-

412

302

258

(570)

97

-

286

-

-

-

(209)

-

-

-

640

-

-

-

320

212

-

287

21.1

26.1

21.1

15.6

15.6

15.6

15.6

15.6

-14.4

-14.4

-14.4

20

20

20

20

20

20

15.6

15.6

15.6

15.6

20

20

20

20

15.6

20

20

20

20

20

20

15.6

20

15.6

20

15.6

25

20

20

20

20

20

20

15.6

15.6

15.6

15.6

20

70

79

70

60

60

60

60

60

6

6

6

68

68

68

68

68

68

60

60

60

60

68

68

68

68

60

68

68

68

68

68

68

60

68

60

68

60

77

68

68

68

68

68

68

60

60

60

60

68

1.49

1.33

1.37

0.82 - 0.95

0.82 - 0.95

0.82 - 0.95

0.82 - 0.95

0.82 - 0.95

0.74

0.72

0.68

1.26

1.13

1.125

0.684

0.66

1.05

0.78 - 0.82

0.91 - 0.92

0.92 - 0.94

0.94

0.93

2.28

1.02 - 1.04

1.145

0.91 - 0.92

1.37

1.203

0.718

0.70

0.91

0.63

0.64

0.99

0.86 - 0.89

0.91

0.924

0.88

1.08

1.18

1.29

1.83

1.83

1.5

0.91

0.86 - 0.87

1.0

1.03

0.87

Freon 11

Freon 12

Freon 21

Fuel oil, No.1

No.2

No.3

No.5

No.6

Gasoline, typical (a)

(b)

(c)

Glycerine, 100%

Glycerine and water, 50%

Glycol, Ethylene

Heptane's-n

Hexane-n

Hydrochloric acid, 31.5%

Kerosene

Lard oil

Linseed oil (raw)

Marine engine oil (20% blown rape)

Methy acetate

Methy iodide

Milk

Naphthelene

Neatsfoot oil

Nitric acid, 60%

Nitrobenzene

Nonane-n

Octane-n

Olive oil

Pentane-n

Petroleum ether (benzine)

Propionic acid

Quenching oil (typical)

Rapeseed oil

Soya bean oil

Sperm oil

Sugar, 20%

40%

60%

Sulfuric acid, 100%

95%

60%

Turbine oil (typical medium)

Turpentine

Water (fresh)

Water (sea)

Xyolene-o

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

92.03

-

62.07

100.20

86.17

-

-

-

-

-

58.08

141.94

-

-

-

-

-

128.6

-

-

123.11

128.25

114.22

-

72.09

-

74.08

-

-

-

98.08

-

-

-

136.23

-

-

-

Fluid

Boiling point when air

pressure is 1

Gravity

Temp.Water

0= 1 at 4 C

Molecularweight

0C 0F0C 0F




SUDE

SUDESUDE

Fluid

Densitykg m

(0°C, 101325 Pa)

-3 GravityAir = 1

1.173

1.2929

0.7710

1.7837

7.71*

3.484*

2.99*

2.5190*

2.673

1.9769

1.2504

2.72

3.214

3.0911

3.89

2.335*

1.96617

1.3566

1.2604

1.696

6.7420

3.420

0.17847

0.08988

3.6445

1.6392

5.7891

3.670

1.539

5.81

3.708

0.7168

1.396

2.3076

2.1098

1.5452

0.90036

1.3402

Acetylene

Air

Ammonia

Argon

Arsenic fluoride

Arsenic hydride

Boron fluoride

Butane (n)

Butane, iso

Carbon dioxide

Carbon monoxide

Carbon ox sulfide

Chlorine

Chlorine dioxide

Chlorine monoxide

Cyanogens

Dim ethylamine

Ethane

Ethylene

Fluorine

Germanium hydride (digermane)

Germanium tetra hydride

Helium

Hydrogen

Hydrogen bromide

Hydrogen chloride

Hydrogen iodide

Hydrogen solenoid

Hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen telluride

Krypton

Methane

Methylamine

Methyl chloride

Methyl ether

Methyl fluoride

Neon

Nitric oxide

GravityOxygen = 1

Molecularweight

0.9073

1.0000

0.5963

1.3796

5.96*

2.695*

2.31*

2.0854*

2.067

1.5290

0.9671

2.10

2.486

2.3911

3.01

1.806

1.52117

1.0493

0.9749

1.312

5.2120

2.645

0.13804

0.06952

2.8189

1.2678

4.4776

2.839

1.190

4.49

2.868

0.5544

1.080

1.7848

1.6318

1.1951

0.69638

1.0366

0.8208

0.9047

0.5395

1.2482

5.40*

2.438*

2.09*

1.8868*

1.870

1.3834

0.8750

1.90

2.249

2.1611

2.72

1.634*

1.37617

0.9493

0.8820

1.187

4.7220

2.393

0.12489

0.06290

2.5503

1.1471

4.0510

2.568

1.077

4.07

2.595

0.5016

0.9769

1.6148

1.4764

1.0813

0.63004

0.9378

26.04

28.97

17.03

39.944

169.91

76.93

61.82

58.12

58.12

44.01

28.01

60.07

70.91

67.46

86.91

52.04

45.08

30.07

28.05

38.00

151.25

76.63

4.003

2.016

80.92

36.47

127.93

80.98

34.08

129.63

83.7

16.04

31.06

50.49

46.07

34.03

20.18

30.01

*Density at 20 C0




SUDE

SUDESUDE


Fluid

Densitykg m

(0°C, 101325 Pa)

-3 GravityAir = 1

GravityOxygen = 1

Molecularweight

1.25055

1.2568

2.992

2.176*

1.9778

2.57*

2.90

1.42904

2.144

1.5294

3.907*

4.8

5.81

2.0096

9.73

3.03

3.64

5.3

2.73

2.08

3.86

4.684

2.85

1.44

5.30

2.9269

6.50*

3.72*

2.580

2.52

12.9

5.851

Nitrogen

Nitrogen (atm.)

