ALL ABOUT ROBOTS!!.pptx

8/11/2019 ALL ABOUT ROBOTS!!.pptx

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If you think robots are mainly the stuff of spacemovies, think again. Right now, all over theworld, robots are on the move. Theyre paintingcars at Ford plants, assembling Milano cookiesfor Pepperidge Farms, walking into livevolcanoes, driving trains in Paris, and defusingbombs in Northern Ireland. As they growtougher, nimbler, and smarter, todays robots aredoing more and more things we cant or dontwant todo.

Robots have been with us for less than 50years, but the idea of inanimate creations to doour bidding is much, much older. The ancient

Greek poet Homer described maidens of gold,metallic helpers for the Hephaistos, the Greekgod of the forge. The golems of medievalJewish legend were robot-like servants made ofclay, brought to life by a spoken charm.Leonardo da Vinci drew plans for a mechanical

man in 1495.


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Theres no precise definition, but by generalagreement a robot is a programmable

machine that imitates the actions orappearance of an intelligent creatureusually a human. To qualify as a robot, amachine has to be able to do two things: 1)get information from its surroundings, and 2)do something physicalsuch as move or

manipulate object. The word robot comesfrom the Czech word robota,meaningdrudgery or slave-like labour. It was firstused to describe fabricated workers in afictional 1920s play by Czech author KarelCapek called RossumsUniversal Robots. In

the story, a scientist invents robots to helppeople by performing simple, repetitivetasks. However, once the robots are used tofight wars, they turn on their human ownersand take over the world.


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As mechanical workers, robots are ideal for jobs requiring

repetitive, precise movements. Human workers need a

comfortable working environment, salaries, coffee breaks,

sleep, and vacations. Robots dont. Human workers get bored

doing the same thing over and over, boredom that leads to

fatigue and costly mistakes. Robots dont get

bored.Ninety percent of robots work in factories, and more than half

are at work making automobiles. Car factories are so highly

automated that most of the human workers are there mainly to

supervise or maintain the robots and other machines. Robots

assemble car body panels and weld them together, finish and

paint the car bodies, and stack and move partially completed

cars.Another example of a factory job done by robots is arranging

chocolates in boxed assortments. Guided by a computer vision

system, a robotic arm can locate a piece of chocolate on a

moving conveyer belt, gently pick it up and turn it to the proper

orientation, then deposit it in a specific location within a box on

another moving conveyer belt. Sure, its a task that almost

anyone could do. . .but could you do it 20,000 times over thecourse of an eight-hour shift?


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Robots are being put to a wider variety of manufacturing uses eachday. In the computer industry, robots solder tiny wires to

semiconductor chips. "Pick and place" robots insert integrated

circuits onto printed circuit boards; these are used in all kinds of

electronics, from radios to microwaves. Robots are also at work

making and packaging drugs, textiles, and foods.

Certain dangerous jobs are best done by robots. Bomb disposal is

one of these. Guided remotely using video cameras, robots like the

Mini-Andros can be sent to investigateand defusepossible

bombs. (See sidebar.)Robots also venture into dangerously polluted environments, such

as chemical spills and radioactive "hot zones" in nuclear power

plants. Robug III is a spider-like robot specially designed to explore

areas where extreme radiation would quickly kill a human. The

need for a robot like Robug III was made clear during the

Chernobyl accident in 1986. An explosion and fire ripped apart a

nuclear reactor and released dangerous radioactive material into

the air, making rescue and containment work nearly impossible.


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Even for robots, life isnt all work and no play.

An enthusiastic sub-culture of robotics

professionals and hobbyists design and build

robots of their own. In games and contestsaround the world, these robots match wits and

might.

Robot Warsis a combat game that pits robot

against robot in a fight to the death. The

radio-controlled machines are armed with

drills, saws, projectiles and other means of

destruction. Victory goes to the robot that

renders its opponent immobile. Spectators

cheer on the contenders from behind an 8-

foot Plexiglas wallfor their own protection.


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Robots gather each year to play soccer at

RoboCup, an international event that

draws over 100 teams from 35 countries.

Robotic players use radio signals to

coordinate with their teammates to chasedown the ball, pass, and shoot goals.

Teams are placed in various divisions

based on size, ranging from the size of a

pizza box down to less than 2 inches

across. Theres also a division in which

teams are made up entirely of Aibo,Sonys robotic dog. (See sidebar.) The

organizers of RoboCup have an ambitious

goal: By 2050, develop a team of fully

autonomous humanoid robots that can

beat the human world champion team in

soccer

Like human forms of play, robot play is farfrom pointless. A hard-playing robot is not

much different than a hard-working robot.

