(1485-1603)Examination Questions on Period Five

1- .Describe the chief ways Henry VII strengthened the monarchy

, . Wars of the Roses had destroyed many of the nobility henry VII checked their power

. , He forbade livery and stopped armies of retainers He had monopoly of gunpowder and so nobles

. , could not hold castles against the King He recognized the Court of Star Chamber where the King

, . - ´s judges could not overawed by mighty lords or bribed by them He employed middle class men

, . as officials who were efficient but who entirely depended on the kings He taxed the nobles very

, .heavily through forced loans and benevolences

2- What dangers threatened Henry VII from abroad and how did he seek to defend

himself?

, (He made alliance with Scotland and married his daughter Margaret to the Scottish King hence

).future line of stuart kings in England

, , He made alliance with Spain and married first his son Arthur and then his son Henry to

, .Katherine daughter of the king of Aragon

- .He made a half hearted attack on France and allowed himself to be bought off

. At first Henry VII had to meet the results of the War of The roses By his marriage with Elizabeth

. of York he joined the Red Rose to the White

1487 , In there was the Revolt of Lambert Simnel after the death of Richard III the Duke of

. .Clarence Edward represented the last male of the Yorkist line The young Edward was a prisoner

A battle was fought at Stoke were the Yorkists lost what was to be the last battle of the war of

. the Roses

, A far formidable and troublesome person was Perkin Warbeck who for seven years gave Henry

. 1492 , Trouble In he appeared in Ireland claiming to be Richard Duke of York the younger of the

. two Princes in the tower

1497 : In he surrended Henry at first intended to treat him leniently and sent him to imprisonment

. , in the tower After two years he tried to escape with Warwick and their failure brought about the

. execution of both

3- 1485 1558.Describe the relations between England and Scotland from to

The Scottish monarchs tried to introduce the same kind of centralized monarch y that the Tudors

. , had so successfully developed in England But it was much harder because the Scottish economy

. , , , was weaker and Scottish society more lawless However James IV James V Mary who was

, executed by her cousin Elizabeth of England and her son James VI made important steps

. forward

, They tried to control the lawless border country with England and the disobedient Highland clans

. . in the north For the Scottish kings there was always a problem The most disobedient were often

, the best fighters and no king wanted to make enemies of those who might help him in battle

.against the English

, 1328, They made a peace treaty with Henry VII the first with an English king since and James IV

' . . married Henry s daughter Margaret But Henry VIII still wanted Scotland to accept his authority In

151 3 . his army destroyed the Scottish army at Flooden Henry hoped to marry his son Edward to

, , the baby Queen of Scots Mary and in this way join the two countries together under an English

. 1543.king An agreement was reached in

. Ordinary Scots were most unhappy at the idea of being ruled by England In spite of the fear of

, , , the powerful English armies a new Scottish parliament aware of popular feeling turned down the

. marriage agreement For the next two years English soldiers punished them by burning and

. , destroying the houses of southern Scotland Rather than give little Mary to the English the Scots

, ' 1558.sent her to France where she married the French king s son in

4- .Describe the domestic policy of Henry VII

, , Henry was fortunate many of the old nobility had died or been defeated in the recent wars and

. their lands had gone to the king This meant that Henry had more power and more money than

. , , earlier kings In order to establish his authority beyond question he forbade anyone except

, . himself to keep armed men The authority of the law had been almost completely destroyed by

. " ",the lawless behaviour of nobles and their armed men Henry used the Court of Star Chamber

' , , traditionally the king s council chamber to deal with lawless nobles Local justice that had broken

. down during the wars slowly began to operate again Henry encouraged the use of heavy fines as

.punishment because this gave the Crown money

5- What were the chief economic problems in England in the sixteenth century and

what measures were taken to deal with them?

1509 2 , ' When Henry died in he left behind the huge total of £ million about fifteen years worth of

. income The only thing on which he was happy to spend money freely was the building of ships

. ' for a merchant fleet Henry understood earlier than most people that England s future wealth would

. , depend on international trade And in order to trade Henry realized that England must have its

. , own fleet of merchant ship so Henry VIII was quite unlike his fat her He was cruel wasteful with

, . money and interested in pleasing himself He wanted to become an important influence in

. European politics But much had happened in Europe since England had given up its efforts to

. , defeat France in the Hundred Years War France was now more powerful than England and Spain

, ( was even more powerful because it was united with the Holy Roman Empire which included

). much of central Europe

, He spent so much on maintaining a magnificent court and on wars from which England had little

, ' . to gain that his father s carefully saved money was soon gone Gold and silver from newly

. , discovered America added to economic inflation In this serious financial crisis Henry needed

. . money One way of doing this was by reducing the amount of silver used in coins But although

, . this gave Henry immediate profits it rapidly led to a rise in prices It was therefore a damaging

, - .policy and the English coin age was reduced to a seventh of its value within Twenty five years

6- . ) , .Show a Why and how Henry VIII defied the Papacy

1510 , . In Henry had married Catherine of Aragon the widow of his elder brother Arthur But by

1526 . she had still not had a son who survived infancy and was now unlikely to do so Henry tried

. , to persuade the pope to allow him to divorce Catherine Normally Henry need not have expected

. , , 'any difficulty His chief minister Cardinal Wolsey had already been skillful in advising on Henry s

. , ,foreign and home policy Wolsey hoped that his skills and his important position in the Church

. , would be successful in persuading the pope But the pope was controlled by Charles V who was

, ’ . Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain and also Catherine s nephew For both political and

. family reasons he wanted Henry to stay married to Catherine The pope did not wish to anger

, . either Charles or Henry but eventually he was forced to do as Charles V wanted He forbade

' .Henry s divorce

. , He could quote former acts against papal authority Henry appealed to the English universities and

, .finally to the court of the archbishops who declared his former marriage null

7- Explain why the reign of Henry VII is regarded as marking a new epoch in the

.history of England

; It marks the beginning of modern Europe the Renaissance first began in Italy and later to

: “ ”, . England it was marked by the revival of learning especially of the study of the classics Greek

.was once more studied with enthusiasm

, . New ideas in education were developed and were founded new schools The invention of the

. printing made education more widespread The arts and painters flourished and architects

, .introduced new schools of art and a new type of architecture both in churches and in houses

.In religion men began to criticize established doctrines and organizations

8- : - ,Examine the effects in intellectual l ife in England of a the invention of print ing

- “ ”.b the work of the Oxford reformers

’ , Caxton s printing press was as dramatic for his age as radio television and the technological

. , revolution ate for our own Books suddenly became cheaper and more plentiful as the quicker

. printing process replaced slow and expensive copywriting by hand Printing began to standardize

, . , spelling and grammar though this process was a long one More important just as radio brought

, ’ information and ideas to the illiterate people of the twentieth century Caxton s press provided

, . books for the newly educated people of the fifteenth century and encouraged literacy Caxton

. avoided printing any dangerous literature But the children and grandchildren of these literate

.people were to use printing as a powerful weapon to change the world in which they lived

, Erasmus never was a Protestant but he paved the way to criticism and study of the Bible by his

. , new edition of the Greek Testament with a new translation of i into Latin He Colet and More also

.criticized clerical learning

18. What were the main causes of economic distress in Tudor England? To what

extent was it relieved?