Nitrosyl chloride

Nitrosyl fluoride

Nitrous oxide

Nitroxyl chloride

Nitroxyl fluoride

Oxygen

Ozone

Phosphate

Phosphorus fluoride

Phosphorus ox fluoride

Phosphorus pentafluoride

Propane

Radon

Silicane, chloro-

Silicane, chloromethyl

Silicane, dichloromethyl

Silicane, dim ethyl

Silicane, methyl

Silicane, trifluoro-

Silicon fluoride

Silicon hex hydride

Silicon tetrahydride

0Stibine (15 C, 754A)

Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur fluoride

Sulfuric oxyfluoride

Trim ethylamine

Trim ethyl boron

Tungsten fluoride

Xenon

0.96724

0.9721

2.314

1.683*

1.5297

1.99*

2.24

1.10527

1.658

1.1829

3.022*

3.7

4.494

1.554

7.526

2.34

2.82

4.1

2.11

1.61

2.99

3.623

2.204

1.114

4.10

2.2638

5.03*

2.88*

1.996

1.95

9.98

4.525

0.87510

0.8795

2.094

1.523*

1.3840

1.798*

2.03

1.0000

1.500

1.0702

2.734*

3.4

4.066

1.407

6.809

2.12

2.55

3.7

1.91

1.46

2.70

3.278

1.994

1.008

3.71

2.0482

4.55*

2.60*

1.085

1.76

9.03

4.094

28.02

-

65.47

49.01

44.02

81.47

65.01

32.00

48.00

34.00

87.98

103.98

125.98

44.09

222.00

66.54

80.60

115.02

60.14

46.12

86.07

104.06

62.17

32.09

125.00

64.07

146.07

102.07

59.11

55.92

297.92

131.30

*Density at 20 C0



SUDE

Water temperatureVapour

pressurekPaA

Gravitational weight

3kgf/mGravity

0C 0F

Physical Properties of Water


SUDESUDE

32

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

212

220

240

260

280

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

0

4

10

16

21

27

32

38

43

49

54

60

66

71

77

82

88

93

99

100

104

116

127

138

149

177

204

232

260

288

316

343

371

0.6107

0.8385

1.2268

1.7656

2.5020

3.4353

4.8129

6.5440

8.7899

11.6699

15.3258

19.9183

25.6346

32.6875

41.3135

51.7811

64.3905

79.4613

97.3653

101.313

117.994

172.136

244.235

339.192

461.942

927.974

1704.59

2913.07

4694.25

7207.3

10639.2

15224.8

21332.4

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.99

0.99

0.99

0.99

0.98

0.98

0.98

0.97

0.97

0.97

0.96

0.96

0.96

0.96

0.95

0.94

0.93

0.92

0.89

0.86

0.82

0.78

0.74

0.68

0.60

0.44

999.87

1000.1

999.81

999.18

998.13

996.76

995.10

993.18

991.03

988.65

986.03

983.24

980.23

977.12

973.81

971.32

966.69

962.91

959.00

958.19

955.00

946.48

937.44

927.94

918.06

890.49

859.44

824.50

784.15

736.22

677.66

599.04

434.46

Special Adapters Linkages


SUDE

SUDESUDE

FluidDensity

0 3g /cmDensity

Temp.0C

20

20

0

0

15

0

20

20

0

-

0

-

-

-

15

0

15

15

16

15

15

15

15

-

4

49.4

49.4

50.5

56.1

59.2 - 60.2

80.7

99.6

93.0

45.9

41.0 - 43.0

78.6

51.2

849.0

64.2 - 64.6

41.5

52.9 - 50.5

60.5

57.7

57.8

64.9 - 68.6

58.8

57.3

63.99

54.3

62.43

0.792

0.791

0.810

0.899

0.950 - 0.965

1.293

1.595

1.489

0.736

0.66 - 0.69

1.260

0.82

13.6

1.028 - 1.035

0.665

0.848 - 0.810

0.969

0.925

0.926

1.040 - 1.100

0.942

0.918

1.025

0.87

1.00

Acetone

Alcohol, ethyl

Alcohol, methyl

Benzene

Carbolic acid

Carbon disulfide


Chloroform

Ether

Gasoline

Glycerin

Kerosene

Mercury

Milk

Naphtha, petroleum ether

Wood

Oils :

Castor

Coconut

Cotton seed

Creosote

Linseed, boiled

Olive

Sea water

Turpentine (spirits)

Water

Density of Fluids



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Property

Tensile

Strength

psi (bar)

NaturalRubber

Buna-S

NitrileButy

1Thiokol

SiliconeHypal

onViton2.3

Polyurethan

3e

EthylenePropyle

ne4

Neoprene

Pure

Gum

3000

(207)

400

(208)

600

(41)

3000

(207)

300

(121)

200-450

(14-31)

4000

(276)

--- --- ---3200

(241)

Permeability to

Gases

Fair Fair Fair V.

