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![Page 1: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.
![Page 3: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
These are some atoms that possess spin.
![Page 4: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Nuclei with spin are active in nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy.
![Page 5: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The nucleus of a 1H atom is a proton. Hydrogen atoms are present in most organic compounds, so proton n.m.r is a useful way to study them.
![Page 6: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Nuclei with spin behave as if they were tiny bar magnets. They can respond to an applied magnetic field.
![Page 7: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
They can align with the magnetic field.
![Page 8: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Nuclei aligned with a magnetic field are in a relatively low energy state.
![Page 9: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nuclei with spin can also align against the magnetic field.
![Page 10: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Nuclei aligned against the magnetic field are in a higher energy state than nuclei aligned with the field.
![Page 11: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Energy is needed to move a nucleus to the higher energy state. The amount of energy needed depends upon the chemical environment of the atom.
![Page 12: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Let’s look at an n.m.r. spectrum for ethanol, CH3CH2OH.
![Page 13: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Notice that zero is on the right on the horizontal axis.
![Page 14: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The horizontal axis represents the chemical shift. This is given the symbol δ (delta) and it is measured in parts per million (ppm).
![Page 15: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
This is a simplified low-resolution spectrum for ethanol.
![Page 16: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The three hydrogen atoms in the CH3 group produce this peak.
![Page 17: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The two hydrogen atoms in the CH2 group produce this peak.
![Page 18: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The hydrogen atom in the OH group produces this peak.
![Page 19: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
A proton n.m.r. spectrum can give us a lot of useful information about a molecule.
![Page 20: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
It can tell us how many different chemical environments there are in the molecule. Hydrogen atoms in different environments are non-equivalent.
![Page 21: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
It can tell us how many different chemical environments there are in the molecule. Hydrogen atoms in different environments are non-equivalent.
![Page 22: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
It can’t tell us how many hydrogen atoms the molecule contains, but it can tell us the ratio of the number of hydrogen atoms in each chemical environment.
![Page 23: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
It can’t tell us how many hydrogen atoms the molecule contains, but it can tell us the ratio of the number of hydrogen atoms in each chemical environment.
![Page 24: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
It can give us information about the nature of the different chemical environments.
![Page 25: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
It can give us information about the nature of the different chemical environments.
![Page 26: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
It can also give us information about adjacent non-equivalent hydrogen atoms in different chemical environments.
![Page 27: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
It can also give us information about adjacent non-equivalent hydrogen atoms in different chemical environments.
![Page 28: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
This is the displayed formula for ethanol. How many different chemical environments does it have?
![Page 29: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
There are three equivalent hydrogen atoms in this chemical environment.
![Page 30: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
There are two equivalent hydrogen atoms in this chemical environment.
![Page 31: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
There is just one hydrogen atom in this chemical environment.
![Page 32: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
What peaks would we expect in a low-resolution n.m.r. spectrum of ethanol?
![Page 33: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The CH3 group contains three hydrogen atoms, which form a large peak.
![Page 34: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The CH3 group contains three hydrogen atoms, which form a large peak.
![Page 35: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The CH2 group contains two hydrogen atoms, which form a smaller peak.
![Page 36: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The CH2 group contains two hydrogen atoms, which form a smaller peak.
![Page 37: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The CH2 group contains two hydrogen atoms, which form a smaller peak.
![Page 38: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The OH group contains one hydrogen atom, which forms a small peak.
![Page 39: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The OH group contains one hydrogen atom, which forms a small peak.
![Page 40: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The OH group contains one hydrogen atom, which forms a small peak.
![Page 41: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The position of each peak on the n.m.r. spectrum gives us information about the corresponding chemical environment.
![Page 42: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The hydrogen atom in the OH group is attached to an oxygen atom, which is very electronegative. A hydrogen atom like this is deshielded.
![Page 43: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The peak it produces is shifted downfield in the spectrum.
![Page 44: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The hydrogen atoms in the CH3 group are far from the oxygen atom. They are shielded.
![Page 45: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The peak they produce is upfield in the spectrum, close to 0 ppm.
![Page 46: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Chemical shifts are measured relative to the peak produced by a standard substance, called TMS. By definition, δ is 0 for TMS.
![Page 47: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
This is TMS, tetramethylsilane. Why is it chosen for the reference peak?
![Page 48: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
These are some reasons why TMS is chosen.
![Page 49: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
It produces a single, intense peak.
![Page 50: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
It produces a single, intense peak.
![Page 51: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
It produces a single, intense peak.
![Page 52: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Its n.m.r. peak is upfield of most other peaks.
![Page 53: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
It will not react with the sample material.
![Page 54: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
It will not react with the sample material.
![Page 55: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
How many peaks should appear in the proton n.m.r. spectrum of methoxyethane?