Both involve design challenges and the

need to coordinate sensors, artificial

muscle, intelligent programming, and the

efficient use of power.


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Robots are defined in part by their ability

to move; its what sets them apart from

computers. The fancy word for a

mechanical device that produces motion

is an actuator. A single robot can containdozens of different types of actuators,

each chosen to do a specific task.

Electric motors are actuators that

produce motion from electricity by the

electromagnetic effect: when electricitymoves in a coil of wire that is near a

magnet, a force pushes on the coil.

Electric motors typically operate at a high

speed and have small turning power. But

most robots need low speed but large

power. A collection of gears, called agearbox, is used to adjust the speed and

force of the turning power.


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Robots rely on sensors to get

information about their

surroundings. In general, a sensor

measures an aspect of the

environment and produces aproportional electric signal. Many of

a robots sensors mimic aspects of

our own senses, but not all of

them. Robots can also sense that

things we cant, like magnetic fields

or ultrasonic sound waves.Robotic light sensors come in

many different forms

photoresistors, photodiodes,

phototransistorsbut they all have

roughly the same result. When light

falls on them, they respond by

creating or modifying an electric

signal. A filter put in front of a light

sensor can be used to create a

selective response, so the robot

only "sees" a certain color.


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Rule-based systems can be used to

create artificial intelligence, by

programming vast amounts of

information into a computer. Relying on

this enormous set of data, such a

computer is able to mimic intelligence,for example, helping to diagnose

diseases by comparing symptoms to

those in a database. Such "expert

systems" can know more, fact-wise,

than any single person, and yet they

have only a very narrow range of usefulfunction. Also, they cant learn. They

can only make connections theyve

been programmed to make.


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Another approach to artificial intelligence

is neural networks. Neural networks are

modeled after the human brain, with the

advantage that they are better athandling ambiguity than rule-based

systems. A neural net "learns" by

exposure to lots of inputs and

corresponding outputs. Once trained, the

neural net responds to an input with a

likely output.Unlike rule-based systems, a neural

network doesnt give definite answers,

only most probable answers. (Some call

this "fuzzy logic.") Sounds wishy-washy,

perhaps, but many real problemsfor

example, "Will it rain today?"dont havedefinite answers.


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A third and relatively new approach torobotic intelligence is something called

a stimulus-response mechanism (also

known as subsumption architecture),

pioneered by Rodney Brooks at MIT. In

a stimulus-response robot, there is no

memory and no logical decision-making, only hard-wired responses to

stimulation. For example, by linking

light sensors directly to motors, its

possible to make a light-seeking robot.

Several stimulus-response

mechanisms operating simultaneouslyin one robot can create elaborate

behavior that seems intelligent.


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Can a robot be conscious? Can it be not only

intelligent, but awarein the way that we are? So

far, no artificially intelligent computer has ever

shown such signs of life. However, if robots

eventually think like us, detect and expressemotions, pursue their own interests (whatever

those are programmed to be) and even make

copies of themselves, it will be increasingly

difficult to draw the line between machines and

living things.

Some see silicon-based life forms as the nextstep in evolution, replacing carbon-based life

forms like us. Talk of robots taking over sounds a

little kooky, yet many respectable scientists (Hans

Moravec, Ray Kurzweil, Bill Joy) think it likely thatrobots will play a growing and even dominant role

in the future. Imagine: robots become so

intelligent and so capable that we come to rely onthem for everything. Useless and unnecessary,

humans are gradually pushed aside.


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Fear of machines wising up and taking control is nothing new.

Likewise, theres no shortage of movies that depict super-

intelligent robots that turn on their human creators: The Matrix,

Terminator, and 2001: A Space Odysseyare a few. However,if robots do develop consciousness, they may also develop

conscience, and choose to be kind to their human creators. In

the meantime, we may want to remember where the "off"

button is. . .just in case.


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Robots are one of the most intriguing

technological advancements of our time.

Learning more about the evolution of therobot, as well as what robots of all kinds

may mean for the future of our planet is

easy with the extensive offering of robot

news articles available everyday from

LiveScience.com.