Good

Good Fair V.

Good

Good Good GoodV.

Good

ResilienceV.

Good

Fair Fair V.

Good

Poor Good Good Good Fair V.

Good

V.

Good

Elongation

(Max)700% 500% 500% 700% 400% 300% 300% 425% 625% 500%500%

Refin-

forced

4500

(310)

3000

(207)

4000

(276)

3000

(207)

1500

(103)

1100

(76)

4400

(303)

2300

(159)

6500

(448)

2500

(172)

3500

(241)

Tear Resistance Excell

ent

Poor-

Fair

Fair Good Fair Poor

Fair

Excell

ent

Good Excell

ent

PoorGood

Abrasion

Resistance

Excell

ent

Good Good Fair Poor Poor Excell

ent

Very

Good

Excell

ent

GoodExcel

lent

Aging :

Sunlight :

Oxidation

Poor

Good

Poor

Fair

Poor

Fair

Excel

lent

Good

Good

Good

Good

V

Good

Excell

ent

v.

Good

Excel

ent

Excel

ent

Excell

ent

Excell

ent

Excell

ent

Good

Excel

lent

Good

Heat

(Max. Temp)

93 C0

(2000F)

93 C0

(2000F)

121 C0

0(250 F)

93 C0

(2000F)

60 C0

(1400F)

232 C0

(4500F)

149 C0

(3000F)

2040C

(4000F)

93 C0

(2000F)

177 C0

(350 F)0

93 C0

(2000F)

Static (Shelf) Good Good Good Good Fair Good Good --- --- GoodV. Good

Flex Cracking

Resistance

Excell

ent

Good Good Excel

lent

Fair Fair Excell

ent

--- Excell

ent

---Excel

lent

Compression

Set

Resistance

Good Good Very

Good

Fair Poor Good Poor Poor Good FairExcel

lent

Low Temperature

Flexibility (Max.)

0-54 C

(- 065 F)

-46 C0

(- 050 F)

40 C0

(- 040 F)

-40 C0

(- 040 F)

-40 C0

0(-40 F)

-73 C0

0(-100 F

-29 C0

0(-20 F)

-34 C0

0(-30 F)

-40 C0

0(-40 F)

-45 C0

(-50 F)

40 C0

(- 040 F)

General Properties of Elastomer



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Fluid Critical pressure Pc

322

235

36

-141

132

-122

289

153

31

-139

283

144

32

243

10

195

-155

-268

267

-240

51

134

235

-83

240

-147

37

296

-119

197

419

182

97

92

112

97

157

374

58.0

47.6

62.9

37.8

113.0

48.6

48.4

36.5

74.0

35.5

45.6

77.0

49.5

64.0

51.2

36.0

25.3

2.3

27.2

13.0

82.6

37.5

53.7

46.4

79.6

34.0

72.7

25.0

50.4

33.5

61.3

56.7

42.6

45.6

40.1

49.2

78.8

221.0

5798

4764

6280

3771

11297

4860

4833

3647

7390

3543

4557

7708

4944

6391

5115

3599

2530

228.9

2716

1296

8266

3750

5370

4640

7970

3392

7267

2496

5033

3344

6129

5674

4254

4557

4012

4915

7873

22104

Acetic acid

Acetone

Acetylene

Air

Ammonia

Argon

Benzene

Butane

Carbon dioxide

Carbon monoxide


Chlorine

Ethane

Ethyl alcohol

Ethylene

Ethyl ether

Fluorine

Helium

Heptanes

Hydrogen

Hydrogen chloride

Isobutene

Isopropyl alcohol

Methane

Methyl alcohol

Nitrogen

Nitrous oxide

Octane

Oxygen

Pentane

Phenol

Phosgene

Propane

Propylene

Refrigerant 12

Refrigerant 22

Sulfur dioxide

Water

kPaA Bars (abs.)

Critical Temperature TC

0F 0C

612

455

97

-222

270

-188

552

307

88

-218

541

291

90

469

50

383

-247

-450

513

-400

124

273

455

-117

464

-233

99

565

-182

387

786

360

207

198

234

207

315

705

Critical Pressures and Temperatures



SUDE

SUDESUDE

ABS. PRESS. (KG/CM²)