15 , Following the Black Death and the agricultural depression of the late th century population

. growth began to increase The export of woollen products resulted in economic upturn with

. products exported to mainland Europe Henry VII negotiated the favourable Intercursus Magnus

1496. 15 treaty in The high wages and abundance of available land seen in the late th century and

16 . early th century were replaced with low wages and a land shortage Various inflationary

, , pressures perhaps due to an influx of New World gold and a rising population set the stage for

. social upheaval with the gap between the rich and poor widening This was a period of significant

, change for the majority of the rural population with manorial lords beginning the process of

.enclosure

19. : ) State the main facts concerning a social distress in England in the reign of

, ) Edward VI b the policy of Somerset and Northumberland with regard to this

.problem

) , a There was a growing party desirous of further change in religion some of them genuinely

, anxious for a complete form of Protestantism others merely greedy for further plunder of property

. , , ; ,devoted to religious uses This party though prominent was small large masses of the country

, . especially in the conservative north and west were opposed to any meddling with their old faith

) (1549) ( b Somerset asked Cranmer to draw up the First Prayer Book which followed Roman

); ; ;service in many respects abolished images in the churches destroyed frescoes and pictures

. confiscated property of the religious gilds which used to help poor

(1552), Northumberland issued the Second Prayer Book he was more extreme and Protestant in

. . character He determined to work for a Protestant succession He married his son Guildford Dudley

, ’ . to Lady Jane Grey the Protestant heiress of Henry VIII s younger sister

20. .Trace the course of exploration during the Tudor period

, , , 1577-80. Drake sailed by Straits of Magellan into the Pacific and round the world Knighted for

. this on ship Golden Hind Cavendish also sailed round the world and discovered use of limes

.against the scurvy

(1583).Humphrey Gilbert attempted to colonize Newfoundland

’ (1576)Ralegh s ships discovered Florida and Virginia where they founded a colony

, (1578). Frobisher went to Greenland and Labrador and found Hudson Bay

21. State the main facts concerning the growth of English naval and marit ime power

.under the Tudors

. Henry VII embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore He also invested in

, 1495 . dockyards and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in at Portsmouth Edward VI and

' . Mary I added little new to their father s navy Although the navy was involved in the manoeuvrings

, . , following the death of Henry VIII it was ineffective Mary maintained the building program the

( ) navy performed satisfactorily if not outstandingly it did not prevent the loss of Calais in the war

1557 1559. , with France of to However the marriage of Mary I and Philip II led to trade with

, Spain allowing English shipwrights to examine and adapt modern Spanish galleon design to the

needs of the English Navy as English ports were soon visited by both Spanish warships and

. . merchantmen Elizabeth I made naval strength a high priority She risked war with Spain by

" ," , supporting the Sea Dogs such as John Hawkins and Francis Drake who preyed on the Spanish

. 1580 , merchant ships carrying gold and silver from the New World By the s tensions with Spain

, ' had reached the breaking point exacerbated by Elizabeth s support for the privateering expeditions

, , , 1587, of Hawkins Drake and others and capped by the Cadiz raid of in which Drake destroyed

. 1588, dozens of Spanish ships In Philip II of Spain launched the Spanish Armada against

, , England but after a running battle lasting over a week the Armada was scattered and limped

. home

22. What importance in English history do you attr ibute either to the reign of

Edward VI or to that of Mary?

15, Although Edward reigned for only six years and died at the age of his reign made a lasting

. contribution to the English Reformation and the structure of the Church of England The last

' , decade of Henry VIII s reign had seen a partial stalling of the Reformation a drifting back to more

. , ' . conservative values By contrast Edward s reign saw radical progress in the Reformation In those

, six years the Church transferred from an essentially Roman Catholic liturgy and structure to one

. , that is usually identified as Protestant In particular the introduction of the Book of Common

, 1550, ' - Prayer the Ordinal of and Cranmer s Forty two Articles formed the basis for English Church

.practices that continue to this day

23. “ , The accession of Mary Tudor was very popular but her death was equally

.” .welcomed Discuss this statement

; Mary hoped all accused of heresy would save themselves by returning to the faith the number

300 3 . burnt was in years Philip thought Mary was mistaken in her policy and was driving her

, . people into opposition and urged her not to persecute at all Certainly the English nation did not

. forget or forgive her

24. : ) ’ ; Describe a Elizabeth s diff icult ies during the first ten years of her reign and

) .b How she dealt with them

' , , Elizabeth s early years saw other problems in particular the wars in Scotland and France inherited

. 1560 from Mary English support for the successful Scottish Protestant rebellion of led by John

, 1562 .Knox combined with the outbreak in of the French Wars of Religion diminished both threats

; Elizabeth made peace as soon as possible and tried to stay out of expensive wars she even

( attempted to maintain peaceful relations with Spain although she drew the line at marrying Philip

). . as he proposed Elizabeth adopted a moderate religious policy The Acts of Supremacy and

(1559), 1559, - (1563) Uniformity the Prayer Book of and the Thirty Nine Articles were all

, . , Protestant in doctrine but preserved many traditionally Catholic ceremonies Moreover Elizabeth

- .did not persecute Catholics the penalties for recusancy were mild and often not enforced

25. , For what reasons was Mary Queen of Scots beheaded and what were the

polit ical results of her execut ion?

1584, , 1586 ’ ; In William of Orange was assassinated and in Babington s Plot to kill Elizabeth Mary

. , , 8 was proved to be acquainted whit this Mary tried found guilty of treason and On February

1587, , . ' ,Mary was beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle Northamptonshire After Mary s execution

Elizabeth claimed not to have ordered it and indeed most accounts have her telling Secretary

, , Davidson who brought her the warrant to sign not to dispatch the warrant even though she had

. signed it

26. Why was Queen Elizabeth so reluctant to go to war with Spain and why did

she eventually do so?

, Elizabeth did not wish to provoke Spain to open war till England was stronger so did not break

, “ ” , openly with Philip but sent help privately to France and Netherlands and did not employ Drake

“ ”. officially

27. ’ 1588. Describe Elizabeth s foreign policy down to Do you consider that it was

successful?

’ : Elizabeth s foreign policy

- . Elizabeth always used France as a make weight against Spain Part of the effect of her friendship

.with France was to counteract the connection between France and Scotland

, , Elizabeth and the Netherlands Philip II had the dominions of these lands but Netherlands became

, strongly Protestant and Elizabeth supported them but not officially after their rebelled against

.Philip

Her foreign policy was successful because her friendship with France gave her an allied against

Spain which she heated and feared even though France was Catholic was not of the Catholic

- .Counter Reformation party

28. ’ What were the causes of Elizabeth s war with Spain?