Robots are doing everything these daysfrom making your morning cup of coffee

and keeping your house clean, to helping

with advanced military training and saving

lives in the operating room. Our

technology sectionwill keep you up-to-

date on the very latest robot news and

other innovative technological

developments that you need to know

about.
http://www.livescience.com/technologyhttp://www.livescience.com/technology


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Learn about the mannequin that is

helping doctors abandon the

centuries-old practice of using

humans as surgical guinea pigs,revolutionizing the medical industry in

the process. Discover the new

amphibious robots that are now

allowing humans to go places and see

things that they never before dreamt

possible, from exploring the far

reaches of outer space, to uncoveringthe deepest, darkest depths of the

ocean.

Begin uncovering the amazing world

of modern robots below. Take

advantage of the wide-ranging

scholarly articles about robots

compliments of some of the most

respected researchers and journalists

in the world, in addition to a host of

interactive featuresand spectacular

photos.
http://www.livescience.com/bestimg/index.php?cat=robotshttp://www.livescience.com/bestimg/index.php?cat=robots


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The word robotwas introduced to the

public by Czech writer Karle Capek in his

play R.U.R. (Possum's Universal Robots),published in 1920.[3]The play begins in a

factory that makes artificial people called

robots, but they are closer to the modern

ideas of androids, creatures who can be

mistaken for humans. They can plainly

think for themselves, though they seemhappy to serve. At issue is whether the

robotsare being exploited and the

consequences of their treatment.

Karel Capek himself did not coin the word.

He wrote a short letter in reference to an

etymology in the Oxford English Dictionaryin which he named his brother, the painter

and writer Josef Capek, as its actual

originator.[3]


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Since the beginnings of civilisation man

has had a fascination for a human-like

creation that would assist him. Societies in

the early part of the first millenium engagedin slavery and used those slaves to

perform the tasks which were either dirty or

menial labours. Having slaves freed the

enslavers to carry on their society and

concentrate on what they perceived as

more important tasks such as businessand politics. Man had discovered

mechanics and the means of creating

complex mechanisms which would perform

repetitive functions such as waterwheels

and pumps. Technological advances were

slow but there were more complexmachines, generally limited to a very small

number, which performed more grandiose

functions such as those invented by Hero

of Alexandria.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria


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In the first half of the second millenium man

began to develop more complex machines as

well as rediscovering the Greek engineering

methods. Men such as Leonardo Da Vinci in

1495 through to Jacques de Vaucansonin 1739have made plans for, and built, automata and

robots leading to books of designs such as the

Japanese Karakuri zui(Illustrated Machinery) in

1796. As mechanical techniques developed

through the Industrial age we find more practical

applications such as Nikola Teslain 1898 who

designed a radio-controlled torpedo and theWestinghouse Electric Corporationcreation

Televox in 1926. From here we find a more

androiddevelopment as designers tried to mimic

more human-like features including designs

such as those of biologist Makoto Nishimura in

1929 and his creation Gakutensoku, which criedand changed it's facial expressions, and the

more crude Elektrofrom Westinghouse in 1938.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucansonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakutensokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakutensokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucansonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucanson


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Electronics now became the driving force

of development instead of mechanics with

the advent of the first electronic

autonomous robotscreated by William

Grey Walterin Bristol, Englandin 1948.

The first digital and programmable robotwas invented by George Devolin 1954 and

was ultimately called the Unimate. Devol

sold the first Unimate to General Motorsin

1960 where it was used to lift pieces of hot

metal from die castingmachines in a plant

in Trenton, New Jersey.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot


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Since then we have seen robots

finally reach a more true

assimilation of all technologies to

produce robots such asASIMO

which can walk and move like a

human. Robots have replacedslaves in the assistance of

performing those repetitive and

dangerous tasks which humans

prefer not to do or unable to do due

to size limitations or even those

such as in outer space or at thebottom of the sea where humans

could not survive the extreme

environments
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMO


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Robots come in those two basic forms:

Those which are used to make or movethings, such as Industrial robotsor

mobileor servicing robotsand those

which are used for research into human-

like robots such asASIMOand TOPIO

as well as those into more defined and

specific roles such as Nano robots andSwarm robots.

Man has developed a fear of the

autonomous robot and how it may react

in society, such as Shelley's

Frankensteinand the EATR, and yet we

still use robots in a wide variety of tasks

such as vacuuming floors, mowing

lawns, cleaning drains, investigating

other planets, building cars,

entertainment and in warfare
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPIOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankensteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetically_Autonomous_Tactical_Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetically_Autonomous_Tactical_Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankensteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPIOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robots

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