99.12

104.32

108.85

112.89

116.54

119.87

122.9

125.8

128.5

131

133.4

135.6

137.8

139.8

141.8

143.6

152.1

159.3

165.6

171.3

176.4

181.2

185.6

189.7

193.5

197.1

200.6

203.9

207.1

210.1

213

215.9

221.2

226.1

230.8

235.2

239.5

1.725

1.455

1.259

1.111

0.9952

0.9016

0.8246

0.7601

0.7052

0.6578

0.6166

0.5804

0.5483

0.5196

0.4939

0.4706

0.381

0.3213

0.2778

0.2448

0.2189

0.1961

0.1806

0.1664

0.1541

0.1435

0.1343

0.1262

0.119

0.1126

0.1068

0.1016

0.0925

0.0849

0.0784

0.728

0.068

99.09

104.25

108.74

112.73

116.33

119.62

122.65

125.46

128.08

130.55

132.88

135.08

137.18

139.18

141.09

142.92

151.11

158.08

164.17

169.61

174.53

179.04

183.2

187.08

190.71

194.13

197.36

200.43

203.35

206.14

208.81

211.38

216.23

220.75

224.99

228.98

232.76

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

22

24

26

28

30

0.5797

0.6875

0.7942

0.8999

1.005

1.109

1.213

1.316

1.418

1.52

1.622

1.723

1.824

1.925

2.025

2.125

2.621

3.112

3.6

4.085

4.568

5.049

5.53

6.01

6.488

6.967

7.446

7.925

8.405

8.886

9.366

9.846

10.81

11.78

12.75

13.72

14.7

TEMP (º C)SP. VOL. OF

STEAM (M³/KG)

SP. WT. OF STEAM (KG/M³)

ENTHALPY OF WATER

(KCAL/KG)

ENTHALPY OF STEAM

(KCAL/KG)

LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

(KCAL/KG)

638.5

640.3

642

643.5

644.7

645.8

646.8

647.8

648.7

649.5

650.3

650.9

651.6

652.2

652.8

653.4

655.8

657.8

659.4

660.8

662

663

663.9

664.7

665.4

666

666.6

667.1

667.5

667.9

668.2

668.5

668.9

669.3

669.5

669.6

669.7

539.4

536

533.1

530.6

528.2

525.9

523.9

522

520.2

518.5

516.9

515.3

513.8

512.4

511

509.8

503.7

498.5

493.8

489.5

485.6

481.8

478.3

475

471.9

468.9

466

463.2

460.4

457.8

455.2

452.7

447.7

443.2

438.7

434.4

430.2

Saturated Steam Table



SUDE

SUDESUDE

To Obtain by Multiply

10.7639-36.944x10

1

27878490

10763867

1

0.0006452

0.0929

2589999

1000.000

Number of Square Meters

Square Inches

Square Feet

Square Miles

Square Kilometers

1 square meter = 10000 square centimeters.

1 square millimeter = 0.01 square centimeter = 0.00155 square inches.

1549.99

1

144

…

…

Square Meters Square Inches Square Feet Square Miles

-7 3.861x10-102.491x10-83.587x10

1

0.3861

SquareKilometers

--6 1x10-106.452x10

-89.29x10

2.59

1

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE

0.147

0.154

0.179

0.191

0.2

0.218

0.276

0.3

0.337

0.375

0.432

0.5

0.528

0.724

0.935

1.256

1.476

1.913

2.289

2.864

3.326

4.767

5.709

7.565

1/2"

3/4"

1"

1¼"

1½"

2"

2½"

3"

4"

5"

6"

8"

0.84

1.05

1.315

1.66

1.9

2.375

2.875

3.5

4

5.563

6.625

8.625

INSIDE DIAMETER (IN.)

OUTSIDE DIAMETER (IN.)

WALL THICKNESS (IN.)

To Obtain byMultiply Number of

0.6818

0.01136

1

2.237

0.03728

0.6214

1

0.01667

1.467

3.280

0.05468

0.9113

Feet per Second

Feet per Minute

Miles per Hour

Miles per Second

Meters per Minute

Kilometers per Hour

60.00

1

88.00

196.9

3.281

54.68

Feet perSecond

Feet perMinute

Miles perhour

Miles perSecond

0.3048

0.005080

0.4470

1

0.01667

0.2778

Meters perMinute

18.29

0.3048

26.82

60.00

1

16.67

Kilometers per Hour

1.097

0.01829

1.609

3.600

0.06000

1

Area Conversions

Velocity Conversions

Schedule 80 Thermoplastic Pipe Standards



SUDE

SUDESUDE

To obtain byMultiple Number of

102.0

1

0.4536

0.01410

1

0.009807

0.004448

0.0001383

Kilonewtons

Kilogram Force

Pound Force

Poundals

KilonewtonsKilogram

forcePound Force Poundals

224.8

2.205

1

0.03108

7233

70.93

32.17

1

Force Conversions

To obtain byMultiple

1000

1

16.02

27.680

1

0.001000

0.01602

27.68

Grams per milliliter

Kilogram per cubic Meter

Pounds per Cubic Foot

Pounds per Cubic Inch

Grams per milliliter

Kilogram per cubic Meter

Pounds per Cubic Foot

Pounds per Cubic Inch

62.43

0.06243

1

1728

0.03613

0.00003613

0.0005787

1

kgm

ft-lb

PS

HP

KW

PS

HP

lt-lb-p.sec.

kcal

B.T.U.

kgm

ft-lb

B.T.U.

B.T.U.p.lb

B.T.U.p.sq.in.