’ The reasons for Elizabeth s War with Spain exploded due to various conflicts surrounding the

. .wealth and power to be gained from trade from the New World And the differences in Religion

. Under Elizabeth I England became a Protestant country Elizabeth was excommunicated by the

Pope the fanatical Catholics in Spain saw a war and the conquest of England as a religious

. , , crusade The escapades of the Elizabethan seamen or pirates included attacking Spanish vessels

. and taking any gold and silver Not surprisingly Elizabeth made no real effort to chastise these

! , , .escapades Drake Hawkins Raleigh and Frobisher hated the Spanish and the Catholic religion

. The religious differences had been boiling over many years

29. “ ; ”.Elizabeth seldom made a decision she left things to sett le themselves

. Discuss these statements

She left things to settle themselves because if she did something it would give Spain reasons to

. attack England Spain sought every opportunity to quarrel with England that is why Elizabeth

’ .couldn t take decision

30. Show how the foreign policy of Elizabeth differed from that of her father and

.grandfather

’ Elizabeth s foreign policy differed from that of her father and grandfather because unlike them she

. always opposed Spain Her grandfather made alliance with Scotland and Spain and attacked

, France instead of attacking France Elizabeth hold a friendship to counteract the connection

- .between Scotland and France and as a make weight against Spain

Examination questions on Period Six (1603-1688)

1. To what extent was the great Civil War the result of religious causes?

Charles married Henrietta Maria of France who was catholic, but the country was protestant so many people believed he was going to change the country catholic which they didn't want.

2. What were the aims of James I in his foreign policy? How far did he succeed in carrying them out?

James I aimed at peace, and thought to attain it through dynastic marriages. First aimed at Protestant alliance, so married his daughter Elizabeth to Frederick of the Palatinate.

Outbreak of the Thirty Years' War in Germany. Frederick as a protestant was chosen King of Bohemia by the Protestants there (1619), and the Emperor attacked him, not wishing for a protestant King. James led Frederick to believe he would support him, but he did not. Frederick was defeated and lost all his dominions.

James also aimed at Catholic alliance, so he planned to marry his son Charles to the daughter of the King of Spain (1617). England disliked the "Spanish" match, which roused great opposition. (James also executed Ralegh in 1618 to please the Spaniards) When that failed, he planned to marry Charles to the daughter of the king of France. (This gave England a Roman Catholic Queen, whose sons, Charles II and James II, later became Catholic.)

3. Say what you can in favour of the foreign policy of James I.

The king's foreign policy was dominated by a fear of Spain which was not shared by the English people. The strife which had continued through the last years of Elizabeth was terminated sensibly enough by a peace almost immediately after James's accession. But James was possessed by an extravagant obsequiousness to Spain, which led to one of the most shameful incidents of the reign.

4. Summarize the chief complaints of James I's Parliaments. How far were they justified?

Quarrelled over:

a) King's theory of Divine Right. Parliament stood for theory that "sovereignty" lay with King and Parliament;

James stood for theory that royal "prerogative" could over-ride Parliament.

b) Right of election to Parliament. James declared he could set aside an election (Godwin's case) (1604).

c) Taxation. James levied "impositions" which were not sanctioned by Parliament.

d) King's Ministers. Parliament "impeached" the king's Ministers (1621).

Freedom of speech. Parliament declared its right to freedom of speech (1622).

6. Give an account of the colonization of North America by the British in the reigns of James I and Charles I.

Development of America:

Virginia was colonized in 1607-10. Successful under Lord De la Warr. Farther North, Pilgrim Fathers left England (1620) under James I and sailed to New England. Under Charles I many more followed. Massachusetts’ chief colony consisted of Puritans flying from Anglican persecutions. Maryland founded (1634) by the Roman Catholic Lord Baltimore, as refuge for Roman Catholics.

Under Charles II, first advance again in the South. Where the Carolinas, called after Charles, were founded (1663). Then in the North, settlements acquired from Dutch, by Treaty of Breda (1667), New York, New Jersey and Delaware. Then Pennsylvania founded by William Penn, the Quaker (1680), who fled from the persecutions under Charles II. Thus the colonies stretched in a strip all along the seaboard, and consisted of persons of different religions, but all of English nationality.

7. What were the chief causes of the civil war?

The status of the monarchy had started to decline under the reign of James I. He was known as the "wisest fool in Christendom". James was a firm believer in the "divine right of kings". This was a belief that God had made someone a king and as God could not be wrong, neither could anyone appointed by him to rule a nation. James expected Parliament to do as he wanted; he did not expect it to argue with any of his decisions. However, Parliament had one major advantage over James - they had money and he was continually short of it. Parliament and James clashed over custom duties. This was one source of James income but Parliament told him that he could not collect it without their permission. In 1611, James suspended Parliament and it did not meet for another 10 years. James used his friends to run the country and they were rewarded with titles. This caused great offence to those Members of Parliament who believed that they had the right to run the country.

In 1621, James re-called Parliament to discuss the future marriage of his son, Charles, to a Spanish princess. Parliament was outraged. If such a marriage occurred, would the children from it be brought up as Catholics? Spain was still not considered a friendly nation to England and many still remembered 1588 and the Spanish Armada. The marriage never took place but the damaged relationship between king and Parliament was never mended by the time James died in 1625.

8- Give an account of the relations between King and the Parliament between the accessions of James I (1603) and the dissolution of Charles I”s third Parliament (1629).

James I quarrelled over:

King’s theory of Divine Right: Parliament stood for theory that ‘sovereignty’ lay with King and parliament, James stood for theory that royal ‘prerogative’ could over-side Parliament.

Right of election to Parliament: James declared he could set aside an election (Godwin‘s case 1606)

Taxation: James levied ‘impositions’ which were not sanctioned by Parliament (Bate’s case 1604)

King’s ministers: Parliament impeached the King’s ministers, i.e. prosecuted them in the House (1621).

Freedom of speech: Parliament declared its right to freedom of speech (1622).

Charles’s effort to rule without parliament:

1- Tried to get on without parliament and therefore had to do without appeals for money.

2- Tried to raise money in other ways, distrait of knighthood, shipmoney, sale of monopolies.

3-Used ‘prerogative’ powers and ‘prerogative courts’ to try persons objectionable to the King. Starchamber and High Commission.

9- Account for the defeat of the Royalist in the Civil War.

The Parliament and the Royalist appealed to the scots, who decided to support Parliament. Charles brought over Irish, but they were ineffective, compared with the Scots.The Cromwell Army was now fully trained, and left its own district to fight in the north. Great victory at Marston Moor. This led New Model Army, with good cavalry and good officers, to “go everywhere”. The Battle of Worcester took place on 3 September 1651 at Worcester, England and was the final battle of the English Civil War. Oliver Cromwell and the Parliamentarians defeated the Royalist, predominantly Scottish, forces of King Charles II. The 16,000 Royalist forces were overwhelmed by the 28,000 strong "New Model Army" of Cromwell.

10- Account for the failure of the Commonwealth to survive:

Parliament was not representative of the country for elections not free, and large body of royalist not represented.

Parliament consisted of intolerant persons who wished to persecute other forms of religions, and this Cromwell and the army would not allow.

The army hence could not agree with either of the other parties of the state. The ‘instrument of government’ and ‘humble petition’ are written constitutions and show the difficulties of settling of the two Houses.

11- What were the chief difficulties which faced Cromwell as Protector, and how did he try to overcome them?

1- To prevent restoration of the Stuarts: achieved because France and Spain at war, and both wanted England’s help, so neither would help Stuarts.