![Page 56: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Methoxyethane has a methyl group here.
![Page 57: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
It also has a methyl group here, but it is in a different chemical environment.
![Page 58: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
It has a methylene group, CH2.
![Page 59: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
There are three different chemical environments, so there are three peaks in the spectrum.
![Page 60: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
If we count up each equivalent hydrogen atom in the three chemical environments, we expect peak areas in the ratio 3:2:3.
![Page 61: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Propan-1-ol is an isomer of methoxyethane. How many peaks should appear in itsproton n.m.r. spectrum?
![Page 62: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Propan-1-ol has a hydrogen atom in its hydroxyl group.
![Page 63: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
It has two methylene groups, CH2, but they are in different chemical environments.
![Page 64: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
It has a methyl group here.
![Page 65: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
There are four different chemical environments, so there are four peaks in the spectrum.
![Page 66: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
If we count up each equivalent hydrogen atom in the four chemical environments, we expect peak areas in the ratio 1:2:2:3.
![Page 67: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Propan-2-ol is an isomer of methoxyethane and propan-1-ol. How many peaks should appear in its proton n.m.r. spectrum?
![Page 68: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Propan-2-ol has a methyl group here.
![Page 69: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
It also has a methyl group here.
![Page 70: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Both methyl groups are in the same chemical environment. Their hydrogen atoms are all equivalent and will produce a single peak in the n.m.r. spectrum.
![Page 71: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Propan-2-ol has a hydrogen atom in the hydroxyl group.
![Page 72: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
It has another hydrogen atom here, but this is in a different chemical environment to the one in the hydroxyl group.
![Page 73: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
There are three different chemical environments, so there are three peaks in the spectrum.
![Page 74: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
If we count up each equivalent hydrogen atom in the three chemical environments, we expect peak areas in the ratio 6:1:1.
![Page 75: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Some of the peaks are split into clusters of smaller peaks in high-resolution proton n.m.r. spectra, because of spin–spin coupling.
![Page 76: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
This happens if non-equivalent hydrogen atoms are adjacent to each other. No splitting occurs otherwise.
![Page 77: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Without spin–spin coupling a single peak forms, called a singlet, just as in alow-resolution spectrum.
![Page 78: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
If hydrogen atoms in one chemical environment are adjacent to one hydrogen atom in another chemical environment, the peak they produce will split into two.
![Page 79: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
This is called a doublet, with a ratio of peak areas of 1:1.
![Page 80: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
If hydrogen atoms in one chemical environment are adjacent to two hydrogen atomsin another chemical environment, the peak they produce will split into three.
![Page 81: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
This is called a triplet, with a ratio of peak areas of 1:2:1.
![Page 82: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
If hydrogen atoms in one chemical environment are adjacent to three hydrogen atoms in another chemical environment, the peak they produce will split into four.
![Page 83: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
This is called a quartet, with a ratio of peak areas of 1:3:3:1.
![Page 84: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
This is ethyl ethanoate.
![Page 85: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Its low-resolution proton n.m.r. spectrum would show three peaks in the ratio 3:2:3.
![Page 86: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
The hydrogen atoms in this methyl group have no adjacent non-equivalent hydrogen atoms.
![Page 87: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
The hydrogen atoms in this methyl group have no adjacent non-equivalent hydrogen atoms.
![Page 88: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
In a high-resolution spectrum, they would still produce a single peak.
![Page 89: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
The hydrogen atoms in this methyl group have two adjacent non-equivalent hydrogen atoms.
![Page 90: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
The hydrogen atoms in this methyl group have two adjacent non-equivalent hydrogen atoms.
![Page 91: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
In a high-resolution spectrum, they would produce a triplet of peaks, with a ratio of 1:2:1.
![Page 92: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
The hydrogen atoms in this methylene group have three adjacent non-equivalent hydrogen atoms.
![Page 93: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
The hydrogen atoms in this methylene group have three adjacent non-equivalent hydrogen atoms.
![Page 94: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
In a high-resolution spectrum, they would produce a quartet of peaks, with a ratio of 1:3:3:1.
![Page 95: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
In a high-resolution spectrum, they would produce a quartet of peaks, with a ratio of 1:3:3:1.
![Page 96: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
This is a simplified high-resolution proton n.m.r. spectrum of ethyl ethanoate.
![Page 97: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
These are the equivalent hydrogen atoms in the different chemical environments and the peaks they produce.
![Page 98: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
These are the equivalent hydrogen atoms in the different chemical environments and the peaks they produce.
![Page 99: All atoms, except those that have an even atomic number and an even mass number, have a property called spin.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070410/56649edb5503460f94bea613/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
These are the equivalent hydrogen atoms in the different chemical environments and the peaks they produce.