B.T.U.p.sq.ft

B.T.U.p.cu.in

B.T.U.p.cu.ft

From

kcal

kcal

kcal/s

kcal/s

kcal/s

kw

kw

kw

kwh

kwh

kwh

kwh

kcal

kcal/kg

kcal/cm2

kcal/m2

kcal/m3

kcal/m3

To

0.0023425

3.2386 x 104

0.1757

0.1781

0.2390057

0.7351

0.7452926

0.0013551

0.0011628

2.9289 x 10-4

2.7225 x10-6

3.7647 x 10-7

0.252

0.5556

0.0391

2.712

0.01538

8.899

Multiply By

From To Multiply By

426.9

3087.8

5.692

5.6148

4.184

1.3604

1.341755

737.97

860

3412.74

367.310

2 656 700

3.9683

1.8

25.59

0.3686

65.02

0.1124

Density Conversions

General Heat Conversons



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Force & Velocity

lb.p.ft

lb.p.yd

tonp.sq.in(Britain)

tonp.sq.in(USA)

lb.p.sq.in

lb.p.sq.ft

lb.p.sq.yd

lb.p.cu.in

lb.p.cu.ft

lb.p.cu.yd

ft.p.min.

cu.ft.p.min

ft.lb

ft.ton(Britain)

ft.ton(USA)

B.T.U.

ft.lb.p.sec.

HP

HP

PS/h

HP/h

PS

KW

m.p.h.

m.p.h.

m.p.s.

yd.p.h.

HP

From

kg/m

kg/m

kg/mm2

kg/mm2

kg/cm2

kg/m2

kg/m2

kg/cm3

kg/m3

kg/m3

m/s

m3/h

kgm

kgm

kgm

kgm

kgm/s

kgm/s

PS

kgm

kgm

kgm/s

kgm/s

mm/s

knots

knots

knots

kcal/s

To

1.488

0.496

1.575

1.406

0.07031

4.883

0.5425

0.0277

16.018

0.5933

0.00508

1.699

0.1383

309.7

276.5

107.6

0.138255

76.04

1.0139

270 000

273750

75

102.03

0.27778

0.00054

1.94386

0.000494

0.1781

Multiply By

From To Multiply By

0.672

2.016

0.635

0.7112

14.223

0.2048

1.843

36.1271

0.0624

1.6855

196.851

0.5885794

7.233

0.003229

0.003617

9.2956x103

7.233

0.013151

0.9863

3.7037x10-6

3.6529x10-6

0.01333

0.0098013

3-6

1852

0.51444

2025-35

5.6148

Temperature Conversions

0( C X 9/5) + 32

( C + 273.16)

( F - 32)X5/9

( F + 459.69)

0

0

0

Degrees Fahrenheit

Kelvin

Degrees Celsius

Degrees Rnkin

Degrees Celsius

Degrees Celsius

Degree Fehrenheit

Degree Fehrenheit

To Substitue in FormulaTo Convert From



SUDE

SUDESUDE

UK ton/h UK tonne/h

WATER3m /h

1

3.60

0.060

3600

0.272

0.227

101.9

1.02

1.005

1/m

16.66

60

1

60.000

4.546

3.785

1698

17

16.7

3m /s(Cumec)

0.00028

0.001

1.666x10-5

1

0.000 0757

0.000 0630

0.0283

0.000283

0.000 278

UK gpm

3.666

13..2

0.2199

13.200

1

0.833

374

3.73

3.666

US gpm

4.40

15.83

0.264

15.800

1.2

1

449

4.48

4.41

(cuses)

0.00981

0.0353

0.000588

35.315

0.002 267

0.002 23

1

0.010

0.0098

0.982

3.528

0.059

3532

0.268

0.223

100

1

0.980

1.000

3.60

0.060

3600

0.272

0.227

101.9

1.02

1

1/s

0.278

1

0.0167

1000

0.0757

0.0632

28.32

0.283

0.278

1m3/h

11/s

11/m

1 m3/s

1 UK gpm

1 us gpm

1ft3/s

1 UK ton/h (water)

1 tonne/h (water)

Length Conversions

To obtain By MultiplyNumber of Meters Inches Feet Millimeters Miles Kilometers

1

0.0254

0.3048

0.001

1609.35

1.000

39.37

1

12

0.03937

63.360

39.370

Meters

Inches

Feet

Millimeters

Miles

Kilometers

3.2808

0.0833

1

0.0032808

5.286

3280.83

1000

25.4

304.8

1

1609.350

1.000.000

0.0006214

0.00001578

0.0001894

0.0000006214

1

0.62137

0.001

0.0000254

0.0003048

0.000001

1.60935

1

l

lTo convert metric units merely adjust the decimal point

l1 milimeter = 1000 microns = 0.03937 inches = 39.37 mils

1 meter = 100 centimeters = 1000 milimeters = 0.001 kilometers = 1,000.000 micrometers

To Obtain byMultiplyNumber of

Cubic Decimetrers

(Litres)

CubicInches

Cubic Feet

U.S. Quart

U.S. Gallon

Imperial Gallon

U.S. Barrel(Petroleum)

0.264178

0.004329

7.48055

0.25

1

1.20032

42

0.220083

0.003606

6.22888

0.2082

0.833

1

34.973

0.00629

0.000103

0.1781

0.00595

0.02381

0.02877

1

1

0.01639

28.317

0.94636

3.78543

4.54374

158.98

Cubic Decimetrers(Litres)