2- To maintain Protestant religion: offered terms to Spain, cost of the war to be borne by Spain, Calais to be restored to Britain, trade to be allowed with Spanish colonies, English to be unmolested by Inquisition. Spain refused terms, 1654.

Offered terms to France, cost of war to be borne by France, Dunkirk to be British, persecution of Vaudois to cease, France accepted terms in 1655. Hence military alliance with France in 1657 obtained concession for Protestants, and fought Spain, which was bigotedly intolerant.

3- To advance English commerce, hence war with Dutch, our commercial rivals.

12- Show the influence of either Scotland or Ireland on English history between 1629 and 1660.

Scotland:

After 1st Civil War, Scotland wished to force England to become Presbyterian. Cromwell opposed this and offered to Charles I to maintain Episcopacy in England, but he rejected it. Scots invaded England but were defeated. They entered Scotland and put Argyll in power.

Charles I restored order, revived trade, developed flax industry, raised an army, improved Protestant church. Called Irish Parliament. But when Long Parliament met, Irish rebelled fearing worse treatment at hands of Puritans (1641). First took form of attack on Scottish Presbyterians in Ulster. Long Parliament declared for no toleration for Catholic religion in Ireland, and for the confiscation of land of rebels.

Charles II had the same idea and was defeated, he was forced to make peace and accept General Monck as governor.

Ireland:

In 1649 Irish supported Charles I. Cromwell went over and took Drogheta and Wexford. Land confiscated and settlement made by English. Catholic religion suppressed as far as open worship concerned.

Called representatives from Ireland to the ‘Barebones’ Parliament and granted free trade with England.

13- How much of the work of the Long Parliament was permanent?

The work of this Parliament for the first nine month was the abolition of the arbitrary power of the Crown. Now at last, after nearly forty years some of the questions at issue between King and parliament were to be definitely settled. Parliament was not to be adjourned or dissolved without its own consent, and that in future, Parliaments must be summoned every three years.

14- Describe the work of Oliver Cromwell after the death of Charles I.

Cromwell had supreme influence and used it for moderate republicanism: quarrelled with scots that objected to Army´s support of independents, and wished to enforce Presbyterianism on England, he opposed it and hence 3rd war.

Pride’s Purge set up single chamber of government, council of State and the Rump Parliament. Cromwell can rule “neither with Parliament nor without”. He and his Army quarrel with Rump and dissolve it.

Cromwell tried to settle the country by rule of major-generals in eleven districts. This army-rule so unpopular he called another Parliament and he was asked to become King. He refused but set up Revised Protectorate with a nominated Upper House, larger Lower House. The two Houses quarrelled over their powers, and Cromwell dissolved them.

15. What exactly were Cromwell’s powers from 1654-58? Why did he fail to establish a permanent republican government?

Cromwell was head of the State, and his rule rested on the army. He was a true military dictator. He was to rule England for the next six years, and this experiment is of interest because it shows the typical successes and failures of such system. His repressions made him unpopular, and yet he was bound to refuse liberty to his opponents. He crushed Ireland and forced her into submission.

Establishing a Republican Government failed because of:

• Parliament was not representative of the country for elections not free, and large body of Royalists not represented.

• Parliament consisted of intolerant persons who wished to persecute other forms of religion, and this Cromwell and the army would not allow.

• The army hence could not agree with either of the other parties of the State. The “Instrument of Government” and “Humble Petition” are written constitutions and show the difficulties of setting powers of the two Houses.

16. State the main facts of Oliver Cromwell’s dealings with a) the Irish, and b) the Scots.

Cromwell and his supporters opposed to Scotland wish to force England to become Presbyterian and offered to Charles I to maintain episcopacy in England; but Charles chose Scots alliance, so in 1648 Scots invaded England on Charles’s behalf. Cromwell defeated them at Wigan, at Warrington, and at Preston. Entered Scotland and put Argyll in power.

When Charles I died Scotland supported Charles II, who promised to set up Presbyterian in England. Cromwell invaded Scotland, and won battle of Dunbar. Scots forced to make peace and accept General as Governor.

In 1649 Irish supported Charles I. Cromwell went over and took Drogheda and Wexford. Showed great cruelty and put Drogheda garrison to death.

The English confiscated land and settlement. Catholic religion suppressed as far as open worship concerned.

Cromwell’s policy in Ireland is in opposition to his usual toleration. He believed Ireland would supply armed forces for the Stuarts and that “severity” would check this. He failed and his policy inflicted great suffering and ruin in Ireland. Population fell by over one-third in this period.

18. Describe the main events of the three Anglo- Dutch wars of the seventeenth century

The first Dutch war in 1652 was to secure commercial advantages a collision between the Dutch and English fleets near Dover was the beginning of the war and Cromwell was in charge of the battle.

During the second and the third Dutch war Charles II made an alliance with France, which gain advantages as France had no fleet equal to the war.

19. Both Charles I and Cromwell found it impossible to govern with Parliaments. Why?

It was impossible for Charles I and Cromwell to govern with Parliaments because these ones pretended to abolish the arbitrary power of the Crown, and the squire brought by the Parliament attacked the misgovernment of the King, and summed up his political creed by declaring that “the powers of Parliament are to the body politic as the rational faculties of the soul to a man”.

20. Was Charles II’s foreign policy advantageous to England?

The second foreign policy wasn’t advantageous to England because Charles gave up Tangier in order to please Louis XIV, and the French ambassador was the chief supporter of a disastrous policy. Louis XIV’s powers and ambitions were extending, and when the revolution of 1688 came, his ascendancy was threatening all Europe.

21. What were the causes and results of the English naval wars with the Dutch?

The cause of the naval war was that the Dutch had shut the English out from trade in the East Indies. An informal “sort of war” was going on between the English and French sea, and England Claimed to seize French goods on Dutch ships, a claim which the Dutch resisted. Finally there was a question of honour, the English men-of-war in the Channel, and the Dutch were naturally averse to recognizing such a right.

The English ships were able to inflict great damage upon Holland’s extensive commerce. In the course of the war no less than one hundred and twenty men-of-war and towards its close no Dutch merchantman could show itself in the Channel.

The result of this was the important commercial concessions that gave to England.

22. Give a brief history of religious affairs during the reign of Charles II

Charles II was at heart a Catholic, but he was too prudent to declare himself.

Charles had made four promises in his Declaration signed at Brenda before his return to England, the performance of these promises, however, being conditional upon the consent of Parliament.

The promise of liberty of conscience. Charles had tried to effect a compromise through a conference between leading ecclesiastics; but the attempt was a failure, and it was left to a new Parliament to deal with the question.

On the religious question the Cavalier Parliament proved itself to be more Anglican than even the ordinary High Churchman, and between 1661 four Acts were passed against the Puritans, and a time of persecution set in.

By the first of these Acts, the Corporation Act, no one could be a member of the municipal bodies which governed the towns and controlled the election of Members of Parliament unless he took an oath denying the lawfulness, under any pretext whatever, of taking up arms against the king, and received the Communion according to the rites of the Church of England. This Act sought to deprive the Puritans of their hold upon the towns and the House of Commons. By the Act of Uniformity every clergyman and schoolmaster was obliged to take a similar oath of non-resistance and declare his “unfeigned consent and assent” to everything contained in the Book of Common Prayer, in which six hundred alterations had just been made, of a trivial character mostly, it is true, but in the anti-Puritan direction. No less than two thousand clergymen refused to conform to this Act, and were deprived of their livings.

By the Conventicle Act religious meetings were forbidden, under penalty of imprisonment for the first, and transportation for the third, offence. These Acts helped to complete the severance between the Church of England and the more advanced Puritans. They are sometimes known as the Clarendon Code.

Lord Clarendon was impeached by Parliament, and retired into exile because the whole nation held him responsible for the appearance of the Dutch fleet up the Thames.

23. What were Charles II’s principal aims and how far was he successful in achieving them?

Charles tried first to secure French and help to make him independent of Parliament.

Tried to get toleration for Roman Catholics-by the Declaration of Indulgence suspending the laws against Catholics and Dissenters. Parliament would not agree, and passed Test Act instead, obliging all holders of office to be communicants of Church of England.

He sought to rule himself without the Parliament and looked for France’s money, he made this to happen

24. Describe social life in town and country in the latter part of seventeenth century.

During the 17th century England became steadily richer. Trade and commerce grew and grew. By the late 17th century trade was an increasingly important part of the English economy. Meanwhile industries such as glass, brick making, iron and coal mining expanded rapidly.

The status of merchants improved. People saw that trade was an increasingly important part of the country's wealth so merchants became more respected. However political power and influence was held by rich landowners.

At the top of English society were the nobility. Below them were the gentry. Gentlemen were not quite rich but they were certainly well off. Below them were yeomen, farmers who owned their own land. Yeomen were comfortably off but they often worked alongside their men. Gentlemen did not do manual work! Below them came the mass of the population, craftsmen, tenant farmers and labourers.

At the end of the 17th century a writer estimated that half the population could afford to eat meat every day. In other words about 50% of the people were wealthy of at least reasonably well off. Below them about 30% of the population could afford to eat meat between 2 and 6 times a week. They were 'poor'. The bottom 20% could only eat meat once a week. They were very poor. At least part of the time they had to rely on poor relief.

By an act of 1601 overseers of the poor were appointed by each parish. They had power to force people to pay a local tax to help the poor. Those who could not work such as the old and the disabled would be provided for. The overseers were meant to provide work for the able-bodied poor. Anyone who refused

to work was whipped and, after 1610, they could be placed in a house of correction. Pauper's children were sent to local employers to be apprentices.

In many towns wealthy people left money in their wills to provide almshouses where the poor could live.

25. The Revolution of 1688 was as important an event in European as in English history. Discuss

The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 replaced the reigning king, James II, with the joint monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. It was the keystone of the Whig (those opposed to a Catholic succession) history of Britain.

According to the Whig account, the events of the revolution were bloodless and the revolution settlement established the supremacy of parliament over the crown, setting Britain on the path towards constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. This is way was an important event in English history.

26. Explain why Charles II succeeded in retaining his throne, and why James II lost it.

James II was forced to flee his kingdom after less than four years on the throne in the face of a foreign invasion and desertions among his own military and civilian population. Yet Charles II, despite the fact that his regime seemed in serious trouble by the late 1670s, managed to end his reign peacefully in his bed, having maneuvered himself out of crisis with a skill and adroitness not typically associated with Stuart rulers, and having significantly reinvigorated the powers of the monarchy in the process. It was a remarkable achievement, though one that came at enormous human cost.

27. Why and how did James II unite the most important sections of the English Nation against himself?

Scotland and England joined against James II because he tried to remove the laws which stopped Catholics from taking positions in government and Parliament. He also tried to bring back the Catholic Church, and allow it to exist beside the Anglican Church. James almost certainly believed sincerely that this would result in many returning to the Catholic Church.

28. Charles II and James II both wished to rule as absolute monarchs. Explain: a) the means adopted by each for this purpose, and b) why Charles II succeeded and James II failed.

Charles II succeeded to rule as an absolute monarch because he got rid of the Parliament, he got more power and he could go to war whenever he wanted.

But James II couldn’t succeed in it because he wanted to have a strong Parliament and he couldn’t take all the decisions.

29. Describe the growth of the party system under Charles II.

After the English Civil War had established a protectorate in place of a monarchy under New Model Army leader Oliver Cromwell, a period known as the Restoration began. During this time King Charles II (the son of the previously executed Charles I) was restored to the throne but was under specific limits placed upon by parliament. The Bill of Rights was enacted in 1689, and certain privileges were protected from intrusion by any power including the monarchy. When the heir to the throne, James Duke of York was discovered to be a Catholic a rift among parliamentarians arose on the issue of support for the Catholic king. The people who wished to exclude James from the throne came to be known as Whigs, and the people who gave support were known as Tories, or the Tory party. Both names inherently have negative connotations: 'Whig' means a horse driver in Scottish Gaelic, and 'Tory' means outlaw in the Irish Gaelic language. This schism during the Exclusion Bill Crisis served as the starting point of the formation of political parties in England. Although the bill was ultimately defeated in the House of Lords in 1681, the division of the two political tendencies remained. It should be noted, however, that real party distinctions did not clarify until a later time. The terms of 'Whig' and 'Tory' were used more as tendencies to support an opinion in policy: rigid blocks of political coordination were yet to be constructed.

The Tories came to represent and support the Anglican Church, the gentry, and the maintenance of a relatively strong monarchy. On the other hand, the Whigs supported non-Anglicans (notably Presbyterians), wealthy middle class people, and later industrial, mercantile interests. People following the tendencies of Whigs were also generally supportive of the supremacy in parliament's power to govern, while the authority of the monarchy was to be largely decreased. Although the main issue regarding the Exclusion Bill Crisis was the religious affiliation of James II, it is possible that the Whigs desired a notable decrease in the monarchy's authority by discontinuing the hereditary custom of passing the throne. The Tories wished the opposite of the Whigs' plans. During the Glorious Revolution (1688-89) the two Whig and Tory parties cooperated in discontinuing the Stuart dynasty and seating William III of Orange on the throne of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It was during this period that the two parties, although their differences were ameliorated to an extent, moved forward another step in fomenting their respective party identities. The idea of a limited constitutional monarchy was generally accepted by people of both parties, in contrast to the absolutism of a king held by divine right. 'Toryism' became identified with Anglicanism and the regional squires, while 'Whiggism' came to represent the wealthy middle class and aristocracy. Until around 1714, political power was contested by both Whigs and Tories, when monarchs favored one political tendency over another such as the case of Queen Anne's initial preference to the Tory party. A group of Whigs known as the Junto Whigs increasingly dominated politics until Queen Anne dismissed the Whig Ministry and replaced them with Tories in 1710.