Cubic Inches

Cubic Feet

U.S. Quart

U.S. Gallon

Imperial Gallon

U.S. Barrel

(Petroleum)

61.0234

1

1728

57.75

231

277.274

9702

0.03531

5.787x10

1

0.03342

0.13368

0.16054

5.6146

1.05668

0.1732

29.9221

1

4

4.80128

168

1 cubic meter = 1,000,000 cubic centimeters

1 liter = 1000 milliliters = 1000 cubic centimeters

Volume Conversions


Capacity And Flow Rate


SUDE

SUDESUDE

Nominal Bore

Flange Diameter

Both Tables

Class 125 Cast iron

Both Tables

Class 150

Steel

1/16" Raised Face Diam.Class 150 Steel Only

Number of Bolts Both

Tables

size of BoltsBoth

Tables

Bolt Circle Diameter

Both Tables

31 /8"

111- /16"

2"

2 ½""

72 /8"

53 /8"

14 /8"

5"

36- /16"

57- /16"

8 ½"

100"

12 ¾"

15"

16 ¼"

18 ½"

21"

23"

27 ¼"

4*

4*

4

4

4

4

4

4

8

8

8

8

12

12

12

16

16

20

20

½"

½"

½"

½"

½"

5/8"

5/8"

5/8"

5/8"

¾"

¾"

¾"

7/8"

7/8"

1"

1"

11 /8"

11 /8"

1 ¼"

3 ½"*

73 /8"*

4 ¼"

54 /8"

5"

6"

7"

7 ¼"

9"

10"

11"

13 ½"

16"

19"

21"

23 ½"

25"

27 ½"

32"

*

*

7/16"

½"

9/16"

5/8"

11/16"

¾"

15/16"

15/16"

1"

11 /8"

31- /16"

1 ¼"

31 /8"

71- /16"

91- /16"

111- /16"

71 /8"

-

-

7/16"

½"

9/16"

5/8"

11/16"

¾"

½"

¾"

1"

1 ¼"

1 ½"

2"

2 ½"

3"

4"

5"

6"

8"

10"

12"

14"

16"

18"

20"

24"

2 3/8"*

2 ¾"

13 /8"

3 ½"

73 /8"

4 ¾"

5 ½"

6"

7 ½"

8 ½"

9 ½"

11 ¾"

14 ¼"

17"

18 ¾"

21 ¼"

22 ¾"

25"

29 ½"

Volumetric Rate Of Flow Conversions

To Obtain byMultiplyNumber of

Liters per

second

Liters per

Minute

CubicMeters

perHour

CubicFeet per

Hour

Gallons per

Minute

ImperialGallons

perMinute

U.S. Gallons

perMinute

21.19

0.03532

0.5886

0.01667

1

0.1606

0.1337

0.003899

13.20

0.2200

3.666

0.1038

6.229

1

0.8327

0.02428

15.85

0.2642

4.403

0.1247

7.481

1.201

1

0.02917

1

0.1667

0.2778

0.007865

0.4719

0.07577

0.06309

0.001840

Liters per Second

Liters per Minute

Cubic Metersper Hour

Cubic Feetper Hour

Cubic Feet perMinute

Imperial Gallons per minute

U.S. Gallons perminute

U.S. Barreals per Day

60

1

16.67

0.4719

28.32

4.546

3.785

0.1104

3.600

0.06000

1

0.02832

1.6999

0.2727

0.2271

0.006624

127.1

2.119

35.31

1

60.00

9.633

8.021

0.2339

U.S. Barrelsper day

(42 US Gai)

543.4

9.057

150.9

4.275

256.5

41.17

34.29

1

Class 125 Cast Iron and Class 150 Steel Raised Face Flanges

Includes raised face on class 150 steel only

* There are no standards for ½" and ¾" sizes class 125 cast iron

1/16"



SUDE

SUDESUDE

Class 250 Cast Iron and Class 300 Steel Raised Face Flanges

Nominal Bore

Flange Diameter

Both Tables

Flange Thickness Class

250 C.I. and class 300 steel

1/16" Raised Face DiameterNumber of Bolts Both

Tables

size of BoltsBoth

Tables


Both Tables

31 /8"

111- /16"

2

2 ½”

72 /8"

53 /8"

14 /8"

5"

36- /16"

57- /16"

8 ½"

510 /8"

12 ¾'

15"

16 ¼"

18 ½"

21"

23"

27 ¼"

4

4

4

4

4

8

8

8

8

8

12

12

16

16

20

20

24

24

24

½"

5/8"

5/8"

5/8"

¾"

5/8"

¾"

¾"

¾"

¾"

¾"

7/8"

1"

11 /8"

11 /8"

1 ¼"

1 ¼"

1 ¼"

1 ½'

3 ¾"

54 /8"

74 /8"

5 ¼"

16 /8"

6 ½"

7 ½"

8 ¼"

10"

11"

12 ½"

15"

17 ½"

20 ½"

23"

25 ½

28"

30 ½”

36"

9/16"

5* /8"

11/16"

¾"

13/16"

7/8"

1"

11 /8"

1¼"

31 /8"

71- /16"

51 /8"

71 /8"

2"

12 /8"

2 ¼"

32 /8"

2 ½"

2 ¾"

*

*

112- /16"

13- /16"

93- /16"

34- /16"

154- /16"

115- /16"

156- /16"

58- /16"

119- /16"

1511- /16"

114- /16"

716- /16"

1518- /16"

121- /16"

523- /16"

925- /16"

530- /16"

½"

¾"

1"

1 ¼"

1 ½”

2"

2 ½"

3"

4"

5"

6"

8"

10"

12"

14"

16"

18"

20"

24"

52 /8" *

3 ¼"

3 ½"

73 /8"

4 ½"

5"

75 /8"

56 /8"

77 /8"

9 ¼"

510 /8"

13"

15 ¼"

17 ¾"

20 ¼"

22 ½"

24 ¾"

27"

32"

Class250 cast iron

Class 300 Steel

* There is no standard for Class 250 Cast Iron Flanges in ½” and ¾” sizes.