English Culture II

The Tudors

1. .Write the history of Tudor England

(1485-1603) The century of Tudor rule is often thought of as the most glorious period in English

. . history Henry Vll built the foundations of a wealthy nation state and a powerful monarchy His

, , , son Henry VlIl kept a magnificent court and made the Church in England truly English by

. , breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church Finally his daughter Elizabeth brought glory to

, .the new state by defeating the powerful navy of Spain the greatest European power of that time

.During the Tudor age England experienced one of the greatest artistic periods in its history

, , . There is however a less glorious view of the Tudor century Henry VlIl wasted the wealth saved

. . by his father Elizabeth weakened the quality of government by selling official posts She did this

. to avoid asking Parliament for money And although her government tried to deal with the problem

, of poor and homeless people at a time when prices rose much faster than wages its laws and

.actions were often cruel in effect

2. What was the Reformation?

16 The Reformation was a series of events in th century England in which the Church of England

. broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church It began as a result

' . of Henry VIII s grievance at Pope Clement VII regarding his refusal to grant an annulment It

, ,ended with the Church of England breaking away from Rome and coming under royal control

- . while keeping many of the rituals that hard line Protestants opposed In order to allow Henry to

, , divorce his wife the English parliament enacted laws breaking ties with Rome and declaring the

, king Supreme Head of the Church of England thus severing the ecclesiastical structure of England

. , from the Catholic Church and the Pope The newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas

, ' . Cranmer was then able to declare Henry s marriage to Catherine annulled Catherine was removed

. from Court where she spent the last three years of her life in exile This allowed Henry to marry

, . one of his courtiers Anne Boleyn the daughter of a minor diplomat Sir Thomas Boleyn

3. - What were the Protestant Catholic struggles?

. Most English people still believed in the Old Catholic religion Less than half of the English were

, . 1552 Protestant by belief but these people were allowed to take a lead in religious matters In a

new prayer book was introduced to make sure that all churches followed the new Protestant

. . religion Most people were not very happy with the new religion They had been glad to see the

' " " .end of some of the Church s bad practices like the selling of pardons for the forgiveness of sins

, . , But they did not like the changes in belief and in some places there was trouble Mary the

, 1553. , Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon became queen in For political religious and

, . . family reasons she chose to marry King Philip of Spain It was an unfortunate choice The

. ordinary people disliked the marriage Popular feeling was so strong that a rebellion in Kent

. . actually reached London before ending in failure She then began burning Protestants Three

- , hundred people died in this way during her five year reign and the burnings began to sicken

. , .people At the same time the thought of becoming a junior ally of Spain was very unpopular

. Only the knowledge that Mary herself was dying prevented a popular rebellion

1558, When she became queen in Elizabeth I wanted to find a peaceful answer to the problems

. of the English Reformation The struggle between Catholics and Protestants continued to endanger

' . , Elizabeth s position for the next thirty years Mary Queen of Scots was the heir to the English

' , .throne because she was Elizabeth s closest living relative and because Elizabeth had not married

. . She was a strong Catholic Elizabeth kept Mary as a prisoner for almost twenty years During that

, time Elizabeth discovered several secret Catholic plots some of which clearly aimed at making

. Mary queen of England The Catholic plots and the dangers of a foreign Catholic invasion had

' . 1585 changed people s feelings By most English people believed that to be a Catholic was to be

. .an enemy of England This hatred of everything Catholic became an important political force

4. What were policy aims during the Tudors?

. , , Henry VII had been careful to remain friendly with neighbouring countries His son Henry VIII had

, . .been more ambitious hoping to play an important part in European politics He was unsuccessful

. Mary allied England to Spain by her marriage This was not only unpopular but was politically

: . unwise England had nothing to gain from being allied to a more powerful country Elizabeth and

. ' her advisers considered trade the most important foreign policy matter Elizabeth s foreign policy

. encouraged merchant expansion She correctly recognised Spain as her main trade rival and

. enemy English ships had already been attacking Spanish ships as they returned from America

. 1570, loaded with silver and gold This had been going on since about and was the result of

' . Spain s refusal to allow England to trade freely with Spanish American colonies Although these

" ", . English ships were privately owned privateers the treasure was shared with the queen Elizabeth

. apologised to Spain but kept her share of what had been taken from Spanish ships Philip knew

" ", . quite well that Elizabeth was encouraging the sea dogs as they were known

5. What was called the new trading Empire?

Elizabeth encouraged English sailors like John Hawkins and Francis Drake to continue to attack

, and destroy Spanish ships bringing gold silver and other treasures back from the newly discovered

. .continent of America She also encouraged English traders to settle abroad and to create colonies

. 1650England also began selling West African slaves to work for the Spanish in America By

, .slavery had become an important trade bringing wealth particularly to Bristol in southwest England

The Merchant Adventurers Company had already been established with royal support before the

. ' " " , end of the fifteenth century During Elizabeth s reign more chartered companies as they were

, . " " known were established A charter gave a company the right to all the business in its particular

. trade or region In return for this important advantage the chartered company gave some of its

. ' : profits to the Crown A number of these companies were established during Elizabeth s reign the

1579; Eastland Company to trade with Scandinavia and the Baltic in the Levant Company to trade

1581; , 1588; with the Ottoman Empire in the Africa Company to trade in slaves in and the East

. India

6. , What did the Tudors do with Wales Ireland and Scot land?

Wales

1485 In Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at the battle of Bosworth and claimed the throne as

. : Henry VII For the Welsh this victory was theirs Wales was no longer the country of the

, .conquered but the country of the king

' 1485, . ,After Henry VII s victory in the Welsh marches remained a trouble spot People were poor

, , cattle were easy to steal and sell and the patchwork of courts laws and customs meant that

. ( punishment was easy to evade Henry VIII strengthened the Council in the Marches originally set

), 1530 up by Edward IV but decided in the s to cut through the problem by removing the

' .lordships independent courts

1536-43.Wales was at last given equal status with England by the Acts of Union of

1603, .By Welsh interests had become intermixed with those of the English

Ireland

.In the early Middle Ages Ireland consisted of a number of independent but competing kingdoms

- 1169 . ,The Anglo Norman invasion of fundamentally altered this Within the new lordship of Ireland

.English forms of government were introduced

From the fourteenth century the lordship was beset by political and military problems as English

. , rule came under pressure from resurgent Irish leaders In response the Tudors invested increasing

. quantities of money and men in Ireland and established new English settlements Yet these policies

, ' (1594-1603) 'provoked further resistance culminating in the Nine Years War led by Hugh O

, .Neill Earl of Tyrone

1541 . In Henry VIII was declared King of Ireland in the Irish Parliament This event signaled the

, beginning of a period of fundamental change as English involvement in the new kingdom

.increased dramatically in an attempt to gain dominance over the whole of Ireland

1541 . , After the military garrison in Ireland steadily increased Two permanent forts in Leix on the

, . Pale frontier were constructed and named Fort Protector and Fort Governor Forced exactions of

, supplies and labour services by the government were replaced by fixed annual payments from

- . ' ' Anglo Irish nobles English settlements known as plantations were established in Munster and

, -Connaught where provincial governorships were also created to help introduce English style

.government and law

1594 ' .The most serious rebellion in Ireland began in and became known as the Nine Years War

' , , ' , Hugh O Neill Earl of Tyrone Ulster s most powerful magnate had been alarmed at the

' government s tightening grip on the province and the increasing pace of Anglicization through

. plantation schemes and encroachments by English officials This was vicious war conducted mainly

. , in the woods and bogs of Ulster Nevertheless the professional army that Tyrone managed to

, create for himself enabled him to achieve some notable victories over the English especially the

1598. , ,defeat of Marshal Bagenal at Yellow Ford in August However the arrival of a new deputy

, ' . , 30 1603, Lord Mountjoy saw events turn in the government s favor Finally on March six days

, .after the accession of James I Tyrone submitted to the new king

Scotland

1066, After the Norman Conquest in Scotland and England were uneasy neighbors for more than

. , 1296, . two centuries Then in Edward I claimed over lordship of Scotland This marked the start

- , of full scale war between the two countries a war that was pursued intermittently for almost the

.next three centuries

Henry VII followed similar policies as James IV in England and sought to foster good relations

’between the English and the Scots through the dynastic marriage between James IV and Henry s

. daughter Margaret It was unfortunate for the people of both realms that friendship was not

. achieved England remained

’ , Scotland s only enemy throughout the first half of the sixteenth century and the Scots were badly

. 1513 , defeated in two senseless battles In James IV died in the mud of Flodden Field along with

. a large number of Scottish noblemen and leaders of the Scottish church James IV was succeeded

, , . , , by his infant daughter Mary queen of Scots Under Elizabeth I however religion became the

- . major factor in Anglo Scottish relations The queen formed an alliance with Scottish Protestants

, 1603, and this created the conditions for the English and Scottish crowns to be united in under

.James VI of Scotland and I of England

7. What was called Mary Queen of Scots and the Scott ish Reformation?

, , . Mary Stuart was in the first place a claimant to the throne of England She was a Catholic and

. supported by the Catholic powers She also stood for the ancient alliance between France and

. ’ ,Scotland which had always been a threat to England Six month before Elizabeth s succession

. , Mary had been married to the Dauphin of France She had assigned to her husband in the event

, .of her death without issue the throne of Scotland and her claims on England

:Scottish Reformation 1560. The Reformation did not reach Scotland officially until Before that time

. the established church remained Catholic During the regency of Mary of Guise there were French

, . troops in Scotland helping her ensure that Protestant heresies did not gain the upper hand The

. death of Mary of Guise removed French influence as well as her own resolute opposition At about

, the same time the great religious leader John Knox returned to Scotland after years of exile in

. ,Geneva More than a hundred lords and gentry attended the Scottish Reformation Parliament

, , .which ended papal jurisdiction outlawed the mass and brought in a Calvinist confession of faith

, The Reformation thus came later to Scotland than to England but when it arrived it produced a

. church that was more radically reformed than the Church of England Protestant ideas and

, , . organization however did not affect all of Scotland The Reformation made little impact in the

, , Highlands and Islands where many people continued to adhere to Catholic beliefs often aided in

- , their religious observances by the illegal but active priests of Counter Reformation Ireland who

. , , —made the short crossing from Ulster Mary queen of Scots greatly disliked the Calvinist kirk she

, , — remained loyally perhaps fanatically Catholic to the day of her death but she realized that she

. was powerless to prevent the religious reforms that had taken place in Scotland The Scottish

. Reformation had important economic consequences Scottish monasteries were dissolved and their

, .property was confiscated as in England

8. “ ”.Write a brief summary about A Scott ish King for England

1578, , James VI son of Mary Stuart began to rule at the age of twelve in he was very skillful he

’ . knew if he behaved properly he would inherit Elizabeth s throne after her death And that France

and Spain alliance could lead to an invasion of England so he must remain the friendship with

. them In his reign he rebuilt the authority of the Scottish Crown after the disasters which had

, - . happened to his mother grandfather and great grandfather He brought the Catholic and Protestant

. nobles and also the Kirk more or less under royal control These were the successes of an

. ' extremely clever diplomat James VI s greatest success was in gaining the English throne when

1603 70. Elizabeth died in at the unusually old age of The fact that England accepted him

' .suggests that its leading statesmen had confidence in James s skills

9. What kind of changes were during the Tudor period?

- .The five sovereigns of the Tudor dynasty are among the most well known figures in Royal history

, Of Welsh origin Henry VII succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of

. , Lancaster and York to found the highly successful Tudor house Henry VII his son Henry VIII and

, 118 .his three children Edward VI Mary I and Elizabeth I ruled for eventful years

, , During this period England developed into one of the leading European colonial powers with men

. ,such as Sir Walter Raleigh taking part in the conquest of the New World Nearer to home

. campaigns in Ireland brought the country under strict English control

, . Culturally and socially the Tudor period saw many changes The Tudor court played a prominent

, - part in the cultural Renaissance taking place in Europe nurturing all round individuals such as

, . William Shakespeare Edmund Spenser and Cardinal Wolsey

, The Tudor period also saw the turbulence of two changes of official religion resulting in the

. martyrdom of many innocent believers of both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism The fear of

Roman Catholicism induced by the Reformation was to last for several centuries and to play an

.influential role in the history of the Succession

10. .Write a brief summary about the Tudor House

' , The House of Tudor took England s throne through victory over Richard III the last Plantagenet

, 1485. , king at the Battle of Bosworth in Its founder the Lancastrian Henry VII laid down the

, foundations of his dynasty brought an end to the civil strife of the Wars of the Roses and through

, 'his marriage to the Yorkist heiress Elizabeth of York securely established the Tudors on England s

.throne

, , The heraldic symbol of the dynasty the red and white Tudor rose combines the red rose of the

, House of Lancaster and white rose of York meant to symbolize the union of the two warring

, .factions whose claims were combined with the union of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York

, The dynasty had relatively lowly beginnings springing from an illicit liaison between Katherine of

, , , . Valois the widow of Henry V and Owen Tudor her Welsh Clerk of the Wardrobe Owen was

, , descended from Welsh prince Rhys ap Gruffydd through his daughter Gwenllian Rhys who

, . ' married Ednyfed Fychan seneschal of Gwynedd under Llewelyn the Great Henry VII s claim to the

, (1443-1509), -English throne derived from his mother Lady Margaret Beaufort great granddaughter

, .of John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster through an illegitimate line

118 . ' , The House of Tudor ruled England for years Henry VII s son that best known of English

, - (1509-47), ,monarchs the tyrannical and blood stained Henry VIII is famous for having six wives

.executing two of them and bringing about the Reformation in England

, The throne of England was inherited by all of his three legitimate children in succession the boy

, (1547-53), (1553-58), ' ' king Edward VI Mary I known as Bloody Mary for her burning of

(1558-1603), , Protestants and last but by no means least Elizabeth I highly astute and wily she

survived an appalling childhood and adolescence to emerge as the greatest of her house and lead

, . England to victory over the Spanish the greatest power of the age The Tudor dynasty became

1603. extinct on the death of Elizabeth without a direct heir in The crown of England then passed

' - , , .to Henry VII s great grandson James VI of Scotland who became James I of England

11. How was the life of rich and poor in town and country?

, . In Tudor times rich people lived in comfort They built fine houses with glass on the windows and

. . portraits in the walls They wore splendid clothes and filled the houses with furniture But Life was

. much harder for poor people They suffered from hunger and disease and were harshly punished

. , for begging The church offered some help to poor people but Henry VIII got rid of the