The standards for sizes ½” to 3” inclusive are identical with those of Class 600


Nominal Size

Flange Diameter

Flange Thickness

1/4" Raised Face Diameter

Number of Bolts

size of Bolts


4

4

4

4

4

8

8

8

8

8

12

12

16

16

20

20

24

24

24

½"

5/8"

5/8"

5/8"

¾"

5/8"

¾"

¾"

7/8"

7/8"

7/8"

1"

1 1/8"

1 ¼"

1 ¼"

31 /8"

31 /8"

1 ½"

1 ¾"

3 ¾"

54 /8"

74 /8"

5 ¼"

16 /8"

6 ½"

7 ½"

8 ¼"

10"

11"

12 ½"

15"

17 ½"

20 ½"

23"

25 ½"

28"

30 ½"

36"

9/16"

5* /8"

11/16"

13/16"

7/8"

1"

11 /8"

1 ¼"

31 /8"

1½"

51 /8"

71 /8"

12 /8"

2 ¼"

32 /8"

2 ½"

52 /8"

2 ¾"

3"

*½"

*¾"

*1"

*1 ¼"

*1 ½"

*2"

*2 ½"

*3"

4"

5"

6"

8"

10"

12"

14"

16"

18"

20"

24"

52 /8"

3 ¼"

3 ½"

73 /8"

4 ½"

5"

75 /8"

56 /8"

77 /8"

9 ¼"

510 /8"

13”

15"

17 ¼"

20 ¼"

22 ½"

24 ¾"

27"

32"

31 /8"

111- /16"

2"

2 ½"

72 /8"

5 3 /8"

14 /8"

5"

36 - /16"

57 - /16"

8 ½"

510 /8"

12 ¾"

15"

16 ½"

18 ½"

21"

23"

27 ¼"



SUDE

SUDESUDE


Nominal Size

Flange Diameter

Flange Thickness

1/4" Raised Face Diameter

Number of Bolts

Size of Bolts


4

4

4

4

4

8

8

8

8

8

12

12

16

20

20

20

20

24

24

½"5/8"5/8"5/8"

¾"5/8"

¾"

¾"7/8"

1"

1"11 /8"

1 ¼"

1 ¼"31 /8"

1 ½"51 /8"51 /8"71 /8"

3 ¾"54 /8"74 /8"

5 ¼"16 /8"

6 ½"

7 ½"

8 ¼"

10 ¾"

13"

14"

16 ½"

20"

22"

23 ¾"

27"

29 ¼"

32"

37"

9/16"

0"11/16"13/16"

0"

1"

10"

1 ¼"

1 ½"

1 ¾"

10"32- /16"

2 ½"

20"

2 ¾"

3"

3 ¼"

3 ½"

4"

½"

¾"

1"

1¼"

1½"

2"

2½"

3"

4"

5"

6"

8"

10"

12"

14"

16"

18"

20"

24"

52 /8"

3 ¼"

3 ½"73 /8"

4 ½"

5"75 /8"56 /8"

8 ½"

10 ½"

11 ½"

13 ¾"

17"

19 ¼"

20 ¾"

23 ¾"

25 ¾"

28 ½"

33"

31 /8"111- /16"

2"

2 ½"72 /8"53 /8"14 /8"

5"36- /16"57- /16"

8 ½"51 /8"

12 ¾"

15"

16 ½"

18 ½"

21"

23"

27 ¼"

Nominal Pipe Size

Flange Diameter

Both Tables

Flange Thickness

Cast Iron‘D' and ‘E'

Both Tables

S

Cast Steel, Bronze, Stainless Steel, ‘Monel'

‘D' Both Tables

Number of Bolts Size of Bolts

‘E'Both

Tables‘E'

Diameter of Bolt CircleBoth

Tables‘E' ‘D' ‘D'

Pipe Flanges - Tables "D" and "E"


7/8"

1"

31 /8"

1 ½"

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

8

8

8

12

12

12

16

16

16

½"

½"

½"

5/8"

5/8"

¾"

¾"

¾"

7/8"

7/8"

7/8"

1"

1"

11 /8"

1 ¼"

1 ¼"

31 /8"

1 ½"

1 ½"

51 /8"

½"

¾"

1"

1 ¼"

1 ½"

2"

2 ½"

3"

4"

5"

6"

8"

10"

12"

14"

16"

18"

20"

21"

24"

5/8"

5/8"

¾"

7/8"

½"

½"

½"

½"

½"

5/8"

5/8"

5/8"

5/8"

5/8"

¾"

7/8"

7/8"

7/8"

7/8"

1"

¾"

¾"

7/8"

1"

4

8

12

52 /8"

72 /8"

3 ¾"

73 /16"

73 /8"

4 ½"

5"

5 ¾"

7"

8 ¼"

9 ¼"

11 ½"

14"

16"

18 ½"

20 ½"

23"

25 ¼"

26 ½"

29 ¾"

3/8"

3/8"

3/8"

½"

½"

9/16"

9/16"

9/16"

11/16"

11/16"

11/16"

1"

1"

11 /8"

1 ¼"

8

12

16

3 ¾"

4"

4 ½"

4 ¾"

5 ¼"

6"

6 ½"

7 ¼"

8 ½"

10"

11"

13 ¼"

16"

18"

20 ¾"

22 ¾"

25 ¼"

27 ¾"

29"

32 ½"

¾"

7/8"

31 /8"

1 ½"


SUDE

SUDESUDE

Pipe Flanges - Tables "F" and "H"


Nominal Pipe SizeNominal Pipe Size

Flange Diameter Flange Diameter Flange Thickness Flange Thickness

3 ¾"

4"

4 ¾"

5 ¼"

5 ½"

6 ½"

7 ¼"

8"

9"

11"

12"

14 ½"

17"

19 ¼"

21 ¾"

24"

26 ½"

29"

30"

33 ½"

½"

¾"

1"

1¼"

1½"

2"

2½"

3"

4"

5"

6"

8"

10"

12"

14"

16"

18"

20"

21"

24"

4½"

4½"

Cast Steel, Bro-nze, Stainless Steel, ‘Monel'

Cast Steel, Bro-nze, Stainless Steel, ‘Monel'

‘F'‘F' ‘H'‘H'

Number of Bolts

allTables

Number of Bolts

allTables

Size of BoltsSize of Bolts

Both Tables

Both Tables ‘H'‘H'

Diameter of Bolt CircleDiameter of Bolt Circle

‘F'‘F'

½"

½"

½"

5/8"

5/8"

¾"

¾"

¾"

7/8"

1"

1"

1 1/8"

1 1/8"

1 1/8"

1 3/8"

1 3/8"

1 ½"

51 /8"

51 /8"

1 ¾"

‘H'‘H'‘F'‘F'

CastIron'‘F'

CastIron'‘F'

BothTable

s

BothTable

s‘H'‘H'‘F'‘F'

BothTablesBoth

Tables

3/8"

3/8"

3/8"

½"

½"

5/8"

5/8"

5/8"

¾"

7/8"

7/8"

1"

1"

11 /8"

1 ¼"

1 ¼"

31 /8"

1 ½"

1 ½"

51 /8"

½"

½"

9/16"

11/16"

11/16"

¾"

¾"

7/8"

1"

1 1/8"

1 1/8"

1 ¼"

1 3/8"

1 ½"

1 5/8"

1 ¾"

1 7/8"

2"

2 1/8"

2 ¼"

4

4

4

4

4

4

8

8

8

8

12

12

12

16

16

20

20

24

24

24

½"

½"

5/8"

5/8"

5/8"

5/8"

5/8"

5/8"

5/8"

¾"

¾"

¾"

7/8"

7/8"

1"

1"

11 /8"

11 /8"

11 /8"

1 ¼"

5/8"

5/8"

52 /8"

52 /8"

73 /16"

73 /8"

14 /8"

5"

5 ¾"

6 ½"

7 ½"

9 ¼"

10 ¼"

12 ¾"

15"

17 ¼"

19 ½"

21 ¾"

24"

26 ½"

27 ½"

30 ¾"

3 ¼"

3 ¼"


SUDE


SUDE

SUDE R

An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company


SUDE

SUDE ENGINEERING CORPORATION

No. 1106, 10th Main Road, R.P.C. Layout,

Near R.P.C. Layout Bus Stop, Hampinagar,

Bangalore - 560 104. Karnataka, India

Pune Office :

S.No. 40/4, Balaji Udyam Nagar, Tempo Chowk,

Wadgaon Sheri, Pune 411014. Maharashtra India.

Tel. : +91 20 6533 3549 / 6531 1091Fax : +91 20 2703 1161Cell : +91 9822980003E-mail : [email protected] : www.sdtork.com

Tel. : +91 80 2330 2145 / 2314 1104 / 2340 2297Fax : +91 80 2330 5729Cell : +91 9845018216E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] : www.sudeengg.com

SUDER

An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company

vign

etgr

aphi

cs.

SDTORK CONTROLS PVT. LTD.

OUR PRODUCTS

Solenoid Valves

Pneumatically operated Control Valves

Motorised Valves

Pneumatic & Electric Operated Ball / Butterfly valves

Pneumatic & Motorised Dampers

Pneumatic & Motorised VIV Dampers

Motorised Rising & Non-rising Sluice valve

Heavy duty – Single phase & Three phase actuators for operating Gates & Chutes

Pneumatic & Motorised Pinch Valve

Pneumatic & Motorised Flush Bottom valve

Entire range of Electrical Actuator

And Instrumentation Product likes Pressure Transmitter, PID Controller, Flow meter etc., for System Integration

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