. monasteries and so they had nowhere to go in bad times Some rich Tudors left money in their

. . will to feed and clothe the poor The lives of rich and poor were very different The rich ate good

, . quality bread made from wheat while the poor ate rough bread made from rye and barley When

, , . there was not enough food the poor made their bread from beans peas or oats The rich showed

, , off their wealth in silk woollen or linen clothing while the poor wore simple clothes of leather or

.wool

12. .Write about domest ic l ife during the Tudors

. Women had greater freedom than anywhere in England They married at a young age and they

. . gave birth around eight to fifteen children Some of them die in the childbirth If women did not

, .get married they could be nuns

Brothers and sisters usually did not live with each other or with their parents once they had grown

. . - , up They tried to find a place of their own Over half the population was under twenty five while

. , . few were over sixty Queen Elizabeth reached the age of seventy but this was unusual People

. .expected to work hard and to die young Poor children started to work at the age of six or seven

, In spite of the hard conditions of life most people had a larger and better home to live in than

. , , ever before Chimneys which before had only been found in the homes of the rich were now

. built in every house This technical development made cooking and heating easier and more

.comfortable

13. .Describe language and culture during the Tudors

. At the beginning of the Tudor period English was still spoken in a number of different ways There

, , were still reminders of the Saxon Angle and Jute and Viking invasions in the different forms of

. -language spoken in different parts of the country Since the time of Chaucer in the mid fourteenth

, . , century London English became accepted as Standard English For the first time people started

" ". to think of London English pronunciation as correct Only educated people spoke the correct

, .English uneducated people continued to speak the local dialect

. . Renaissance appeared in this period There were many written works The Renaissance also

, . influenced religion encouraging the Protestant Reformation

. In music England enjoyed its most fruitful period ever There was also considerable interest in the

, , new painters in Europe and England developed its own special kind of painting the miniature

.portrait

T he Stuarts

1. How did the Stuarts differ from the Tudors in their approach to parliament?

, , . The Stuarts monarchs from James I onwards were less successful than the Tudors They

.quarreled with Parliament and this resulted in civil war

2. When was parliament against the crown?

1601, The first signs of trouble between Crown and Parliament came in when the Commons were

' . . angry over Elizabeth s policy of selling monopolies But Parliament did not demand any changes It

.did not wish to upset the ageing queen whom it feared and respected

3. When and why did religious disagreement begin?

4. .Write briefly about civil war during the Stuarts

5. Write a brief history from Oliver Cornwall to Charles II and about the good and bad things

.they did

6. , .Describe briefly the Catholicism the Crown and the new constitutional monarchy

7. .Summarize about Scotland and Ireland during the Stuarts

8. .Give an account of foreign relations during the Stuarts

' , . During the seventeenth century Britain s main enemies were Spain Holland and France War with

. , Holland resulted from competition in trade After three wars in the middle of the century when

, , Britain had achieved the trade position it wanted peace was agreed and Holland and Britain

. . cooperated against France At the end of the century Britain went to war against France Britain

, .wanted to limit French power which had been growing under Louis XIV

1713 , By the treat y of Utrecht in France accepted limits on its expansion as well as a political

. ’ settlement for Europe It accepted Queen Anne instead of James II s son as the true monarch of

. , Britain In the war Britain had also won the rock of Gibraltar and could now control the entrance

. ' to the Mediterranean The capture of foreign land was important for Europe s economic

. , development Of far greater interest were the new possessions in the West Indies where sugar

. , was grown During this time Britain also established its first trading settlements in India on both

. . the west and east coasts The East India Company did not interfere in Indian politics Its interest

.was only in trade

9. .Give a description about the revolut ion thought

The political revolution during the Stuart age could not have happened if there had not been a

. , . 1714revolution in thought This influenced not only politics but also religion and science By

' .people s ideas and beliefs had changed enormously

, The real Protestant revolution did not happen until the seventeenth century when several new

. , religious groups appeared But there were also exciting new scientific ideas quite separate from

. these new beliefs For the first time it was reasonable to argue that everything in the universe had

, - .a natural explanation and this led to a new self confidence

.The Quakers became particularly famous for their reforming social work in the eighteenth century

, , .The Anglican Church was strong politically but it became weaker intellectually

, In the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries English scientists most of them at the University of

, . , , Oxford had led Europe Friar Roger Bacon one of the more famous of them had experimented

, . with light heat and magnetism But the seventeenth century saw the development of scientific

. thinking on an entirely new scale The new mood had been established at the very beginning of

, . ' , the century by a remarkable man Francis Bacon He became James I s Lord Chancellor but he

. , , was better known for his work on scientific method Every scientific idea he argued must be

. , tested by experiment With idea and experiment following one after the other eventually the whole

. natural world would be understood In the rest of the century British scientists put these ideas into

. , , practice The Royal Society founded by the Stuart monarchy became an important center where

, , . , thinkers could meet argue enquire and share information Charles Il a strong supporter of its

.work

1666 , ,In the Cambridge Professor of Mathematics Sir Isaac Newton began to study gravity

1684. 1687 " publishing his important discovery in In he published Principia the mathematic

", .principles of natural philosophy perhaps the greatest book in the history of science

1666 , . -In following year of terrible plague a fire destroyed most of the city of London Eighty seven

, , . churches including the great medieval cathedral of St Paul were destroyed Wren was ordered to

, .rebuild them in the modern style which he did with skill

10. ’ .Describe life and war in the Stuarts age

. The situation for the poor improved in the second half of the seventeenth century Many who

. started life as yeoman farmers or traders became minor gentry or merchants Part of their success

.resulted from a strong interest in farming improvements

- , 1690 No place in Britain was more than seventy five miles from the sea and by few places were

. more than twenty miles from a river or canal These waterways became important means of

, . , , transport following each region to develop its own special produce Kent for example grew more

, " ".fruit and vegetables to export to other regions and became known as the garden of England

" “ , In London there was a new class of rich aristocrats most of whom belonged to the nobility but

. . 1650not all Money could buy a high position in British society more easily than in Europe After

, the rich began to meet in the new coffeehouses which quickly became the meeting places for

.conversation and politics

, , . Some of the old nobility however did not accept the new rich as equals While new Stuart

, yeomen wanted to be gentry descendant s of the older Tudor gentry started to call themselves

" ", . squires the ruling class of the countryside They did not wish to be confused with the new

.gentry

, " ", . The ordinary people went to the drinking houses called alehouses in town and country These

, .soon became the center of popular culture where news and ideas could be passed on

11. . State the main facts concerning the family l ife

, After the rapid increase in population in the Tudor century the number of births began to fall in

. the Stuart age One reason for the smaller number of births was that people married later than

.anywhere else in Europe and this meant that women had fewer babies

By the end of the sixteenth century there were already signs that the authority of the husband was

. increasing This power partly resulted from the increasing authority of the Church following the

. , Reformation The Protestant s believed that personal faith was important and put extra

. responsibility on the head of the family for its spiritual welfare The father always led daily family

. . prayers and Bible reading In some ways he had taken the place of the priest Disobedience was

. considered an act against God as well as the head of the house Another result was the loss of

. legal rights by women over whatever property they had brought into a marriage